Amazing Migrations
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents The Journey Begins.
目录 出道会起.
4 The Migration Mission.
4 移民团。
5 Timing Is Everything.
5 时间就是一切。
7 Which Way Do We Go?
七号,我们走哪条路?
10 Overcoming Obstacles.
10 克服障碍。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
20 The Journey Begins It has been said that a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.
20个旅程开始 有人说,千里之行从一步起.
It may also begin with a swish or a flutter.
也可以从一发一发起。
Traveling by land, sea, and air, many animals journey hundreds and even thousands of miles yearly to feed and breed.
许多动物通过陆、海、空旅行,每年旅行数百甚至数千英里去喂养和繁殖。
This seasonal or annual relocation is known as migration.
这种季节性或年度性迁移被称为迁移.
Such long hauls are not only impressive because of their great distance and exact routes.
如此漫长的路程不仅因其遥远和准确的路线而令人印象深刻。
They are also amazing because of the many challenges migrating animals face as they travel.
它们也令人惊奇,因为迁徙的动物在旅行时面临许多挑战。
African elephants migrate through Kenya.
非洲大象通过肯尼亚迁徙.
During a very dry season, they may cover more than 100 kilometers (62 mi.)
在非常干燥的季节,它们可能覆盖了100多公里(62米.
The Migration Mission In many parts of the world, the presence or absence of certain wild animals marks the seasons.
移民团 在世界许多地方,某些野生动物的存在或不存在标志着季节的到来.
Forests filled with birdsong in summer grow quiet in winter.
夏天充满了鸟类的森林 在冬天会变得安静
The stillness of early spring is broken by the chirps of tiny frogs as temperatures start to rise.
随着温度开始上升,早春的静态被小青蛙的鸣叫所打破.
Some of the creatures that seem to come and go may simply be dormant during months when food is scarce and conditions are harsh.
有些似乎来去去的生物可能在食物匮乏而条件恶劣的几个月内就只是休眠了.
Frogs, for example, burrow underground in winter or when extreme dry spells occur.
例如: 在冬季或在极端干燥的咒语发生时,会埋入地下.
Many other animals, however, do not go dormant.
然而,许多其他动物并没有沉睡。
Instead of reducing their need for food and water, these animals temporarily relocate to habitats where they and their young will have plenty of both.
这些动物不但没有减少对食物和水的需求,反而暂时迁移到他们和他们年幼者将拥有大量两者的栖息地。
In Australia, burrowing frogs emerge from the ground after the first winter rains.
在澳大利亚,第一次冬季雨后从地上出土出土出土出土出土出土出土出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出洞出.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
In the Northern Hemisphere, many animals head south for the winter.
在北半球,许多动物向南走去过冬.
In the Southern Hemisphere, it’s just the opposite —they head north.
南半球的情况正好相反,
That’s because on the bottom half of the globe, the seasons are reversed.
因为在全球底层,
Equator Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Some migratory animals travel a relatively short distance.
北半球赤道南半球 一些迁徙动物的行走距离相对较短.
Australia’s Christmas Island red crabs, for example, make an annual 8-kilometer (5 mi.)
例如澳洲圣诞岛红蟹年产8公里(5米).
journey from the island’s forests to breed on nearby beaches at the start of the rainy season.
在雨季开始时,从岛上森林到附近的海滩繁殖。
Compare their migration to that of North America’s monarch butterflies.
把他们的迁徙与北美君主蝴蝶的迁徙相比较.
These beautiful, delicate insects fly up to 4,800 kilometers (3,000 mi.)
这些美丽而微妙的昆虫会飞到4,800公里(3,000米.
in the fall and again in the spring!
秋天和春天又来了!
Monarch butterflies pollinate many types of wildflowers.
摩尼花蝴蝶为许多种类的野花授粉.
However, they need milkweed plants to lay their eggs and reproduce.
然而,它们需要奶草植物来产卵并繁殖.
A road closing helps Christmas Island red crabs cross safely during their annual migration.
一条道路的关闭有助于圣诞岛红蟹在每年迁徙期间安全地穿越.
