Volcanoes
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents The Eruption of Vesuvius.
内容列表 维苏威火山之崩.
4 People and Volcanoes.
4人与火山相会.
8 Where and Why Volcanoes Form.
8 何处和为何有火山形成.
10 Composite Volcanoes.
10 复合火山.
14 Shield Volcanoes.
14个盾形火山.
18 Cinder Cones and Lava Domes.
18 Cinder Cones and Lava Domes. (原始内容存档于2018-04-29).
20 Conclusion.
20 结论。
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 The Eruption of Vesuvius Few people in the Roman city of Pompeii were alarmed by the earthquakes that began shaking the region in ad 79.
23 Vesuvius Eruption 罗马城市蓬佩伊很少有人对ad79开始震动该地区的地震感到震惊.
They had endured seismic activity in the past and had rebuilt their city whenever any significant damage occurred.
他们过去经历了地震活动,每当发生重大破坏时,就重建了城市。
Usually, though, the earthquakes were minor, and people had grown accustomed to them.
通常,地震是轻微的,人们已经习惯了地震。
The residents of Pompeii loved their beautiful city and would not leave just because the ground occasionally shook or a building fell down.
蓬佩伊的居民热爱他们美丽的城市,不会仅仅因为地上偶尔会震动或一栋建筑倒塌而离开.
No one connected the trembling ground with the plume of smoke that steadily hissed from nearby Mount Vesuvius.
没有人将颤抖地与来自附近的维苏威火山的浓烟相连接。
After all, people had lived in Pompeii for centuries without ever witnessing a volcanic eruption, and the slopes of Mount Vesuvius were teeming with life and were covered with trees, flowers, and grass.
毕竟,人们在蓬佩伊生活了几个世纪,从未见过火山爆发,而维苏威火山的山坡充满了生命并被树,花和草所覆盖.
It had been a thousand years since the volcano had erupted, so most people assumed that it was dormant, or even extinct.
火山已经爆发了一千年,所以大多数人认为火山已经休眠,甚至已经灭绝.
This volcano shows signs of activity.
这所火山显示出活动的迹象.
People in the cities surrounding Mount Vesuvius tried to evacuate the area as the volcano demolished their homes and farms.
随着火山摧毁了他们的家园和农场,维苏维乌斯山周边城市的人们试图撤离该地区.
They gathered their valuables and most portable treasures and hurried their families away from the disaster.
他们聚集了他们的贵重物品和最可携带的宝物,并匆忙地将家人赶出灾难.
Some people tried to traverse the thick layers of ash that covered the ground, but the ash was so deep and so hot that many people died.
有些人试图穿过覆盖地上的厚层灰烬,但灰烬深而有热,以至于许多人被杀死.
Others were struck and killed by stones falling from the dark sky, and some choked and suffocated on the ash- and dust-clogged air.
其他人被从黑暗天空中倒下的石头所击中并杀死,一些人被窒息并窒息于灰尘堵塞的空气中.
Around midnight, the crisis grew even worse.
大约午夜,危机变得更加严重。
The massive cloud of ash, poisonous gases, glowing-hot dust, and smoke had become so dense and heavy that it could no longer remain airborne.
大量的灰云、有毒气体、发光-热尘和烟雾已经变得如此密集和沉重,无法再保持空中。
The cloud collapsed into a pyroclastic flow, racing down the mountain at speeds of up to 500 kilometers per hour (310 mph).
云层倒塌为一股烟花流,以每小时500公里(310 mph)的速度下山.
But everything changed on August 24 around one o’clock in the afternoon.
但8月24日下午1点左右一切都变了。
Suddenly, a tremendous explosion shook the area around the mountain, sending molten rock, ash, and dust spewing from the summit of the volcano and darkening the sky.
突然间,一场巨大的爆炸震撼了山上周围的地区, 散发出熔岩,灰烬, 从火山的顶部喷出出尘埃,使天空变暗.
This dust, ash, and stone (collectively known as tephra) rained down on the city, covering the ground as far away as 16 kilometers (10 mi) from the mountain.
