Revolution
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents The Spark.
内容列表 The Spark.
4 The Roots of Revolution.
4"革命之根".
5 Rise of the Machines.
5 机器的兴起.
7 The Factory System.
7 工厂系统。
8 Child Labor.
8 童工。
10 Education.
10 教育。
11 Innovation Leads to Innovation.
11 创新引领创新.
12 Beyond Great Britain.
12 超越大不列颠。
14 Legacy.
14 遗事.
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 The Spark Around 1764, Scottish inventor James Watt was hired to repair a Newcomen steam engine.
16"火花"(The Spark About 1764),苏格兰发明家詹姆斯·瓦特被聘请来修理一台纽科门蒸汽机.
Miners used these engines, invented decades earlier, to pump water out of flooded mines.
矿工们用这些几十年前发明的发动机,从被淹的矿井中抽取出水.
Watt improved the steam engine’s design, making it much more efficient and affordable.
瓦特改进了蒸汽机车的设计,使其更有效率,更能负担得起.
In the following years, Watt and other inventors made even more improvements to the steam engine.
在接下来的几年里,瓦特等发明家对蒸汽机进行了更多的改进.
For the first time, steam could be used to power all kinds of machines, from weaving looms to locomotives.
蒸汽首次可用于为从织接机到机车等各种机车提供动力.
Watt’s steam engine was one of many advances that sparked the Industrial Revolution.
瓦特的蒸汽机是引发工业革命的许多进步之一。
From the mid-1700s to the mid-1800s, new technology transformed Great Britain and, eventually, the world.
从1700年代中期到1800年代中期,新技术改变了大不列颠,并最终改变了世界.
The Industrial Revolution influenced every part of people’s daily lives.
工业革命影响了人们日常生活的每一部分。
It changed how people worked, where they lived, how far they could travel, what they wore, and even what foods they ate.
它改变了人们的工作方式, 他们住在哪里, 他们可以旅行多远, 他们穿什么,甚至他们吃什么。
The Newcomen steam engine laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution.
新科通蒸汽机车为工业革命打下基础.
The Roots of Revolution The development of new technology was one of the most important causes of the Industrial Revolution, but there were others.
革命的根源 新技术的发展是工业革命最重要的原因之一,但还有其他原因.
The East India Company, a trading company formed in England in 1600, was one of them.
东印度 公司是1600年在英国成立的一家贸易公司,是其中之一.
It had grown into a military and political power with a large private army.
它已经发展成为一个军事和政治强国,拥有一支庞大的私人军队。
The East India Company imported cotton products from India.
东印度 公司从印度进口了棉花产品.
The products were cheap because Indian laborers weren’t paid much for their work.
印度劳工的劳动报酬很少,
Cotton goods became extremely popular in Britain.
棉花商品在英国变得极为受欢迎.
In the mid-1700s, the East India Company took control of territories in India.
1700年代中期,东印度公司控制了印度的领土.
Britain now had direct access to India’s supplies of raw cotton.
英国现在直接获得印度的生棉供应。
Britain began to import cheap cotton from India in order to produce finished goods even more cheaply at home.
英国开始从印度进口廉价棉花,以在国内生产更廉价的成品.
Soldiers working for the British East India Company battle local troops in the Kingdom of Mysore, India, in 1799.
1799年为英属东印度公司工作的士兵在印度密索尔王国同当地军队交战.
By the late 1700s, British control of overseas territories had expanded to include colonies in the West Indies, North and South America, and Canada.
到1700年代末,英国对海外领土的控制已经扩大,包括了西印度群岛,北美和南美,以及加拿大等地的殖民地.
These territories provided other raw materials, including wool, silk, and lumber.
这些领土提供了其他原材料,包括羊毛、丝绸和木材。
Britain also had large supplies of natural resources important to industrialization, such as coal and iron.
英国还拥有大量对工业化重要的自然资源,如煤炭和铁.
Britain’s population had grown as farmers found new ways to produce more food.