Timing Is Everything All animal migrations are cyclical, meaning they take place regularly at certain times of the year.
时机就是一切 所有动物迁徙都是周期性的,指它们定期地发生在一年中的某些时间.
How animals know just when to begin their migrations, however, is a bit of a mystery.
然而,动物们如何知道何时开始迁徙, 这有点神秘。
Getting started before food supplies run out is key, but what triggers migrators to get moving?
在食物供应耗尽前开始是关键,但是什么触发了移民运动?
Day length cues some birds to begin migrating.
白天会提示一些鸟类开始迁徙.
These migrators are called obligates—they are hardwired to go at a certain time, no matter what.
这些变相器被称为义务——无论怎样,它们都是在一定的时间硬接去的.
One example of such a migrator is semipalmated sandpipers.
这种相模的一个例子是半帕状的砂皮.
These birds breed and nest on Arctic coasts in summer.
这些鸟类夏季在北极海岸繁殖并筑巢.
There, they feast on coastal marine life to build up fatty reserves.
在那里,他们盛宴 沿海海洋生物 建立脂肪储备。
Plumping up is important to these long-distance migrators.
对于这些长途相扑者来说,羽起很重要.
As the days begin to shorten, the sandpipers set out on an amazing 4,000-kilometer (2,500 mi.)
随着日子的开始缩短,被沙地喷发出出惊人的4000公里(2500米).
nonstop journey.
不停的旅程。
They fly south to their winter homes in South America.
它们向南飞去它们位于南美洲的冬季家园.
Most of the route is over open waters with nowhere to stop for a snooze or a snack!
大部分路线都是在开阔水域上空,无处可去吃点心或小吃!
Other bird species, such as sandhill cranes, seem to start their spring and fall migrations based on changes in temperature and weather.
其他鸟类物种,如沙丘起鹤,似乎根据温度和天气的变化开始春秋迁徙.
The cranes’ long migration between the Arctic Circle and Mexico may be delayed or advanced by days or even weeks.
这些起重机在北极圈和墨西哥之间的长距离迁移可能会被推迟或提前数天甚至数周。
That’s because the cranes use tailwinds and rising columns of warm air called thermals to carry them up to 650 kilometers (400 mi.)
因为起重机使用尾风和升起的暖气柱,
in a single day.
在一天之内。
Waiting for optimal conditions reduces the birds’ effort as they journey over North America.
等待最佳条件会减少鸟类在北美上行时的努力。
Half a million migrating sandhill cranes are common along Nebraska’s Platte River in early spring.
流动的50万只沙丘起鹤在早春沿内布拉斯加州的普拉特河一带很常见.
Optimal conditions may also trigger migration in other animal species.
最佳条件也可能引发其他动物物种的迁徙.
For instance, gray whales summer in the cold waters between Siberia and Alaska.
例如西伯利亚和阿拉斯加之间的寒冷水域有灰鲸夏季.
There, they spend up to twenty hours a day eating.
在那里,他们每天要花20小时吃饭。
The whales begin to migrate south when ice cover expands over the sea in the fall.
鲸鱼开始向南迁徙 当秋天冰盖在海面上扩张时
Gray whales seek warmer water where pregnant females can safely give birth to calves.
灰鲸寻找更温暖的水来让怀孕的女性安全地生出小牛.
The whales eat very little as they migrate between 16,000 and 23,000 kilometers (10,000–14,300 mi.)
鲸鱼迁徙到一万六千到二万三千公里(一万到一万四千三百米)之间,
Instead, they live off the fatty blubber they have built up during the summer.
相反,它们靠夏天所积累的脂肪脂来生存。
Gray Whale Migration United States Canada Mexico PACIFIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN Alaska Siberia In the warm waters off Mexico’s Baja Peninsula, some gray whales mate and others give birth.
美国 太平洋大洋洲 阿拉斯加西伯利亚 在墨西哥下半岛外的暖水中,一些灰鲸配种,另一些则生出.
Once babies are strong enough, mothers and their calves make the long journey back toward the cold, nutrient- rich seas of the Arctic.