这座灰地,灰地,和石(统称"特花")相接而下地相去相去相去16公里(10米).
By three o’clock, lava gushed from the mouth of the volcano at an alarming rate, destroying everything in its path.
火山口以惊人的速度喷出熔岩,
By six o’clock, the cloud of dust and ash had ascended to 32 kilometers (20 mi) in height, and the swirling energy inside it generated lightning bolts.
尘埃和灰尘的云已经升至32公里(20米)高地,
The ash continued to blanket the area, covering the ground to a depth of 1 meter (3.
灰烬继续覆盖了该地区,覆盖地深为一米(3.
3 ft) and causing buildings to collapse under the weight of the falling debris.
3英尺),并导致建筑物倒塌在倒塌的碎片的重量下.
Glowing-hot lava bubbles up inside a volcano.
火山内部喷出热熔岩
Mount Vesuvius overlooks the excavated ruins of Pompeii.
维苏威火山忽略了出土的庞贝废墟.
This was Mount Vesuvius’s first surge cloud, which within a few moments scorched and buried the people in the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum as it swept over them like a wave.
这是维苏维乌斯山的第一个涌出云,在几分钟内,它像一波一波地席卷了蓬佩伊和赫库拉内姆等城市,把人民烧焦并埋葬了。
As more dust and ash billowed from the volcano, more surge clouds followed.
火山喷出更多的灰尘和灰烬,随即涌出出更多的云层.
When the eruption was over, two cities of the Roman Empire were completely buried and wiped off the face of the Earth.
喷发结束后,罗马帝国的两个城市被彻底掩埋并被从地上抹去.
They would not be rediscovered for over a thousand years.
一千多年以来,它们不会被重新发现。
What you just read is an account of a real event, but how did it happen, and what could cause such a catastrophic explosion?
你刚刚读到的是一个真实事件的叙述,但是它是如何发生的,什么会导致如此灾难性的爆炸?
And if volcanoes are so dangerous, why do people choose to live near them?
如果火山这么危险 为什么人们会选择住在附近?
People and Volcanoes People live near volcanoes for a variety of reasons.
人民和火山 人们由于各种原因居住在火山附近.
They often find nutrient-rich soil for farming in these regions or wonderful hot springs where they can take relaxing baths.
他们常常在这些地区找到富营养的土壤来耕作,或者在能放轻松地洗澡的美妙温泉.
Still, people have learned over time to respect volcanoes.
然而,随着时间的推移,人们学会尊重火山。
Long ago, people had no way to predict or understand volcanoes; they told stories to explain the dangerous and sporadic eruptions.
很久以前,人们没有办法预测或理解火山;他们讲故事来解释危险的零星喷发。
For instance, people in Hawaii believed the goddess Pele (PAY-lay) caused the volcanoes to erupt when she was angry.
例如,夏威夷人相信女神佩莱(PAY-lay)在她生气时使火山爆发.
Some types of volcanic glass, such as Pele’s hair and Pele’s tears, are named in honor of this goddess.
一些类型的火山玻璃,如佩勒的发型和佩勒的眼泪被命名来纪念这位女神.
Pele’s tears are small drops of lava that cool and become solid while flying through the air.
Pele的眼泪是一小滴熔岩,
A plaster cast of the body of an inhabitant of Pompeii killed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius Do You Know?
被维苏威火山喷发所杀死的蓬佩伊居民尸体的石膏?
Pompeii, a city not far from Mount Vesuvius, was completely buried by a surge cloud.
庞贝(Pompeii)是一座距离维苏威火山不远的城市,被一股涌出地云所完全掩埋.
As the bodies of victims decayed over time, they left pockets of air in the hardened ash and mud that surrounded them.
随着被害者的尸体逐渐腐烂,他们留下了被坚硬的灰烬和泥地所包围的空隙.
These air pockets preserved the exact shapes of the bodies they once contained.
这些空气口袋保留了它们曾经所封存的尸体的确切形状.
Archaeologists filled the holes with plaster to make casts showing how the people looked when they died.
考古学家用石膏填满了洞口,以做出显示人们死后的样子的铸造.
