and Motion
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Science Great and Small.
目录 科学大同小异.
4 The Farm Boy Physicist.
4"农场男孩"物理学家.
5 A New School of Thought.
5 新思想学院.
6 Opticks and Critics.
6 欧平克与批评.
9 Newton’s Masterpiece.
9 牛顿大师作.
11 Fame and Fortune.
11"名人与财富".
18 Glossary.
18 词汇。
20 Science Great and Small Fruit falling from trees may not capture our interest.
20 从树上掉下来的"科学伟大"和"小水果"可能无法吸引我们的兴趣.
Our eyes are usually drawn to grander sights, such as rainbows or sunsets.
我们的眼睛通常被引向更宏伟的景点,例如彩虹或日落.
Isaac Newton, however, was interested in natural events great and small.
然而,艾萨克·牛顿对自然事件感兴趣,无论大小.
His keen observations of everyday happenings led him to ponder the mechanics behind them.
他对日常事件的敏锐观察使他思考了背后的力学.
His studies and experiments resulted in groundbreaking scientific theories about light, force, and motion that are the foundation of modern-day physics.
他的研究和实验产生了关于光,力,和运动的开创性科学理论,这些理论是现代物理学的基础.
Legend has it that Newton’s discovery of gravity was inspired by an apple falling on his head.
传说牛顿所发现的地心引力是被一颗苹果落在他头上所启发的.
In fact, the apple fell in front of him and led to his understanding of gravity.
事实上,苹果倒在他面前并导致他理解了重力.
The Farm Boy Physicist Isaac Newton was born on Christmas Day 1642, in the English village of Woolsthorpe, about 100 miles (161 km) north of London.
农场男孩物理学家艾萨克·牛顿生于1642年圣诞节,位于伦敦以北约100英里(161公里)的英国村庄伍尔斯索普.
He was the only child of a middle-class British farmer.
他是英国中产阶级农民独生子.
Sadly, the boy never knew his father, who died two months before Isaac was born.
可悲的是,这名男孩从未认识过他的父亲,他在以撒出生前两个月就已经去世了.
When Isaac’s mother remarried two years later, he was sent off to be raised by his grandmother in the nearby village of Grantham.
艾萨克的母亲在两年后再婚后被派去附近的格兰瑟姆村由外祖母抚养.
He did not live with his mother again until she lost her second husband after nine years.
他没有再次与他的母亲生活在一起,直到九年后她失去了第二个丈夫。
At that time, she sent for Isaac, eager to have her son help manage her property.
当时她派了以撒,急于让儿子帮忙管理她的财产.
Isaac was not well-suited for the job, however.
然而,以撒不适合从事这项工作。
Although he was happy to be outdoors, he was more of a thinker than a doer.
虽然他在户外很快乐,但比起做人,他更是一个思想家.
Isaac preferred to spend his time reading beneath an apple tree rather than looking after herds of cattle, and he was soon sent back to his school in Grantham.
艾萨克宁愿花时间在一棵苹果树下读书,而不愿照顾牛群,他很快被送回了格兰瑟姆的学校.
People who knew young Isaac were impressed with his ability to make working models of machines such as clocks and windmills.
认识年轻的以撒的人对他的造出钟和风车等机器的工作模型的能力印象深刻.
He continued his studies and worked hard to prepare for college.
他继续学习并努力为大学做准备.
A New School of Thought In 1661, Newton enrolled at Trinity College and started what would be a long association with Cambridge University.
1661年,牛顿在三一学院注册,开始了与剑桥大学的长期联系。
Its students followed a traditional course of study that began with the teachings of Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher.
它的学生遵循了从古希腊哲学家亚里士多德的教义开始的传统学习课程.
Aristotle thought Earth was the center of the universe.
亚里士多德认为地球是宇宙的中心.
He described nature in terms of its basic elements, which included some combination of earth, air, fire, and water.
他描述了自然的基本元素,包括地,空气,火和水的一些组合.
Beyond the walls of Cambridge, though, a new way of thinking had taken hold.
但是,在剑桥的城墙之外,一种新的思维方式得到了巩固。
The Scientific Revolution that began during the Renaissance was sweeping through Europe.
