Vikings
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Introduction.
导言。
4 Viking Warriors.
4个维京勇士.
9 Viking Ships.
9艘维京舰.
10 Discovering a New Land.
10"发现新地".
12 Eric the Red.
12 Eric the Red. (英语).
14 Leif Ericson.
14 (英语). Leif Ericson.
16 Other Viking Conquests.
16 其他维京征服.
20 Glossary.
20 词汇表。
22 Index.
22 指数。
24 Introdu Ct Ion What do you think of when you hear the word Vikings?
24 木卫一 当你听到维京人这个词时,你会怎么想?
Were Vikings fierce warriors or skilled explorers?
维京人是凶猛的战士还是熟练的探险家?
Do you think of them as merchants who traveled the world, or do you think of them as epic poets?
你把他们当商人,游历天下,还是当作史诗?
The Vikings excelled at all these roles and were also accomplished scientists, farmers, shipwrights, and fisherfolk.
维京人出色地发挥出所有这些作用,同时也是科学家、农民、船工和渔民。
We tend to think of Vikings as large and powerful raiders whose quick attacks from the sea struck fear and terror into the hearts of people across Europe.
我们往往认为维京人是庞大而强大的突袭者,他们从海上发动的快速袭击使整个欧洲人民心中充满了恐惧和恐怖.
It is true that the Vikings were brave warriors who seldom lost a battle and that their reputation as fierce fighters scared everyone.
维京人确实是勇敢的战士,很少输掉一场战斗,他们作为凶猛的战士的名声吓倒了所有人。
Yet, their greatest attributes may have been their love of exploration and their courage to seek the edges of the vast, unknown ocean.
然而,他们最大的属性可能是他们热爱探索,有勇气去寻找广阔而未知的海洋的边缘.
The great age of the Vikings spanned the years between ad 793 and 1066.
维京人伟大的时代跨越了从ad 793到1066之间的年代.
In that short amount of time, the Vikings ranged far from their harsh northern homelands, sailing west to discover Iceland, Greenland, and North America, long before Christopher Columbus was even born.
在这么短的时间里,维京人远离了他们严酷的北方家园,向西航行去发现冰岛,格陵兰和北美,早在克里斯托弗·哥伦布出生之前.
Seeking riches, they invaded many cities throughout Europe, Russia, North Africa, and even the Middle East.
为了寻找财富,他们入侵了欧洲、俄罗斯、北非乃至中东的许多城市。
Their ships were fast and could carry many warriors.
他们的舰只速度快,可以搭载许多战士.
Some of their ships even carried horses.
他们的一些船只甚至还搭载了马.
Using their sailing skills, thirst for adventure, and bravery, the Vikings conquered many lands.
维京人运用他们的航海技巧,渴求冒险和勇敢,征服了多地.
People during the Viking age called Vikings the Nordic people, or Norsemen—men from the north.
维京时代的人们称维京人为北欧人,或称诺森门人-北方人.
They were as harsh and rugged as the coastal lands from which they came—lands that we now know as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.
他们和他们来自的沿海土地一样严酷而崎岖——现在我们所知的土地是挪威、瑞典和丹麦。
At that early time, all Nordic people spoke one language.
在那个早期,所有北欧人都说一种语言.
That language has been almost entirely preserved in the modern-day speech of the people of Iceland.
冰岛人民的现代讲话几乎完全保留了这种语言。
The Vikings of Denmark headed south.
丹麦维京人向南行进.
The Vikings of Sweden went into Eastern Europe.
瑞典维京人走入了东欧.
And the Vikings of Norway headed west.
而挪威的维京人则向西走去.
All of them greatly influenced the lands they invaded and changed the course of history wherever they went.
他们都极大地影响了他们所入侵的土地,并改变了他们去的地方的历史进程.
The unguarded small towns and monasteries along the coasts of Britain and France were easy targets.
英国和法国海岸一带无人看守的小城镇和修道院都是容易被攻击的目标.
Monasteries were frequent targets of Viking raids because they had few defenses and often contained many valuable objects.
修道院经常成为维京人突袭的目标,因为它们的防御很少,而且经常包含许多有价值物品.
As pagans, the Vikings did not consider monasteries to be off-limits from attack.
作为异教徒,维京人并不认为修道院禁止被攻击.
Raiding Vikings would sail in quickly and steal the year’s harvest and other valuables from villages.