Native Americans told stories to explain the origin of an extinct volcano in Wyoming known as Devil’s Tower.
美国原住民讲述一些故事来解释怀俄明州被称作"魔鬼之塔"的已灭绝火山的起源.
They told how this towering column of rock, so striking in appearance, was created by magic and how its deeply gouged sides were shaped by the claws of an angry bear.
他们讲述了这高耸起的一行岩石,如此出众的外表,是如何由魔法所创造的,以及它的被深深挖出的一面被愤怒熊的爪子所塑造.
In ancient Rome, people believed that the Roman god Vulcan worked in a blacksmith’s forge beneath Earth’s surface.
在古罗马,人们相信罗马神武尔干在地表下的一个铁匠铸造厂工作.
They saw volcanoes as the chimneys of the underground forge where Vulcan fashioned lightning bolts for use by Jupiter, the king of the gods, and made weapons and armor for Mars, the god of war.
他们将火山视为地下铸造的烟囱,由武汉将闪电闪电塑造成供众神之王木星使用,并给战争之神火星制造出武器和盔甲.
The word volcano comes from the name Vulcan.
火山一词出自"活佛"这个名字.
Even today, volcanologists say that volcanoes smell like a blacksmith’s forge.
火山学家说,即使是今天,火山也闻起来像铁匠的伪造品。
In Japan, people still climb Mt.
在日本,人们仍然会爬上"山".
Fuji, a volcano that last erupted in 1707, as a form of spiritual practice in both the Shinto and Buddhist traditions.
富士火山(Fuji)是1707年最后一次爆发的一座火山,是神道和佛教传统中的一种精神实践.
Today, scientists use a variety of tools and instruments to help them gather information about volcanoes.
今天,科学家们使用各种工具和仪器来帮助他们收集火山的信息.
They understand the forces that create mountains and have equipment that can help them predict when a volcano will next erupt.
他们了解造山的力量 拥有能帮助预测火山何时会爆发的设备
Where and Why Volcanoes Form The first volcanoes appeared about 3.
火山形成地点和原因 最早的火山出现约3起.
5 billion years ago, covering vast areas with hot lava that spewed from deep within Earth.
50亿年前 覆盖了广大地区 覆盖着从地底深处喷出 的热熔岩
Earth’s hard surface, or crust, is made of many continent-sized sheets of rock called tectonic plates.
地表或地壳由许多大陆大小的被称作构造板块的地表所构成。
Some plates make up the continents themselves, while others make up the ocean floors.
一些板块构成大陆本身,而另一些板块则构成洋底.
Just under the surface of the plates, the Earth is extremely hot (about 1,200 o Celsius or 2,192 o Fahrenheit)—so hot that rock melts into a liquid called magma.
就在板块的地表下,地球极热(约1200摄氏度或2,192华氏度)-如此热能使岩石融为一种叫"岩浆"的液体.
Sometimes, the magma forces its way up to the surface and seeps out through cracks in the crust, causing volcanoes to form.
有时岩浆会迫使它爬上地表,通过地壳的裂缝渗出,使火山形成.
When an ocean plate crashes into a continental plate, the ocean plate moves down, creating an active volcanic region.
当一个海洋板块撞入一个大陆板块时,海洋板块会向下移动,形成活火山区.
Scientists estimate that more than fifteen hundred different volcanoes have erupted in the last ten thousand years, and every year about thirty-five or forty volcanoes erupt at various places around the world.
科学家估计,在过去一万多年间,有一万五千多座不同的火山相继爆发,每年约有三四十座火山会在全球各地相继爆发.
Sometimes the only sign of volcanic activity is a small amount of smoke or steam emerging from an erupting volcano.
有时火山活动的唯一迹象是爆发出火山后产生的少量烟雾或蒸汽.
Some volcanoes are always erupting slowly, while others, like Vesuvius, can remain quiet for hundreds or even thousands of years between explosive eruptions.
有些火山的喷发总是缓慢地进行,而另一些火山,如维苏威火山,在爆炸爆发之间可以保持数百年甚至数千年的安静.