一旦婴儿足够强壮,母亲和他们的幼崽们 就能长途跋涉回到北极的寒冷多营养的海洋
It is the longest annual migration of any mammal on Earth.
它是地球上任何哺乳动物年迁徙时间最长的一次.
0 2,000 kilometers (1,250 mi.)
0,2000公里(1,250米).
Which Way Do We Go?
我们往哪走?
Humans use memory, maps, and technology to help them find their way.
人类使用记忆,地图,技术来帮助他们找到自己的路.
Long-haul migrators use a mix of navigational tools as well.
长发相机也使用混合导航工具.
Airborne migrators like birds and insects have a built-in sense of direction that is based on something called celestial bearings.
像鸟类和昆虫一样被空气传播的活化器具有内在的取向感,这种取向感是基于某种叫"天体轴承"的东西.
During daylight hours, they determine their position in relation to the Sun’s position in the sky.
在白天,他们确定自己与太阳在天空中的位置的关系。
Migrating birds that travel at night, such as warblers and blackcaps, use the stars.
夜间出行的迁徙鸟类,如会出行的被子和被子黑盖等,会使用星相.
One scientist projected images of night skies on a domed ceiling to study how some of these night travelers determine direction.
一位科学家将夜空的图像投射在穹顶天花板上,研究这些夜行者如何决定方向.
He noticed that when caged indigo buntings were placed beneath a display of the night sky, they fluttered and turned themselves in the direction they would normally migrate.
他注意到,当被笼罩的Indigo被放入夜空中的一展下时,它们会发抖并转向它们通常迁徙的方向.
When he rotated the starry display, the birds shifted to realign themselves.
当他旋转了星际显示器时,鸟类们转向调整自己.
The experiment showed that birds use the position of the stars as a guide.
实验显示鸟类将恒星的位置作为向导.
What do birds do when skies grow cloudy?
当天空变云时鸟类会做什么?
Birds and some other animals use Earth’s magnetic field to navigate.
鸟类和其他一些动物利用地磁场来导航.
Earth is sort of like a giant magnet surrounded by this field.
地球就像一个巨大的磁铁 被这个场所包围
Certain animals can sense the pull of the magnetic field at their location and use it to guide them.
某些动物可以感知到所处地磁场的拉力,并用它来引导它们.
Researchers are still studying just how animals do this.
研究者仍在研究动物如何做到这一点。
One theory is that animals such as sockeye salmon have an internal compass that points them to their destination.
一种理论认为,袜子鲑等动物有内部指南针来指向目的地.
When salmon are born, they can somehow sense exactly where they are within Earth’s magnetic field.
当鲑鱼诞生时,它们能以某种方式感知它们位于地球磁场内的确切位置。
This location becomes imprinted in their memory.
这个位置会印入他们的记忆
After spending up to four years in the Gulf of Alaska, the salmon return to their freshwater birthplace.
在阿拉斯加湾度过了长达四年后,鲑鱼回到了淡水发源地.
They travel thousands of kilometers to release eggs, or spawn, at this exact spot.
它们行走上千公里 释放出卵子,或产卵, 在这个确切的地点。
The salmon are able to reference this point as they make their way back from the sea.
沙门从出海回程时能参考这一点.
Sockeye salmon return to their birthplace in British Columbia to spawn.
索克眼鲑回生地不列颠哥伦比亚产卵.
But what accounts for the multigenerational migration of monarch butterflies?
但君主蝴蝶多代迁徙的原因是什么?
The round-trip migration from Hudson Bay to Mexico takes longer than a monarch’s life span.
从哈德逊湾到墨西哥的往返移民比君主的寿命要长。
The generation that is born in Mexico must find its way back to a place it has never been.
墨西哥出生的一代人必须找到回到从未去过的地方的道路。
Just as some animals have the instinct to begin migration on specific days, monarchs have the instinct to follow the same routes taken by previous generations.
正如一些动物有在特定的日子开始迁徙的本能一样,君主也有本能遵循前人所走的同道.
The idea of a magnetic “map” stored within their genes may explain this instinct.
磁性“图”储存在基因内的想法可以解释这种本能。
Genes are basic units of heredity that transfer a trait from one generation to the next.