袭击维京人会迅速驶入,从村庄偷取当年的收成和其他贵重物品。
After the success of these early raids, they soon began to raid larger towns and even major cities.
在这些早期突袭成功后,他们很快开始突袭更大的城镇甚至主要城市.
Eventually they attacked Paris and Hamburg—two of the largest cities of Europe at that time.
最终他们袭击了巴黎和汉堡——当时欧洲最大的两个城市.
However, Vikings were not only interested in plunder.
然而,维京人不仅对掠夺感兴趣.
They also settled peacefully in many areas and established trade routes in many parts of the world.
他们还在许多地区和平地定居,并在世界许多地区建立了贸易路线。
Vikings settling in Ireland founded the city of Dublin, which eventually became the capital.
定居于爱尔兰的维京人建立了都柏林市,最终成为首都.
Vikings traveling east founded the country of Russia.
维京人向东出行,建立了俄罗斯国家.
It was natural for Nordic people to seek their fortune on the ocean.
北欧人自然会在海洋上寻找财富.
Many of them were trained from a young age to be skilled sailors and navigators.
他们中许多人从小接受训练,成为熟练的水手和航海家.
Some sailed away for the adventure.
有人为冒险而出海
Others did it because they could not earn their living at home.
其他人这样做是因为他们无法在家中谋生。
Within each family, only the oldest son inherited the family’s land.
在每个家庭中,只有长子继承了家庭的土地。
Younger sons could work for the oldest son, or leave the area.
年轻的儿子可以为长子工作,或者离开该地区.
Because of this rule, many young men went to sea to find their fortunes.
由于这个规则,许多年轻人去出海寻找他们的财富.
Some turned to fishing or trading.
有些人转向捕鱼或贸易。
Others made their living by stealing.
其他人通过偷窃谋生。
The word Viking comes from an Old Norse word vik, meaning a bay or fjord.
维京一词出自一个"老诺斯""活字"(vik),意为海湾或峡湾.
A Viking was a person from the fjords or bays where ships would arrive and depart.
A级 维京是来自峡湾或海湾的人 在那里,船只将到达和离开。
To go “a-Viking” was to strike out in ships with the goal of raiding or plundering nearby lands.
进行“静脉”是指在船只上出击,目的是袭击或掠夺附近的土地。
Many Norsemen went “a-Viking” for part of the year to supplement their families’ incomes.
许多诺森曼人在一年中部分时间去"A-Viking"以补充家庭收入.
The shallow Viking longship was built to be similar in the front, the bow, and the back, the stern.
浅的维京长舰被建造成与前部相类似,后部为弓形,后部为船尾.
This design allowed the crew to immediately row away from the coast without turning around the ship.
这种设计使得船员们可以立即从海岸上划出而无需绕船.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
VIk Ing warr Iors Vikings are often pictured as tall, muscular people wearing helmets with horns.
Vik Ing warer Iors Vikings)常被描绘为高高,肌肉强壮的人戴着有角的头盔.
In fact, many Viking helmets were decorated, but they most likely did not have horns.
事实上,许多维京人头盔被装饰,但他们最有可能没有角.
Metal helmets were expensive, and leather caps and shields were a much more common form of defense.
金属头盔很昂贵,而皮帽和盾牌是一种更常见的防御形式.
Some Vikings also used chain mail shirts, known as byrnies, for protection.
一些维京人还用连锁邮服来保护被称作"拜尼".
Spears and axes were the most common Viking weapons.
卫矛和斧头是最常见的维京武器.
Many warriors also used swords, knives, or bows.
许多战士还使用剑,刀,或弓.
Berserkers were special Viking warriors who fought without wearing any armor.
贝塞尔人很特别 维京勇士无所穿甲出战.
They often wore the skins of bears or wolves and fought in a rage so great that they would ignore any wounds they received during battle.
他们常常穿戴熊或狼的皮肤并愤怒地战斗,以至于他们忽略了在战斗中受到的任何伤口.
The sight of berserkers preparing for battle convinced many opponents to hand over their valuables without a fight.
准备出战的暴徒的目光说服了许多反对者不战而退地交出了他们的贵重物品.
In ad 911 the Frankish king offered an invading Viking army land along the northern coast of France if they would leave the city of Paris alone.
在911号广告中,法兰克人国王提供了一支入侵的维京军队在法国北部海岸一带登陆,如果他们离开巴黎城单独一人的话.