Volcanoes usually form at the edges of tectonic plates, which are slowly floating on the thick, liquid magma underneath them.
火山通常会形成于构造板块的边缘上,这些板块被缓慢地漂浮在地下厚而液态的岩浆上.
But the various plates are moving in different directions, and as they move, they can crash into, pull away from, or grind past other plates.
但是各种板块在不同的方向上移动,当它们移动时,它们可以撞入,拉出,或者磨过其他板块.
As the huge plates slide and rub against each other, their movements create large cracks in the crust where magma can break through to form volcanoes.
随着巨大的板块相向而行并相向地上相向而行,它们的移动在地壳中产生出巨大的裂口,岩浆可以冲入地壳以形成火山.
There are at least five hundred active volcanoes in the world, most of which are located near the edges of tectonic plates.
世界上至少有500座活火山,其中大部分位于地壳板块边缘附近.
The edge of the Pacific Ocean plate is a particularly dense volcanic region known as the Ring of Fire.
太平洋板块的边缘是一个特别密集的火山区,被称作"火环".
Another notably active volcanic region runs along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which is a mountain chain in the Atlantic Ocean.
另一个显著活跃的火山区域沿大西洋中脊而行,该地是大西洋上的一个山脉链.
Two plates are drifting apart in the Atlantic Ocean, allowing magma to seep up through the ocean floor, where it accumulates.
两块板块正在大西洋中相去甚远,使岩浆能渗出出洋底,沉积于洋底.
Over time, the magma can build up and create mountains so tall that they emerge from the water.
随着时间的推移,岩浆可以积聚并形成高耸的山地来从水中涌出.
The country of Iceland sits atop the summits of large volcanoes in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
冰岛坐落在大西洋中脊大型火山的顶峰。
Continental crust Trench Volcanic arc Mantle Mantle Oceanic crust Plate Movement Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire More than half the active volcanoes in the world occur along the Ring of Fire.
地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳运动 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地壳 地 地壳 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地 地
Other volcanoes are located in areas far away from the edges of the plates.
其他火山分布在远离板块边缘的区域.
For example, the islands of Hawaii are in the center of the Pacific Ocean plate.
例如,夏威夷群岛位于太平洋板块的中心.
They are located above a “hot spot,” a place where hot magma sits very close to the surface of Earth’s crust.
它们位于 " 热点 " 上方,热岩浆位于地壳地表附近。
Sometimes the magma creates a new island, but the process is gradual, taking tens or even hundreds of thousands of years.
有时岩浆会创造出一个新的岛屿,但过程是渐进的,需要上万甚至上万年.
In Yellowstone National Park, in the middle of the North American plate, an underground hot spot sits directly beneath underground lakes and waterways.
在黄石国家公园,北美板块中部,一个地下热点直接坐落在地下湖泊和水道下方.
The magma heats up the ground and the water in this area like a giant teapot, creating geysers and hot springs.
岩浆将地上和这一地区的水像一个巨大的茶壶一样加热出水,产生出胶囊和温泉.
You can visit Yellowstone in Wyoming and see water erupting from the ground at geysers such as Old Faithful.
你可以去怀俄明州的黄石公园 看见水从地上喷出 像老忠信等宝石
Different volcanoes erupt in different ways, depending on where and why the volcano forms.
不同的火山以不同的方式爆发,取决于火山形成的地点和原因.
Some volcanoes erupt gently and gradually, while others suddenly explode with the force of many atomic bombs.
有些火山会轻而易举地喷发,逐渐地喷发,而另一些火山则会以许多原子弹的力量突然爆发.
Let’s examine different kinds of volcanoes and learn how they erupt.
让我们来检查不同种类的火山,
Composite Volcanoes Mount Vesuvius, which you read about earlier, is a composite volcano on the west coast of southern Italy.
维苏威火山(英語:Complican Volanoes Mount Vesuvius),你之前读到过它,是意大利南部西海岸的一座复合火山.
Composite volcanoes are explosive volcanoes—their eruptions can be extremely violent and destructive.
复合火山是爆炸性的火山——它们的喷发可能极具暴力性和破坏性。
Also called stratovolcanoes, they are the most common type of volcano.