文艺复兴时期开始的科学革命席卷了欧洲.
A group of modern philosophers were attempting to explain how the world worked in more scientific and mathematical terms.
一群现代哲学家试图用更多的科学和数学术语来解释世界是如何运作的.
Thinkers like René Descartes saw the physical world as being made up of tiny particles that were always in motion.
像勒内·笛卡尔这样的思想家们将物理世界看作是由总是在运动中的微小粒子所组成的.
Everything that happened in nature was a result of how those particles interacted with one another.
自然界发生的一切都是这些粒子相互作用的结果。
Trinity College was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I.
三一学院由女王伊丽莎白一世于1592年创立.
Newton learned of this new perspective and became intrigued.
牛顿得知了这个新观点,变得很感兴趣.
Perhaps there was some way to identify these physical interactions and measure them.
也许有某种方法可以识别这些物理相互作用并测量它们。
He had long wondered why objects always fell downward and why light sometimes appeared as different colors.
他早就想知道为什么物体总是会倒下,为什么光有时会以不同的颜色出现.
It seemed this new way of thinking might help him find the answers he sought.
似乎这种新的思维方式可能有助于他找到所寻求的答案。
Copernicus Instead of doing his course homework, Newton began filling his notebooks with his own notes, which he titled “Certain Philosophical Questions.”
哥白尼没有做课程作业,牛顿开始用自己的笔记填入笔记本,他称之为“哲学问题”。 “
An eager learner, Newton soon mastered what the new thinkers had written.
一个热心学习的人,牛顿很快掌握了新思想家所写的.
He used what he learned to develop his own theories and calculations.
他用所学的来发展出自己的理论和计算.
He devised a form of calculus, a type of math used to analyze curves and the areas beneath them.
他设计出一种微积分形式,一种用来分析曲线及其下方区域的数学类型.
By 1665, the year Newton graduated from Cambridge, he was ready to write a summary of his findings and present them to mathematical scholars in England and other parts of Europe.
至1665年,牛顿从剑桥毕业的那一年,他准备写出他的调查结果摘要并提交给英国和欧洲其他地区的数学学者.
Fate had different plans, however.
然而命运有不同的计划。
That August, an outbreak of the deadly bubonic plague led Cambridge officials to close the university for two years.
8月,致命的发作性瘟疫爆发,使剑桥官员关闭了大学两年.
Newton was quarantined in his home with little to do but continue his experiments and write about them.
牛顿在家中被隔离,几乎没有事可做,只是继续他的实验并写作这些实验.
This drawing from one of Newton’s notebooks shows his use of calculus to solve problems.
这幅取自牛顿的笔记本的图画显示了他用微积分解决问题.
Opticks and Critics It was during this time that Newton developed important theories about the nature of light.
对手和批评者 正是在这个时期,牛顿对光的性质发展出重要的理论.
Descartes had argued that light was a type of motion transmitted through natural substances like air or water.
笛卡尔认为光是通过空气或水等自然物质传递的一类运动.
Newton understood that this explained how light moved, but not what it was.
牛顿明白这解释了光是如何移动的,但不是它是什么.
In 1666, Newton performed experiments with a prism, which separated white light into bands of color.
1666年,牛顿用棱镜进行了实验,将白光分化为有色波段.
He wrote that pure white light is a combination of many different-colored rays.
他写道,纯白光是许多不同颜色的射线的组合.
The individual rays become visible when light passes through glass or water at an angle, a process known as refraction.
当光从玻璃或水中通过一个角度时,单个的射线就变得可以看见了,这个过程被称为折射.
Newton had discovered how rainbows are made.
牛顿发现了彩虹的制造方式
Newton thought that anytime white light passed through a glass lens, some degree of refraction would occur.
牛顿认为无论何时白光从玻璃镜上穿过,都会发生一定程度的折射.
This would slightly alter the appearance of anything viewed through the lens.
这会稍微改变透视器的外观。
In 1668, he used this knowledge to develop the first reflecting telescope, which used mirrors instead of lenses to focus light, thereby forming more accurate images.