随着农民找到生产更多粮食的新途径,英国的人口已经增长.
At the same time, wealthy lords bought large amounts of public land once worked by small farmers.
与此同时,富裕的领主购买了一大批公地,一度由小农做工.
People who could no longer grow their own food had to move to cities to find work.
无法再种植自己食物的人不得不移居到城市找工作.
Rise of the Machines Textile production—the making of cloth and clothing—was the biggest industry in the 1700s.
机器纺织品生产的兴起——布和服装的制造——是1700年代最大的工业。
It was also the first to be revolutionized by new inventions.
这也是被新发明所革命化的最早.
Before the Industrial Revolution, clothing was usually made at home or in village workshops.
工业革命前,服装一般是在家里或乡村作坊做.
Making cloth was often a family business.
做布衣常常是家族的生意.
Family members divided the tasks of spinning yarn—from cotton, flax, or wool—and weaving cloth on a hand loom.
家人分道扬镳,
The process was slow and tedious, even for skilled workers.
这一过程缓慢而乏味,甚至对熟练工人也是如此。
In the late 1700s, spinning and weaving became more efficient thanks to a series of new inventions.
在1700年代末,由于一系列新的发明,旋转和编织变得更加高效.
Richard Arkwright, an industrialist and inventor, developed a way to use a waterwheel to drive a spinning machine that produced strong cotton thread.
工业家和发明家理查德·阿克赖特(Richard Arkwright)开发出一种使用水轮来驱动产生强棉线的旋转机的方法.
Arkwright’s invention was too big for any workshop, so he built a large mill in Cromford, Derbyshire.
阿克赖特的发明对于任何作坊来说都太大了,所以他在德比郡克罗姆福德建造了一座大型磨坊.
Cromford Mill soon employed hundreds of workers.
克伦福德·米尔很快雇佣了上百名工人.
Arkwright eventually built several more factories, and other textile manufacturers followed his example.
阿克赖特最终又建造了多所工厂,其他纺织厂也效仿他.
Cromford Mill is widely considered to be the first modern factory.
克伦福德磨坊被广泛认为是第一家现代工厂.
The Factory System Factories not only changed how goods were made, but also the nature of working life.
工厂系统工厂不仅改变了商品的制造方式,而且还改变了工作生活的性质。
The first factories were water-powered and needed to be located close to rivers.
第一批工厂是水动力工厂,必须靠近河流。
Steam-powered factories, however, could be built almost anywhere.
然而,蒸汽动力工厂几乎可以在任何地方建造。
Many were built around Manchester, in the north of England.
许多建于英国北部曼彻斯特一带.
Manchester had access to cheap coal via the Bridgewater Canal.
曼彻斯特可以通过布里奇沃特运河获得廉价煤炭.
Manchester’s location near the coast made it easy to import raw materials and export finished products overseas.
曼彻斯特位于海岸附近,因此很容易从海外进口原材料并出口成品.
The new mills and factories led to a population boom.
新的磨坊和工厂导致了人口的繁荣.
In 1773, Manchester had a population of about 25,000.
1773年,曼彻斯特的人口约有25,000人.
By 1802, it had fifty-two mills and about 95,000 inhabitants.
至1802年,该地有52个磨坊和约9.5万居民.
By 1851, it was a sprawling city of over 300,000 with a new nickname: Cottonopolis.
至1851年,它是一个有30多万个被取出新外号: Cottonopolis(英语:Cottonopolis)的无名城市.
This engraving shows Bridgewater Factory as it appeared in 1840.
这幅雕刻画展现了桥水厂在1840年所出现的.
Inside, factories were usually noisy, cramped, dimly lit places where workers toiled between twelve and sixteen hours per day, six days a week.
工厂内部通常吵闹、拥挤、灯光暗淡,工人每天工作12至16小时,每周6天。
There were no paid vacations or sick days and no safety regulations.
没有带薪休假或病假,也没有安全条例。
Factory owners enforced strict rules and sometimes beat or whipped their employees—especially children.