也叫"斯特拉托火山",是最常见的火山类型.
They are usually very large mountains with steep sides and evenly shaped peaks, often with a bowl- shaped crater at the top.
它们通常是非常大的山地,有陡峭的侧面和均匀的形状的山峰,上部经常有碗状的陨坑.
The crater is a hollow area where the magma, hot gases, and ash come out.
该陨坑是一个空洞区域,岩浆,热气体,和灰烬从中涌出.
Most composite volcanoes occur where the magma near the surface is viscous—thick and slow moving like syrup.
大多数复合火山都发生在靠近地表的岩浆粘稠地层并像糖浆一样缓慢地运动的地方.
Magma moves toward the surface in tubes called vents.
马格玛在被称作"通气管"的管子中向地表移动.
When the magma is unusually thick, it can cool and harden inside the vent, plugging the vent and trapping the magma below.
当岩浆异常厚厚时,可以冷却并硬化入出气口内部,将出气口插入出气口并困入下方出气口.
Because the heat and gases beneath the plugged vent have nowhere to go, the pressure slowly begins to increase.
由于插口通气口下方的热能和气体无处可去,压力开始缓慢地增加.
Eventually the pressure becomes so great that it reaches a critical threshold, and the volcano explodes.
最终压力变得如此之大以至于达到临界阈值,而火山会爆炸.
Sometimes the explosion is so violent that the whole mountain is destroyed in the blast.
有时,爆炸非常激烈,以至于整座山被炸毁.
When Washington State’s Mount St.
当华盛顿州圣山.
Helens erupted in 1980, the entire northern side of the mountain was obliterated.
1980年海伦斯爆发,整个北侧的山被抹去.
When composite volcanoes erupt, they send massive clouds of ash, dust, smoke, hot gas, and rock into the air.
当复合火山喷发时,它们会把大量的灰云,灰尘,烟雾,热气和岩石送入空气.
These clouds rise for many kilometers, turning the sky black and raining ash onto the ground.
这些云层上升了多公里,将天空变黑并下起灰来倒地.
When a cloud of debris becomes too dense to remain in the air, it collapses in a violent surge cloud.
当一团碎片云变得过于密集而无法留在空气中时,会倒塌在猛烈的涌出云中.
Many composite volcanoes are very tall, and they are often capped with ice and snow.
许多复合火山都非常高,并经常被冰雪所覆盖.
In an instant, an explosion can melt all of the ice and snow on the top of the volcano, sending a flood of water, mud, and rock racing down the mountain at up to 100 kilometers per hour (62 mph).
瞬间,一爆炸可以融化出火山顶上所有的冰雪,发出一股洪水,泥地,并用高达100公里(62 mph)的时速(62 mph)的岩石在山下奔跑.
Such a mudslide triggered by volcanic activity is known as a lahar.
这种由火山活动所引发的泥石流被称为"拉哈尔".
Mount St.
圣多伦山
Helens before 1 980 eruption Mount St.
1980年火山喷发前的海伦斯.
Helens after 1 980 eruption Do You Know?
海伦斯在1908年的喷发之后 你知道吗?
When Mount St.
圣山时.
Helens, in Washington State, erupted on May 1 8, 1 980, 63 people died and 3 1 1 square kilometers (193 sq mi) of forest were flattened by hot winds that blew down the mountainside.
华盛顿州海伦斯于5月1日爆发了1,980起,63人死亡,3,1平方千米(193 sq mi)的森林被吹倒了山坡的热风所平地.
Melting ice and snow sent a massive lahar racing down the side of this volcano.
冰雪融化后, 火山上出现了一股巨大的熔岩
Some volcanic ash clouds are so gigantic that the ash and dust can travel around the world, blocking out sunlight and cooling down the entire planet.
一些火山灰云如此之大 灰尘可以环游世界 阻挡阳光 冷却整个地球
After the 1815 eruption of Tambora, a volcano in Indonesia, people living as far away as North America experienced a cold, snowy summer.
1815年印度尼西亚的一座火山坦博拉喷发后,生活在距离北美最远的地方的人们经历了寒冷多雪的夏天.