基因是遗传学的基本单位, 将一个特征从一代传到下一代。
In the case of monarchs, their genes somehow code their destination in their memory.
对于君主来说,他们的基因在记忆中不知何故地编码了目的地.
Thousands of monarch butterflies cover a single tree in the oyamel fir forest of central Mexico.
数千只君主蝴蝶覆盖了墨西哥中部的燕麦花花林中的一棵树.
They pack in tightly for warmth, wait out the winter, then fly north in spring.
它们紧紧地打包来取暖,等冬天出来,再到春天再向北飞去.
Many migrating mammals depend on landmarks and a sharp sense of smell to guide them.
许多迁徙哺乳动物依赖于地标和敏锐的嗅觉来引导它们.
Africa is home to two of the largest mammal migrations known.
非洲是已知的两所最大的哺乳动物迁移地。
The great Serengeti wildebeest migration takes place yearly when 1.
塞伦盖蒂大荒地每年1出行。
5 million wildebeest make their way between feeding grounds in Tanzania and Kenya.
坦桑尼亚和肯尼亚的喂养地之间有500万只野生蜂。
Their journey takes them 2,900 kilometers (1,800 mi.)
他们的旅程走2,900公里(1,800英里).
across grassy plains and the rushing Mara River.
穿过草地平原和冲出马拉河
As they follow the rain and greener pastures to the north, the wildebeest are often joined by zebras and gazelles.
随着它们跟随雨地和更绿色的牧场向北行进,野生的鸟类也经常会与斑马和瞪羚会合.
Wildebeest Migration Tanzania short-grass plains Kenya LAKE VICTORIA MARA RIVER Wildebeest arrive on the short-grass plains of the Serengeti in late November.
坦桑尼亚短草平原 肯尼亚 湖维多利亚玛拉里弗 怀德贝斯特于11月下旬到达塞伦盖蒂平原的短草地上.
Their calves are born in February, and in April the herd starts its great migration back north.
它们的幼崽生于二月,四月牧群开始向北大迁徙.
They cross the Mara River in September.
他们于9月渡过马拉河.
By October, they are heading south again.
到10月,他们又向南开去。
(48 mi.)
(48分钟)
AFRICA Madagascar ATLANTIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN Just as impressive is the Kasanka bat migration—the biggest mammal migration on Earth.
非洲 马达加斯加 印度洋 卡桑卡蝙蝠迁移同样令人印象深刻,
From almost every corner of sub-Saharan Africa, ten million straw-colored fruit bats gather on a patch of swamp forest in northern Zambia.
在撒哈拉以南的非洲几乎每个角落,有一千万只稻草色的果蝙蝠聚集在赞比亚北部的一片沼泽森林上.
For several weeks, they feast on the fruit that grows after the start of the rainy season.
数周来,他们以雨季开始后生长的水果为食.
By day, they cover the trunks of the trees and fly out to forage at dusk.
白天,它们会覆盖树木的树干,并飞出黄昏去觅食.
Math Minute The sooty shearwater is a dark seabird that migrates great distances over ocean waters.
数学分钟 酸奶剪水是一头在海水上迁徙相去甚远的暗海鸟.
Its migration route can stretch 14,000 kilometers (8,700 mi.)
其迁移路线可长达14000公里(8700米.
between New Zealand and the North Pacific Ocean.
新西兰和北太平洋之间
If it takes a shearwater 29 days to make the trip, how far does the bird travel in an average day?
如果需要29天的剪水才能出行,那么鸟儿平均在一天里要走多远?
Answer: 483 kilometers (300 mi.)
答复:483公里(300海里)
The bats that come to Kasanka National Park each fall bring their appetites.
来到卡桑卡国家公园的蝙蝠每年秋季都会带来食欲.
By the time they leave in late December, they have devoured more than a billion fruits!
到12月下旬他们离开的时候,他们已经吞食了十多亿个水果!
Overcoming Obstacles Knowing when and where to go are just two of the problems migratory animals face.