That area of France is still known today as Normandy (the “land of the North-men”).
法国的这一地区今天仍被称作诺曼底("北人之地").
VIk Ing sh Ips Each type of Viking ship was built for a different use.
Vik Ing sh Ips 每一种维京船的建造用途不同.
Some were built to cross the narrow sea passages, or fjords.
有的被建造来穿过狭窄的出海通道,或说峡湾.
Others were used to carry cargo along the trade routes between towns.
另一些则用于沿城镇之间的贸易路线运送货物。
Larger ships were built to be coastal traders or seagoing warships.
建造的大型船只是沿海贸易商或出海的军舰。
Different woods were used in each type of ship.
每种类型的船只都使用了不同的树林.
Most Viking warships were made of oak because oak is a very strong wood, and also because oak was sacred to their warrior god, Odin.
大多数维京军舰是用橡木制成的,因为橡木是一种非常坚固的木头,也因为橡木对他们勇士神奥丁来说是神圣的.
Their fast ships, called dragons, often had a carved dragon’s head high on the bow.
他们的快船被称作"龙",在船头上经常有被雕刻出龙头高高.
The dragon’s head warned others of the mighty warriors aboard these ships.
龙的头警告其他人,这些船上有勇士。
Viking warships had a shallow draft, meaning that the bottom of the ship, or hull, wasn’t deep.
维京军舰有一份浅薄的草案,
This design allowed the ships to sail in very shallow waters.
这种设计使得舰只可以在很浅的水域出航.
Because of this feature, Viking ships were not limited to docking in ports and could appear anywhere.
由于这个特点, 维京船只不限于停靠在港口,而且可以在任何地方出现。
They could sail right onto the shore.
他们可以直航到岸上
Warriors could leap from the ship to the beach, ready for battle.
勇士可以从船上跳到海滩,准备出战.
The ability to land anywhere along the coast by surprise gave the Vikings a huge advantage in battle.
能够以出人意料的方式在海岸一带任何地方登陆,使得维京人在战斗中获得了巨大的优势.
People along the coasts and rivers lived in fear because no one knew where the Vikings might strike next.
沿海和河流沿岸的人们生活在恐惧中,因为没有人知道维京人下一步会在哪里出击.
Despite their fearsome reputation, not all Vikings remained warriors or raiders.
尽管他们的名声令人恐惧,但并非所有维京人仍然是勇士或突袭者.
Vikings often settled down and stayed in the lands they conquered.
维京人经常定居并留在所征服的土地.
They put away their swords to become farmers and traders.
他们收起剑来成为农民和商人.
They worked hard and lived honestly.
他们辛勤工作 诚实地生活
One brave Viking, Gardard Svavarsson, wanted to find new, unknown lands.
一个勇敢的维京人,Gardard Svavarsson,想找到新的,未知的土地.
He sailed far to the north and west.
他远航到北上和西上.
After many difficult days at sea, the Viking pioneer found a large uninhabited island.
在海上度过了多起困难的日子后,维京先锋队发现了一个无人居住的大岛.
Today, the island he discovered is known as Iceland.
今天他所发现的岛屿被称为"冰岛".
Year’s later, Iceland’s good location attracted another man who was searching for a new home.
冰岛的好位置吸引了另一个寻找新家的人。
His name was Folke Vilgerdsson, and he was from Norway.
他的名字叫Folke Vilgerdsson,他来自挪威.
At the time, Norway was ruled by a strict king.
当时挪威由严格的国王统治.
The king had little tolerance for anyone who did not follow his rules.
国王对不遵守他规则的人几乎没有容忍。
The king’s rules were very demanding, and many people were unhappy.
国王的规则非常苛刻,许多人不高兴.
The king feared that some of his subjects might attempt to overthrow him and end his rule.
国王担心他的一些臣民会试图推翻他并结束他的统治.
He banished Folke and others who wouldn’t follow his rules, forcing them to leave Norway forever.
迫使他们永远离开挪威。
Many English names for the days of the week come from the Vikings.
该周日的许多英文名出自维京人.
“Tuesday” comes from “Tyr’s day,” named after the Norse god of war.
" 星期二 " 取自以诺斯战争之神命名的 " 锡尔日 " 。
“Wednesday” comes from “Woden’s Day,” after the Norse god Odin.
“周日”来自诺斯神奥丁之后的"沃登日".
“Thursday” comes from “Thor’s Day,” named after the Norse god of thunder.