工厂业主执行严格的规则,有时殴打或鞭打雇员,特别是儿童。
Workers could be fined for offenses such as whistling or opening a window.
工人可能因吹口哨或打开窗户等违法行为被罚款。
Factories used a process known as “division of labor,” with each part of the manufacturing process performed by a separate person.
工厂使用一种称为“分工制”的工艺,制造过程的每一部分都由一个单独的人进行。
The system sped up production and allowed factory owners to pay low wages because workers needed little skill.
该系统加快了生产,允许工厂业主支付低工资,因为工人不需要什么技能。
During the Industrial Revolution, factories became increasingly complex, with huge pieces of machinery that were dangerous to operate.
在工业革命期间,工厂变得日益复杂,巨大的机器碎片非常危险,难以运作.
Child Labor Children as young as four often worked full- time in factories alongside their families.
年仅4岁的儿童往往与家人一起在工厂从事全职工作。
In the early 1800s, more than half of the workers in some British factories were under the age of fourteen.
1800年代初,一些英国工厂的工人有一半以上不满14岁.
Factory owners paid children as little as one-tenth of what adults made.
工厂业主给儿童的工资只有成年人的十分之一。
Sometimes children did not receive any wages at all, working instead for room and board.
有时,儿童根本得不到任何工资,而是为食宿工作。
Children could do jobs that adults were too big to do, such as crawling under textile machines to pick up fallen thread.
儿童可以从事成人太大无法从事的工作,例如爬入纺织机下取出倒下线.
Injuries were common for both adults and children.
成人和儿童都经常受伤。
Children also worked in coal mines, where there was constant danger from gas explosions and collapsing mine shafts.
儿童还在煤矿工作,在那里不断受到瓦斯爆炸和矿井倒塌的危险。
Children as young as five served as trappers in mines, opening and closing doors to let in fresh air.
年仅5岁的儿童在地雷中充当了捕捉者,打开并关闭了大门,以便呼吸新鲜空气。
Older children and women pushed and pulled heavy tubs of coal through dark, narrow tunnels.
年长的儿童和妇女通过黑暗而狭窄的地道,推倒并拉出重煤桶.
The British Parliament was forced to react to public outrage at these terrible working conditions.
英国议会被迫对这些可怕的工作条件进行公愤反应.
It passed a series of laws reducing the number of hours that children could work and raising the minimum working age.
它通过了一系列法律,减少了儿童可以工作的时间,并提高了最低工作年龄。
However, these laws were difficult to enforce.
然而,这些法律难以执行。
For many children, working in factories and mines was the only way they could earn money for food and housing.
对许多儿童来说,在工厂和矿山工作是他们赚取食物和住房收入的唯一途径。
Education Before the 1800s, school was not free in Britain.
学历 1800年代以前,英国的学校并不免费.
Wealthy children were educated at home by governesses and tutors.
家庭教师和辅导员对富裕儿童进行了教育。
Poor children could attend Sunday schools organized by churches or pay to go to small, informal private schools held in teachers’ homes.
贫困儿童可以参加 由教会组织的星期日学校或支付学费前往教师家中的小型非正规私立学校。
In 1833, the Factory Act ruled that children working in factories should receive two hours of education per day.
1833年"工厂法"规定,在工厂工作的儿童应当每天接受两小时的教育.
Charities set up free schools, known as “ragged schools,” in working-class areas.
慈善机构在工人阶级地区建立了免费学校,称为“武装学校”。
New printing and papermaking techniques made books and newspapers more available and affordable, and literacy increased.
新的印刷和造纸技术使书籍和报纸更容易获得和负担得起,识字率也有所提高。
CHARLES DICKENS Charles Dickens (1812–1870) was the most popular British writer of his time.
查尔斯·迪肯斯 查尔斯·狄更斯(1812–1870)是他时代最受欢迎的英国作家.
When Dickens was twelve years old, his father was sent to prison for debt.