克服障碍 迁徙动物面临的两个问题,是了解何时何地。
An increasingly bigger problem is dealing with both natural and constructed hazards.
一个日益严重的问题是处理自然和建筑灾害。
Many migrators are prey animals that must be wary of predators as they travel.
许多捕食者是猎物动物 旅行时必须警惕捕食者
The wildebeest of the Serengeti are a main food source for lions and jackals as well as crocodiles lurking in lagoons and rivers.
塞伦盖蒂河的野生山峰是狮子和胡狼的主要食物来源,也是潜入泻湖和河流的鳄鱼的主要食物来源.
Hawks and humans hunt African fruit bats, which grow plump from eating dates and figs.
鹰和人类捕食非洲果蝙蝠,它们从吃枣和花果中会长出羽毛.
Hawks also hunt the migratory routes of songbirds that travel North America’s flyways.
鹰也猎取行走北美飞道的歌鸟的迁徙路线.
Bad weather presents other challenges to migrating species.
恶劣天气对迁徙物种构成其他挑战。
Sudden storms can disrupt the flight plans of migrating birds and force large flocks to land unexpectedly in unusual locations.
突然的风暴会破坏迁徙鸟类的飞行计划并迫使大群鸟群出乎意料地降落在不寻常的地方.
This type of event is known as a fallout.
这种类型的事件被称为"倒影".
One songbird fallout occurred in South Texas in April 2013.
2013年4月,南德克萨斯州发生了一起歌鸟沉降事件.
Thousands of tired and hungry migrating songbirds landed on South Padre Island, off the coast of Texas.
数以千计的疲惫和饥饿的迁徙歌曲鸟从德克萨斯州近海的南帕德岛登陆.
Island residents put out fruit and worms to help the birds gain enough strength to resume their migration north.
岛上居民放出水果和蠕虫来帮助鸟类获得足够的力量来恢复向北迁徙.
Shifting weather patterns have sometimes interrupted land and water migrations as well.
变化的天气模式有时也干扰了土地和水的迁移。
Warm spells can cause early snowmelt, leading to flooding that complicates the migration of animals such as elk.
温暖的咒语可以引起早期的雪融,导致洪水,使麋鹿等动物的迁徙复杂化.
Flooded rivers can overrun their banks and send migrating salmon off course, leaving them high and dry when waters recede.
被洪水淹没的河流会冲出河岸,将迁徙出海的鲑鱼送出航道,在水面退去时会留下高地干燥.
Droughts can not only make food scarce but can also spark wildfires that put migrating herds in peril.
干旱不仅会使食物稀缺,而且还会引发野火,使迁徙的牲畜处于危险之中。
Human-made barriers threaten long-haul migrators as well.
人为障碍也威胁着长途移民。
Dams block waterways that migrating fish once used.
水坝封锁了曾经迁徙鱼类的水道。
Highways that cross migration routes put animals and people on a collision course.
穿越迁徙路线的公路使动物和人们走上了相撞的道路.
Fences block migrating range animals from following centuries-old trails that lead to important feeding grounds.
栅栏挡住迁徙的动物 从几个世纪前的踪迹 进入重要的觅食地
A herd of migrating pronghorn encounter a barbed wire fence in Wyoming.
在怀俄明州,一群迁徙的长角兽遇到铁丝网。
A closer look at the bottom wire, however, reveals that it is not barbed, so pronghorn can slide under it without cutting themselves.
然而,仔细看下部的铁丝网会发现它不是有刺铁丝网,因此出孔可以滑入下部而无需切口.
Even well-intentioned structures harm migrators.
即使是用心良好的结构也伤害了模仿者.
The huge blades of giant wind turbines used to generate clean electricity are deadly to migrating birds and bats.
用来产生清洁电力的巨型风力涡轮机的巨大叶片对迁徙的鸟类和蝙蝠来说是致命的.
Large-scale solar farms, such as the Ivanpah solar plant in California’s Mojave Desert, are responsible for killing thousands of birds that fly into the concentrated beams of sunlight and are instantly burned to death.
大型太阳能农场,如加州莫哈韦沙漠的伊万帕太阳站等,造成数以千计的鸟类死亡,它们飞入阳光的集中光束中并被立即烧死.