" 星期四 " 取自以诺斯雷神命名的 " 托尔日 " 。
“Friday” comes from “Frigg’s Day,” named after the Norse goddess Frigg.
" 星期五 " 取自以诺斯女神弗里格命名的 " 弗里格节 " 。
Do You Know?
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你知道吗?
Folke, along with several other exiled families, sailed to Iceland.
福克会与其他几个被放逐的家庭一起航行到冰岛.
They built a village on the island and, within fifty years, four hundred people lived in this new country.
他们在岛上建立了一个村庄,在五十年内,有四百人生活在这个新国家.
The new settlers in Iceland created one of the first democracies.
冰岛的新定居者创造了第一批民主国家之一。
In a democratic government, people can vote on ideas, laws, and rulers.
在民主政府中,人们可以就思想,法律和统治者投票.
The idea or person with the most votes usually wins.
想法或得票最多的人通常胜出.
Iceland continued to attract strong, brave people who wanted to have a voice in their own lives.
冰岛继续吸引那些在自己生活中有发言权的强大而勇敢的人.
The settlement was a success.
和解是成功的。
Iceland eventually grew to become one of the happiest and most successful countries in the world.
冰岛最终成长为世界上最幸福和最成功的国家之一.
Iceland seemed like an ideal place to live, but not everyone fit in there.
冰岛似乎是一个理想的住地,但不是每个人都适合在那里。
Most people in Iceland wanted a peaceful life.
冰岛大多数人都希望过上和平的生活.
One reckless man, named Eric the Red, found himself in constant trouble with the authorities.
一名鲁莽的人取名"红人埃里克",发现自己经常与当局发生麻烦.
He was a bold and hotheaded man who always seemed to be arguing and brawling with others.
他是一个大胆而热心的人,他似乎总是和别人争论和争吵.
One day he killed three men in a fight.
一天他在一场战斗中杀了三个人.
Eventually the officials of Iceland grew tired of dealing with Eric’s lawlessness and ordered him to leave.
最终,冰岛官员对处理埃里克无法无天的问题感到厌倦并命令他离开.
Eric had heard rumors of a land even farther west than Iceland.
Eric听说有一片土地的传闻 比冰岛更西边
Because he was forced to leave Iceland anyway, he decided to set sail for this unknown land, not knowing if it even existed.
由于他无论如何都被迫离开冰岛,他决定启航前往这个未知之地,却不知道它是否存在.
Eric the Red was named for his thick red hair.
红色的埃里克因其浓红发被取名.
Eric the Red sailed west and found this rumored new land after only two days.
红色的埃里克出海向西航行,只过了两天就发现了这个传闻的新地.
He wanted other settlers to come there to start new lives.
他希望其他定居者到那里开始新的生活。
He told them stories about how green it was.
他告诉了他们绿色的故事。
He said it had rich valleys and game animals to hunt.
他说它有丰富的谷地和游戏动物可以猎取.
He named this new land he had found Greenland.
他给这个他发现的格陵兰新地命名了.
People believed his stories.
人们相信他的故事。
The next year, Eric returned to Greenland, leading a group of twenty-five ships filled with people.
次年,埃里克返回格陵兰,率领由25艘满载人员的船只组成的一队.
They expected an easy journey, but the sea was very rough and stormy.
他们期望旅途轻松,但大海非常崎岖而暴风.
Only fourteen of the twenty- five ships reached Greenland safely.
25艘舰只中只有14艘安全抵达格陵兰.
The settlers who did arrive built two new communities about 644 kilometers (400 mi) apart.
到达的定居者在相距约644公里(400米)的地方新建了两个社区。
They set up a democratic government like the one in Iceland.
他们建立了一个像冰岛那样的民主政府.
Within ten years, nearly 3,000 adventurous people had come to live in Greenland.
在十年内,近3 000名冒险者来到格陵兰。
Greenland is the world’s largest island.
格陵兰岛是世界上最大的岛屿。
Today, about 56,000 people live there.
今天,大约有56,000人生活在那里。
Perhaps the most famous Viking of all was the second son of Eric the Red.
也许最出名的 维京是红人埃里克的次子.
His name was Leif (pronounced leaf).
他的名字叫Leif(发音为"叶").
In the Viking tradition, because he was “Eric’s son,” his name became Leif Ericson.
在维京传统中,因为他是"埃里克的儿子",他的名字就变成了"莱夫·埃里克森".