Sometimes an entire underground lake of magma can pour out of a composite volcano, leaving a huge empty space below.
有时整个岩浆的地下湖能从复合火山中倒出,在下方留下了巨大的空地.
With nothing to support it, the surface collapses into the empty chamber, leaving a large bowl-shaped basin called a caldera.
由于没有支撑,地表会倒塌入空舱,留下了被称作"出炉"的大碗状盆地.
Calderas can measure as much as 100 kilometers (62 mi) from side to side.
卡尔德拉斯可以从一面到一面测量到多达100公里(62米).
Over time, they often fill with water, creating large lakes such as Crater Lake in Oregon.
随着时间的推移,它们经常会充满出水,在俄勒冈州形成了克勒特湖等大型湖泊.
Composite volcanoes can destroy huge forests, bury entire cities, and kill thousands of people.
复合火山可以摧毁巨大的森林,埋葬整个城市,并杀死上千人.
These volcanoes are very dangerous because they often remain quiet for hundreds of years between eruptions.
这些火山非常危险,因为它们经常在喷发之间保持数百年的安静.
People forget that the volcano might erupt, and they build their homes dangerously close to the mountain.
人们忘记了火山可能爆发,他们在靠近山上的危险地建造了家园.
Shield Volcanoes You may have seen a video of bright orange lava flowing or spraying from the top of a volcano.
盾牌火山 你可能已经看到一个视频 亮橙色熔岩流出或喷出 从火山顶部。
The lava, which is very runny, flows smoothly and quickly, moving like water in a stream.
熔岩非常多变, 流得平稳而快, 像水一样在溪流中移动。
The lava spreads out over the land before slowly hardening and building up.
熔岩扩散到陆地上 慢慢地变硬并逐渐形成
This type of lava comes from a shield volcano.
这类熔岩出自盾牌火山.
Shield volcanoes usually have gentle, smooth mountain slopes in the shape of shields.
盾形火山通常有温和平滑的山坡,形状为盾形.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
The Klamath Indians in southern Oregon used to tell a story about the origin of Crater Lake.
俄勒冈州南部的克拉姆斯印第安人曾讲述了克赖特湖起源的故事.
In the story, the first coyote fell in love with a star and found a way to join her in the sky.
在故事中,第一只野狼爱上了一颗星星并找到了与她一起上天的方法.
When he fell back to Earth, his impact made a hole that became Crater Lake.
当他倒回地球时,他的撞击打出一个洞,成为了克赖特湖.
Crater Lake is a well-known caldera in Oregon.
克吕特湖是俄勒冈州有名的出产地.
This huge caldera was formed when the volcano collapsed in on itself.
火山崩塌时形成了巨大的火山口
Eruptions of shield volcanoes are usually gentle rather than explosive, although the lava flows can still destroy roads, homes, and forests.
盾形火山的喷发通常是温和的,而不是爆炸性的,尽管熔岩流仍然可以摧毁道路、家园和森林。
Sometimes a shield volcano contains hot gases or steam that sprays from the crater, creating a bright lava fountain.
有时盾形火山会含有从火山口喷出出出热气体或蒸汽,形成一个明亮的熔岩喷泉.
Since the paths of the lava flows are stable and predictable, scientists are often able to get very close to study them.
由于熔岩流的路径是稳定和可预测的,科学家们往往能够非常接近地研究.
Shield volcanoes can remain quietly active for long periods of time and grow to become extremely large in the process.
盾形火山可以在很长一段时间内保持静态活性,并在此过程中成长为极大.
Mauna Loa on Hawaii is the tallest volcano in the world, rising 9,170 meters (30,080 ft) from its base on the seafloor, making it taller than Mount Everest.
夏威夷岛上的毛纳洛亚火山是世界上最高的火山,从海底的基座起高9,170米(30,080英尺),比珠穆朗玛峰高.
If Mauna Loa erupts again, it could grow even taller.
如果毛纳 洛阿会再次爆发, 它可能会变得更高。
However, even Mauna Loa seems tiny when compared to the largest known volcano in our solar system—Olympus Mons on Mars.