当狄更斯12岁时,他的父亲被送入监狱欠债.
Dickens, as the oldest son, was forced to work at a blacking, or shoe polish, factory.
狄更斯作为最年长的儿子,被迫在一所"黑",即"鞋油"工厂工作.
After three years, Dickens was able to return to school.
三年后,狄更斯得以重返学校.
His novels and stories, including Oliver Twist, Hard Times, and A Christmas Carol, are still beloved today.
他的小说和故事,包括"奥利弗·特威斯特"(Oliver Twist),"艰难时刻"(Hard Times)和"圣诞卡罗尔"(A Christmas Carol),今天仍然受到好评.
He highlighted the challenges of the Industrial Revolution, especially for children, and the urgent need for social reform.
他强调了工业革命的挑战,特别是对儿童的挑战,以及社会改革的迫切需要。
Innovation Leads to Innovation Advances in one area led to advances in others.
创新导致创新 一个领域的进展导致其他领域的进展。
For example, the availability of cheap coal led to faster methods of producing cast iron.
例如,廉价煤的提供导致铸铁生产方法更快.
As iron became more affordable, it was used to make even more powerful tools and machines.
随着铁越来越负担得起,它被用来制造出更强大的工具和机器.
Businesses needed better means of transportation.
企业需要更好的运输手段。
They built canals and improved roads to carry heavy raw materials and import and export finished goods.
他们修建了运河并改进了道路来搬运重活原料并进出口成品.
Engineers developed steam locomotives to haul coal.
工程师开发了蒸汽机车来牵引煤炭.
In 1825, British engineer George Stephenson and his son, Robert, built a railway line 25 miles (40 km) long between Stockton and Darlington.
1825年,英国工程师乔治·斯蒂芬森和他的儿子罗伯特在斯托克顿和达林顿之间修建了一条25英里(40公里)长的铁路线.
It was the first railway to include a passenger car.
它是最早包含客车的铁路.
Locomotive travel was one of the most exciting developments of the Industrial Revolution.
禄口出行是工业革命最激动人心的发展之一.
For some, though, it was terrifying.
但对某些人来说,这是可怕的。
A few critics believed that the human body might melt at high speeds!
少数批评者认为人体会以高速融化!
Members of the general public ride in a train for the first time on the opening day of the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825.
普通大众在1825年斯托克顿和达林顿铁路开通日首次乘坐火车.
Many industries benefited from new developments in chemical production.
许多工业受益于化学品生产的新发展。
Scientists developed ways to mass-produce chemicals such as sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate (soda ash).
科学家们研究了大规模生产诸如硫酸和碳酸钠(soda ash)等化学品的方法.
The textile industry used sulfuric acid to bleach and dye fabric.
纺织业用硫酸去漂白和染色织物.
It was also used to remove rust from iron and to make fertilizer.
也用于去除铁的锈蚀并出产化肥.
Soda ash was needed to make glass, soap, and paper.
制造出玻璃、肥皂和纸张需要苏打灰。
Portland cement, developed in 1824, was an important advancement in building, construction, and transportation.
1824年开发出波特兰水泥,是建筑,建筑,交通的重要进步.
Portland cement was used to build the Thames Tunnel, the world’s first underwater tunnel, which opened in 1843.
波特兰水泥被用来建造泰晤士隧道,这是世界上第一个水下隧道,于1843年开通.
COAL PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1800 –1900 Coal production grew rapidly in the 1800s to fuel the needs of the Industrial Revolution.
1800-1900年联合王国的煤炭生产 1800年代煤炭生产迅速增长,为工业革命需要提供燃料.
Source: Stevenson & Cook, The Longman Handbook of Modern British History, 1714–1980 Beyond Great Britain The Industrial Revolution gradually spread, first to mainland Europe and then to North America.
资料来源:Stevenson & Cook,《英国现代历史朗曼手册》,1714-1980年。 英国之外 工业革命逐渐蔓延,先到欧洲大陆再到北美.