Like most Vikings, Leif trained to be a warrior and sailor.
像大多数维京人一样, 莱夫训练成战士和水手
Because he was the second son, he wasn’t awarded land to farm by his family.
由于他是次子,
He wasn’t sure what he wanted to do with his life.
他不知道自己想做什么。
Leif decided to sail to Norway, his family’s original homeland.
莱夫决定出海去挪威,这是他家族的原始家园.
Nine hundred of the most commonly used words in English come from the Vikings (including sky, skin, scrape, skirt, husband, bubble, and window).
英语中最常用的900个单词来自维京人(包括天空,皮肤,刮刮,裙子,丈夫,泡泡和窗户等).
Leif Ericson is one of the most famous explorers in history.
莱夫·埃里克森是历史上最出名的探险家之一.
Do You Know?
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While he was in Norway, Leif heard a remarkable tale told by a trader.
在挪威期间,莱夫听到一个商人讲述了一个出众的故事.
The trader’s ship had been caught in a terrible storm and blown far off course.
贸易商的船遭遇了可怕的暴风雨,远道而来。
While trying to find his way back home, the man had seen a new coast that wasn’t on his map.
这名男子试图找到回家的路,
He didn’t know exactly where he had been when he saw this coastline, but he described it clearly.
他看到海岸线时并不知道自己在哪里,
Leif Ericson learned everything he could from the trader about this uncharted land.
莱夫·埃里克森从商人那里学到了 他能学到的一切 关于这个未知的土地。
He bought the man’s ship.
他买了他的船。
He and a small crew retraced the trader’s route, looking for this mysterious coast.
他和小船员重新追踪了商人的路线,寻找这个神秘的海岸.
Finally, they saw a place that looked like the land of the man’s description.
最后,他们看到一个地方,看起来像他描述的土地。
They found vines with fruit growing there, so they called it Vinland.
他们在那里发现了有果实生长的藤蔓,所以称之为"文兰".
Today, no one knows exactly where Vinland was.
今天 没人知道Vinland在哪里
But archaeologists have discovered the remains of a small Viking outpost in Newfoundland, Canada, that was settled at about this time.
但考古学家已经发现了加拿大纽芬兰的一个小型维京前哨站的遗迹,这个前哨站大约在这个时候就已经落成.
Leif and his crew built a house and spent the winter in Vinland.
莱夫和他的船员们在文兰建造了房子并度过了冬天.
They sailed home to Greenland the next year.
他们于来年出航回了格陵兰.
But their adventure was not over.
但是他们的冒险还没有结束
During their return voyage, Leif found a wrecked trading ship and valiantly rescued the crew.
在回程航行中,莱夫发现了一艘被击毁的贸易船并勇敢地解救了船员.
As a reward, he was given all the ship’s cargo.
作为奖励,他得到了所有船只的货物。
These adventures earned him the name “Leif the Lucky.”
这些历险使他得名"幸运之所". “
Once he returned home, Leif never went on another voyage.
回国后,莱夫再也没有再出海.
Two years later, Leif’s father had died, and Leif was running the family farm.
两年后,莱夫的父亲已经去世,莱夫正在经营家庭农场.
He had no thoughts of sailing again.
他再也没想过要出海
His younger brother, Thorvald, asked to borrow Leif’s ship.
他的弟弟, 他的弟弟, 索瓦尔德,要求借用莱夫的船.
He wanted to see for himself this land that Leif had discovered.
他想亲眼看看莱夫发现的这片地.
Thorvald and a crew of thirty sailed along the Vinland coast for two years, exploring the new continent and using Leif’s former winter house as a base.
Thorvald和30名船员在文兰海岸航行了两年,探索了新大陆,并用莱夫以前的冬屋为基地.
Serving both old and new religions, this stone was used as a mold to make both metal Christian crosses and the pagan Hammer of Thor (the center shape).
这颗石头既为新旧宗教服务,也为新旧宗教服务,被作为模具来制作金属基督教十字架和索尔异教之锤(中心形状).
Thor was a powerful Viking god.
托尔是一个强大的维京神.
Their explorations in Vinland brought both discovery and sadness.
他们在文兰的探索带来了发现和悲伤.
Their arrival frightened members of the native tribes, who had never seen Europeans.
他们的到来使从未见过欧洲人的土著部落成员感到恐惧。
Small fights broke out.
小规模战斗爆发.