1668年他利用这种知识来开发出第一台反射望远镜,它使用镜来代替镜头来聚焦光线,从而形成更准确的图像.
A prism separates the different colors of light.
棱相能分出不同颜色的光.
Meanwhile, Cambridge reopened in 1667.
与此同时,剑桥在1667年重新开放.
By 1669, Newton was made head of the university’s mathematics department.
至1669年,牛顿出任大学数学系主任.
As such, he was required to give a series of lectures on a topic of his choosing.
因此,他必须就自己选择的主题进行一系列的讲座。
He decided to speak about his recent study of light, explained in his book Opticks.
他决定谈论他最近对光线的研究,在他的著作"Opticks"中作了解释.
Members of the Royal Society of London heard about Newton’s lectures and asked to see a model of his reflecting telescope.
伦敦皇家学会成员听说了牛顿的讲座,并请求看到他反射望远镜的模型.
The group of scientists was so impressed, they asked him to become a member.
科学家们留下了深刻的印象,他们要求他成为会员.
In 1672, a delighted Newton presented them with a paper about his work with light and color.
1672年,一位快乐的牛顿向他们出示了一篇以光和颜色介绍他工作的论文.
One member of the society, however, was not impressed.
然而,社会的一个成员没有印象。
Robert Hooke was one of the leaders of the Royal Society and, until Newton arrived, was considered the leading expert on optics.
罗伯特·胡克是皇家学会的领导人之一,在牛顿到来之前,被认为是光学领域的主要专家.
He wrote a scathing review of the newcomer’s paper and later accused him of stealing ideas from Hooke’s earlier work.
他写了一篇关于新人论文的恶作剧评论,
This enraged Newton and was the start of a lifelong feud between the two men.
这激怒了牛顿,是两人终身相争的开始.
Because Newton had developed his theories in isolation, his work was called into question by many people who did not know him.
由于牛顿孤立地发展出自己的理论,他的作品被许多不认识他的人所质疑.
More critical reviews from other scholars pushed Newton over the edge.
其他学者的更批判性的评论将牛顿推向了边缘.
In 1678, he suffered a nervous breakdown and withdrew from public life altogether.
1678年他遭受了精神崩溃并完全退出了公共生活.
Newton’s Masterpiece Isolating himself left Newton plenty of time to evaluate and refine his work.
牛顿的"主人公孤立"给牛顿留下了充足的时间来评价和完善他的工作.
He continued to puzzle over how substances and objects interacted with each other.
他继续对物质和物体如何相互作用感到困惑。
Why did some chemicals react with certain other chemicals?
为什么某些化学品与某些其他化学品发生反应?
What made water seem to flow up through narrow spaces?
是什么让水从狭窄的空间流出?
What kept the Moon and Earth in orbit?
是什么使月球和地球进入轨道?
Newton thought these mysteries could be explained by some governing principle having to do with force and attraction.
牛顿认为这些奥秘可以用一些与武力和吸引力有关的管理原则来解释.
Newton, circa 1680 Elliptical Orbits The orbits of both Earth and the Moon are elliptical, or oval- shaped.
牛顿,约1680椭圆轨道 地球和月球的轨道均呈椭圆形,或椭圆形.
That’s because their velocity and the force of gravity are not quite equal.
因为他们的速度和重力并不完全相同。
Understanding elliptical orbits enabled Newton to use calculus to more accurately predict and explain planetary and lunar motion.
理解椭圆轨道使得牛顿能够使用微积分来更准确地预测和解释行星和月球运动.
He was able to show their actual movement.
他能够展示他们的实际行动.
This knowledge informed modern Moon missions, among other things.
这种知识特别为现代月球飞行任务提供了信息。
Moon orbit Earth orbit Sun Earth Moon Letters from his old rival Hooke sparked a discussion about the elliptical orbit of the planets.
月球轨道 地球轨道 太阳地月信 来自他的老对手胡克 引发了对行星椭圆轨道的讨论.
The reason orbits were not circular, Hooke said, was because of an imbalance between the forces of attraction and a moving object’s velocity.