To address these problems, researchers use tracking devices to monitor migratory animals.
为了解决这些问题,研究人员使用跟踪装置来监测迁徙动物.
They include the information in studies showing the impact of construction on the environment in hopes that new construction can be placed away from migration corridors.
其中包括研究中显示建筑对环境所产生影响的资料,希望新的建筑能够远离移民走廊。
New awareness of migration routes and the behavior of migrators has inspired people to find ways to help rather than hurt them.
对移民路线和移民行为的新认识激励人们寻找帮助而不是伤害他们的方法.
A young loggerhead sea turtle in Florida is tagged by a scientist before it sets out on a journey of 7,250 kilometers (4,500 mi.)
佛罗里达的一头年轻的海龟在行走7,250公里(4,500英里)的旅程之前, 被一位科学家所标记。
Even more incredible, turtles make the trip in just seventy days.
更不可思议的是,海龟在七十天之内就来了
If any one species deserved to be crowned the grand champion of migration, it would be the arctic tern.
如果任何一个物种应该被冠以迁徙的伟大冠军,那就是北极之地。
Tiny tracking technology enabled scientists to follow the flight of this bird on its long migration between the North and South Poles.
微小的跟踪技术使得科学家们能够跟踪这只鸟在北极和南极之间长期迁徙的飞行.
What researchers learned was astounding: the tern’s journey was twice as long as once thought, an unbelievable 70,800 kilometers (44,000 mi.)
研究者所学到的令人惊奇的是:tern的旅程是一度想象的两倍,是令人难以置信的70,800公里(44,000英里).
Instead of following a straight north-south line, many Arctic terns zigzag from Greenland to Antarctica and back again.
与其沿着一条正南北线走,许多从格陵兰到南极并再次返回的北极三角地.
They do this to take advantage of swirling wind currents that carry them on their way.
他们这样做是为了利用沿途所携带的旋风流.
The additional distance saves these birds the tremendous effort of having to fly directly into the wind.
增加的距离使这些鸟类节省了不得不直接飞入风中的巨大努力.
Some regions now have wildlife overpasses and underpasses where roadways and land migration routes cross.
一些地区现在有野生生物过道和下行道,道路和陆路移徙路线经过。
These wildlife-only bridges and tunnels help keep migrators and drivers away from each other and safe.
这些只有野生动物的桥梁和地道有助于使移栖者和驾驶者相互远离并安全.
Engineers are working to improve clean-energy devices that unintentionally harm migrators.
工程师们正在努力改进无意地伤害成形器的清洁能装置。
Vertical wind turbines in development may one day replace the giant horizontal propellers on wind farms.
开发中的垂直风力涡轮机可能有一天会取代风力农场上巨大的横向螺旋桨.
Specially constructed “fish ladders” have been placed next to dams on salmon migration routes so that the fish can safely reach their spawning grounds.
特别建造的“鱼梯”被放置在鲑鱼迁徙路线上水坝旁边,以便鱼能安全地到达它们的产卵地。
Information about how pollution affects migrators already stressed from their long journeys could lead to regulations designed to keep migrators safe.
有关污染如何影响长途旅行中已经强调的植入物的信息,可导致制定旨在保护植入物安全的条例。
What’s most impressive about amazing migrators is how, despite these obstacles, they set out on their epic journeys year after year.
令人印象最深刻的是,尽管有这些障碍,他们还是年复一年地踏上史诗般的旅程。
These migrations across land, in the air, and through the sea are critical to the survival of these species.
这些跨越陆地、空中和海上的迁徙对这些物种的生存至关重要。
Understanding their importance can inspire us to take action to ensure that these important journeys continue for many years to come.
了解它们的重要性,可以激励我们采取行动,确保这些重要旅程在今后许多年中继续下去。
A salmon leaps up a fish ladder in Alaska.
一条鲑鱼在阿拉斯加跃起一条鱼梯.
Glossary celestial bearings (n.)
术语表天体轴承(n.)
(n.)
(无)
(adj.)
(中文(简体) ).