Then, men from Thorvald’s crew killed several native fishermen without reason.
索瓦尔德的船员无故杀害了几名本地渔民。
A few days later, angry native men retaliated by attacking a group of Vikings.
几天后,愤怒的当地人以攻击一群维京人来报复.
The surprised Vikings fought hard but were chased away.
令人惊讶的维京人奋起战斗,但被赶走.
Thorvald was wounded by an arrow.
Thorvald被一箭所伤.
He died of his wound, and his body was buried in Vinland.
他因伤而死,遗体被安葬于文兰.
He became the first European known to have died and been buried in North America.
他成为已知最早已经去世并被安葬于北美的欧洲人.
His crew sailed home to Greenland, but other explorers sailed to Vinland over the next three years, including another of Leif’s brothers and his sister.
他的船员出海回了格陵兰,但其他探险家在接下来的三年里出海去到文兰,包括另一位莱夫的兄弟和妹妹.
Eventually, the Vikings decided that exploring this new land was not worth the trouble it caused, and they abandoned the outpost.
最终,维京人决定探索这片新地不值得它造成的麻烦,于是放弃了前哨.
For about 275 years, the Vikings swept across Europe in wave after wave.
大约275年,维京人一波又一地横扫了欧洲.
They were hungry to fight and greedy for riches.
他们渴望为财富而斗争和贪婪。
They built trade stations along European rivers all the way to the Mediterranean Sea.
他们沿着欧洲河流建立了通向地中海的贸易站.
Viking explorers and raiders even traveled to the Middle East and Asia.
维京探险家和突袭者甚至前往中东和亚洲.
The Vikings were skilled people who could do many things well.
维京人是能做很多好事的熟练人
They were great warriors, sailors, and explorers.
他们是伟大的战士,水手和探险家。
Their conquests left lasting marks on world history.
他们的征服给世界历史留下了持久的印记。
They will always be remembered for their bravery and strength in battle as well as their many explorations.
他们将永远被铭记在战斗中的勇敢和力量以及多次探索。
Wagons, furniture, horses, and foods were some of the items known to have been buried with their Viking owners.
瓦贡斯,家具,马匹,和食物是已知与他们的维京地主一起被埋葬的一些物品.
Christianity, 18, 21 conquest, 20 democracies, 13 dragon, 10 Eric the Red, 14 –16 Ericson, Leif, 16–19 Ericson, Thorvald, 18, 19 Greenland, 5, 15, 18, 19 helmets, 9 Iceland, 5, 6, 12–15 Nordic people, 6, 7 Normandy, 9 Norsemen, 6, 7 Svavarsson, Gardard, 12 Vilgerdsson, Folke, 12 Vinland, 17–19 Index Explore More In which area of the world did the Vikings make the biggest difference?
基督教, 第18, 第21征服, 20个民主国家, 第13龙, 第10 Eric the Red, 14–16 Ericson, Leif, 16–19 Ericson, Thorvald, 18, 19 Greenland, 5, 15, 18, 19头盔, 9冰岛, 5, 6, 12–15北欧人, 6, 7 诺曼底, 9 诺森门, 6, 7 Svavarsson, Gardrard, 12 Vilgerdsson, Folke, 12 Vinland, 17–19指数 探索更多 维京人在世界哪个地区产生了最大的变化?
How would history have been different if the Vikings had permanently settled in Vinland?
如果维京人永久地定居在文兰,历史又会怎样?
In what ways did the Vikings influence other countries?
维京人以什么方式影响其他国家?
For Further Research Chisholm, Jane, Phil Roxbee, Struan Reid, and Phil Roxbee Cox.
为了进一步的研究Chisholm,简,菲尔·罗克比,斯特鲁安·里德,和菲尔·罗克比·考克.
Who Were The Vikings?
维京人是谁?
Usborne Starting Point History Series.
Usborne起点历史丛书.
London: Usborne, 2002.
伦敦: Usborne, 2002.
Clare, John D.
(原始内容存档于2018-09-21). Clare, John D.
, ed.
, 编.
The Vikings.
维京人.
Living History Series.
活史丛书.
New York: Gulliver Green.
纽约:格列弗·格林.
Margeson, Susan.
(原始内容存档于2018-10-21). Margeson, Susan.
Viking.
维京.
DK Eyewitness Books Series.
DK目击书丛书.
London: DK Children, 2005.
伦敦:DK儿童,2005年。