胡克说,轨道不是圆形的,原因是吸引力和移动物体的速度不平衡。
There was a tug-of-war between a moving object’s momentum and the pull between it and other nearby objects.
移动物体的动力与它与其他相邻物体之间的动力之间发生了一股战争。
Hooke was correct, but his statement was difficult to prove.
胡克是对的,但他的言论很难被证明.
It was Newton who proved it—using calculus.
是牛顿证明的 用微积分
Halley’s Comet is named for the astronomer who figured out that three comets (seen in 1521, 1607, and 1682) were actually one, returning to Earth’s vicinity every seventy-five years.
哈雷彗星的命名是因为天文学家发现三颗彗星(见于1521年,1607年和1682年)实际上是一颗彗星,每75年返回地球附近.
Halley’s Comet is projected to return next in 2061.
哈雷彗星预计将于2061年返回。
The astronomer Edmond Halley heard about Newton’s calculations.
天文学家埃德蒙德·哈利(Edmond Haley)听说了牛顿的计算.
Halley visited Newton in 1684 and asked him to send a demonstration of the principles at work.
1684年,哈雷访问牛顿并请求他发送工作原理的演示.
Newton sent Halley a short essay called De Motu (On Motion), which dealt mostly with the movement of planets.
牛顿寄给哈利一篇名为"德·莫图"(英语:De Motu (On Motion))的短篇散文,这篇散文主要涉及行星的运动.
Still, Newton thought his explanations did not adequately explain how force and attraction worked in all of nature.
然而,牛顿认为他的解释没有充分解释武力和吸引力如何在所有自然界中起作用.
Newton continued to work on refining the ideas and calculations in De Motu.
牛顿继续致力于完善德莫图的思想和计算.
Two a nd a half years later, in 1687, he published his masterpiece, The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
半年后的两年后,他于1687年出版了他的杰作"The Principia: Mathematical Principia"(自然哲学的数学原理).
This landmark book rocked the scientific world and raised Newton’s stature internationally.
这本划时代的书震撼了科学世界,在国际上提升了牛顿的地位。
Edmond Halley In his book, Newton laid out his three laws of motion.
埃德蒙·哈利 牛顿在他的书中阐述了他的三个运动定律.
His first law states that a body or object at rest stays that way unless a force acts on it.
他的第一部法律规定,除非武力对身体或物体采取行动,否则身体或物体不得停止。
This is why things float in outer space— because no force is at work.
正因为如此,外层空间的事物浮出水面,因为没有任何力量发挥作用。
In addition, an object that is already in motion will keep moving in the same way unless a force acts on it.
此外,一个已经在运动的物体,除非有力量对它采取行动,否则会保持同样的运动.
For example, if an astronaut were to throw an object, that object would move in a straight line and keep moving in the same direction, with the same speed, until some force—such as a planet’s gravity or a bump from space debris—interfered.
例如,如果宇航员扔出一个物体,该物体将直线行走,并一直以同样的速度朝同一方向行走,直到某种力 -- -- 如行星的重力或从空间碎片中产生的碰撞 -- -- 被干涉。
Whether an object is at rest or in motion, it has inertia—the tendency to keep doing what it is already doing.
无论物体处于休止状态还是运动状态,它都具有惯性——即继续做它已经在做的事的倾向.
Newton also explained that objects are usually acted upon by more than one force, and it’s the balance of those forces that determines whether an object will start moving or move in a different way.
牛顿还解释说,物体通常用不止一股力来作用,而决定物体是否将以不同的方式开始移动或移动的是这些力的平衡.
If those forces are equal, the object does not move or keeps moving in the same way.
如果这些力相等,则物体不会以同样的方式移动或继续移动.
If the forces are not equal, an object at rest will start moving and a moving object’s speed or direction will change.
如果力不相等,一个处于休息状态的物体会开始移动,而移动物体的速度或方向会改变.
People throw both bowling and soccer balls, but not the same way.
人们同时投出保龄球和足球球,但不同的方式.
Bowling balls have far more mass.
保龄球的质量要高得多
If we lifted them behind our head, we might fall over backward!
如果我们把他们抬到脑后,我们可能会倒下!