然而,即使是毛纳 与太阳系中已知最大的火山相比 洛阿似乎很小 奥林匹斯·蒙斯上火星.
This enormous Martian shield volcano stands 27 kilometers (17 mi) tall.
这座巨大的火星盾牌火山高27公里(17米).
Cinder Cones and Lava Domes Some volcanoes are not active long enough to form large mountains.
圆锥岩和岩浆地 有些火山活动时间不够长,无法形成大山.
Instead, they may just spray small bits of lava into the air for brief periods of time.
相反,它们可能只是向空气中喷出一小片熔岩短时间.
The small lava chunks and bits of ash harden into lightweight black rocks called cinders.
小熔岩块和灰块被硬化成轻量级的黑色岩石,称为灰缸.
The cinders pile up around the vent into a cone-shaped hill with a crater at the top.
圆柱形的圆柱形火山口周围堆积成圆锥形山丘,顶部有一座陨坑.
Such hills are called cinder cones.
这种丘陵被称作"灰缸锥".
Brand-new volcanoes that suddenly appear often form cinder cones.
突然出现的全新的火山 往往形成灰缸锥形
Other cinder cones pile up inside the craters or calderas of larger, older volcanoes.
其他圆锥形火山堆积在火山口或火山口中,
Most cinder cones erupt only once.
大部分灰缸锥只发了一次.
Because cinder cones are made of loose rocks, they usually erode quickly in the wind and rain.
由于灰缸锥由松散的岩石所制成,它们通常会迅速被风和雨侵蚀.
Olympus Mons, on the surface of Mars, is the largest volcano in the solar system.
火星表面的奥林匹斯蒙斯是太阳系中最大的火山.
It would cover the entire state of Arizona.
它会覆盖整个亚利桑那州
Lava domes also result from small, brief eruptions, but the lava that forms these structures is a thick, pasty liquid that oozes from the vent and quickly hardens.
熔岩穹顶也由小型而短暂的喷发而来,但形成这些结构的熔岩是一种从喷口喷出并迅速硬化的厚而粘稠的液体.
Sometimes, more lava pushes up and expands through the center of the dome, cracking the outside.
有时,更多的熔岩会向上推进并穿过穹顶的中心进行扩张,使外层裂开.
These domes often form in areas with other volcanic activity.
这些圆顶常形成于有其他火山活动的地区.
They are often found in the craters and calderas of larger volcanoes.
它们常被发现在较大火山的火山口和火山口.
Like composite volcanoes, lava domes often explode violently.
和复合火山一样,熔岩穹顶经常会剧烈地爆炸.
Conclusion Volcanoes are the most spectacular evidence we have that Earth is a changing planet.
结论 火山是我们最壮观的证据 地球是一个变化中的行星。
Lava pouring from a volcanic vent creates new rock and new land, and volcanic ash makes extremely fertile soil that is useful for farming.
从火山口倒入的熔岩会创造出新的岩石和新的土地,而火山灰会使土壤变得极其肥沃,对耕作很有用.
In some places, people use the geothermal energy from volcanoes to run power plants and produce electricity.
在有些地方,人们利用火山产生的地热能来运行发电厂并发电.
Some people even live inside volcanoes.
有些人甚至生活在火山内部.
In Rabaul, in the country of Papua New Guinea, volcanoes sometimes erupt inside the town.
在巴布亚新几内亚的拉保尔,火山有时会在该镇内爆发.
Volcanic mountains, including Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Rainier in Washington, and Mauna Loa in Hawaii, are some of the most recognizable and beautiful mountains in the world.
火山山脉包括日本的富士山,华盛顿的兰尼埃山和夏威夷的毛纳罗亚等地,是世界上一些最可辨认和美丽的山脉.
It is no wonder that humans often choose to live near volcanoes, but we should always remember that volcanoes can be violent, dangerous places.
毫不奇怪,人类常常选择住在火山附近,但我们应当永远记住,火山可能是暴力而危险的地方。
Volcanoes unleash some of Earth’s most powerful forces.
火山释放出一些地球最强大的力量。