The British were understandably reluctant to share their inventions, wealth, and power.
可以理解的是,英国人不愿意分享他们的发明、财富和权力。
Although exporting machines and techniques was forbidden, there was too much money to be made to keep the new technologies secret for long.
虽然禁止出口机器和技术,但为了将新技术长期保密,却有太多的钱。
English-born William Cockerill, an expert iron maker, brought new technology to Belgium, and his son opened an ironworks there.
生于英国的威廉·克克利尔(William Cockerill)是一位专业的铁匠,他给比利时带来了新技术,他的儿子在那里开设了一所铁厂.
From Belgium, the new methods spread to France, Germany, and the rest of Europe.
由比利时传来的新法相传至法国,德国等欧洲其他地区.
Samuel Slater studied the designs of textile machines before he moved from Britain to the United States, where he built these machines from memory.
塞缪尔·斯莱特(Samuel Slater)在从英国搬到美国之前就研究了纺织机的设计,他从记忆中制造出这些机器.
This earned him the nickname “Slater the Traitor.”
这给他起了绰号“Slater the 叛徒”。 “
In 1793, he built a spinning mill in Rhode Island and helped launch the American Industrial Revolution.
1793年,他在罗德岛建造了一家旋转厂,并帮助发动了"美国工业革命".
SLAVERY AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Much of the financing for early factories and technological improvements came from wealthy traders in enslaved people.
奴役与工业改革 早期工厂和技术改进的大部分资金来自被奴役者的富裕商人.
Many British port cities grew powerful by shipping enslaved people and processing the raw materials—including cotton, sugar, and tea—that came from plantations in the Americas.
许多英国港口城市由于航运被奴役者和加工来自美洲种植园的原材料——包括棉花、糖和茶叶——而变得强大。
The British abolished such trade by law in 1807.
英国于1807年依法废除了这种贸易.
Legacy Many historians agree that most people’s overall standard of living improved during the Industrial Revolution.
许多历史学家都认为,在工业革命期间,大多数人的总体生活水平都有所改善。
Average income increased, and for the first time people could choose from a selection of affordable, mass-produced clothing, household items, and other goods.
平均收入增加,人们第一次可以选择负担得起的大规模生产的服装、家用物品和其他物品。
There were many negative effects, though.
但产生了许多负面影响。
Fossil fuels and chemicals used in manufacturing polluted the air and water.
用于制造的化石燃料和化学品污染了空气和水。
Poorer people— especially children—lived and worked in harsh conditions.
穷人,特别是儿童,在艰苦的条件下生活和工作。
Big cities became overcrowded and filthy.
大城市变得拥挤和肮脏.
As the Industrial Revolution progressed, some of these problems improved.
随着工业革命的推进,其中一些问题有所好转.
Cities developed better sanitation and sewage systems.
城市发展了更好的环境卫生和下水道系统。
Governments passed laws to better people’s working lives.
政府通过了改善人民工作生活的法律。
Workers joined together to form unions, and their fight for fair treatment eventually extended to other groups, including women.
工人联合起来组成工会,他们争取公平待遇的斗争最终扩大到包括妇女在内的其他群体。
Ultimately, the Industrial Revolution laid the groundwork for modern society as we know it and for all the conveniences—from phones to cars—that we rely on today.
最后,工业革命为我们所知的现代社会以及我们今天所依赖的所有便利——从电话到汽车——奠定了基础。
Young boys climb on machinery to do their work in a textile mill in Macon, Georgia, in 1909.
1909年,少年男孩爬上机械,去佐治亚州马康的纺织厂做活.
Glossary advancement (n.)
词汇进步(不详)
an improvement upon an existing thing, idea, or body of knowledge (p.
改进现有事物、思想或知识体(p.
13) efficient (adj.)
13) 效率(adj.)
making good use of time or resources (p.
充分利用时间或资源(p.
4) industrialization (n.)
4)工业化 (n.