Newton’s second law explains the relationship between mass and motion.
牛顿的第二定律解释了质量和运动之间的关系.
Mass refers to the amount of matter in an object.
质量指物体中物质的量.
Great force exerted against less massive objects creates more motion, or acceleration, than against more massive objects.
对重量较小的物体施加的强大力量 会产生更多的运动或加速 而不是对数量较多的物体
Think about throwing a soccer ball, then a bowling ball.
考虑抛出足球,再投出保龄球.
If you throw both with equal force, the soccer ball will go faster and farther because it has less mass than the bowling ball.
如果用等力投出两者,足球会因为质量不如保龄球而跑得更快更远.
Newton’s third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
牛顿的第三定律指出,对每一项行动来说,都有一个平等而相反的反应.
We see this law in action all around us.
我们环顾四周看到这个法律
Rowing a boat is one example.
划船就是一个例子。
When we push backward against the water, the oars move the boat forward.
当我们向后推向水面时,桨将船推进.
The greater the backward force, the faster the boat moves forward.
后方力量越多,出行越快.
The forward motion is the reaction to the backward push.
前向运动是对后向推进的反应.
Mass on Earth = 32 kg (71 lb.)
地球质量为32公斤(71磅)
Weight on Earth = 32 kg (71 lb.)
地球重量为32公斤(71磅).
Mass on the Moon = 32 kg (71 lb.)
月球质量为32千克(71磅).
Weight on the Moon = 7.
月球重量=7.
5 kg (16.
5公斤(16.
5 lb.)
5岁b.
Mass on Jupiter = 32 kg (71 lb.)
木星上的质量为32千克(71磅)
Weight on Jupiter = 107 kg (236 lb.)
木星上重量为107公斤(236磅).
Fame and Fortune Although some scientists resisted Newton’s ideas, many came to see them as a great achievement.
名人与财富 虽然一些科学家抵制了牛顿的想法,但许多人还是将这种想法视为伟大的成就.
Young mathematicians flocked to Cambridge to learn more.
年轻的数学家们聚集到剑桥去学习更多的东西.
Newton became something of a celebrity.
牛顿成了名人
He became friends with Charles Montagu, who later became a powerful politician.
他与查尔斯·蒙塔古(Charles Montagu)成为了朋友,他后来成为了一位强大的政治家.
Over the next few years, Newton’s attention drifted away from science and toward politics.
在接下来的几年里,牛顿的注意力从科学转向了政治。
In 1696, Montagu named Newton Warden of the Mint, and Newton left Cambridge for London in 1701.
1696年,蒙塔古将"薄荷"号命名为"牛顿典狱长"(Newton Warden of the Mint),牛顿于1701年出走剑桥去伦敦.
He was paid well for the assignment and, unlike the previous warden, actively oversaw coin production at the mint.
与前任典狱长不同的是,他在任务上报酬很高,并积极监督薄荷币的生产.
In 1703, Newton was elected president of the Royal Society.
1703年,牛顿被选为皇家学会会长.
In 1705, he became the first scientist ever to be knighted.
1705年他成为了第一位被授予骑士称号的科学家.
Newton spent his later years refining and revising his greatest work, Principia, but did not produce any new papers.
牛顿在后期度过了修饰和修订他最伟大的作品"普林西比亚"(Principia)的岁月,但没有出出出任何新论文.
He died in 1727, a wealthy and well-known man.
他于1727年去世,是一位富有而出名的人.
Queen Anne knighted Newton.
安妮女王为牛顿骑士.
Today, being knighted is still a great honor—no jousting or armor required!
今天,当骑士仍然是伟大的荣誉——不需要比赛或盔甲!
Newton not only developed theories but also demonstrated how those theories worked using mathematics.
牛顿不仅发展出理论,而且还展示了这些理论如何使用数学.
His careful note-taking and calculations led a bookish village boy to become one of the greatest and most influential scientists the world has ever known.
他仔细的记事和计算,使一位书生村男孩成为了世界上最伟大的和最有影响力的科学家之一.
He forever changed the way we understand the universe.
他永远改变了我们对宇宙的理解