Symbiotic Wildlife
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Finding Food and Giving Protection.
4 寻找食物和给予保护。
7 Helping with Personal Hygiene.
7 帮助个人卫生。
10 Sharing a Home.
10 共享家园。
12 Teaming Up to Find Food.
12 团队寻找食物。
15 Hitching a Ride.
15 击出一辆车。
16 Pollinating and Fertilizing.
16 调和和肥.
18 Spreading Seeds.
分出十八种种子.
20 Conclusion.
20 结论。
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
24 Introduction Living in the wild is tough.
24 导言 野外生活很艰难。
Food can be scarce, good homes are hard to find, and pests are—well, pests.
食物可能稀缺,好家难找,而害虫是 -- -- 害虫。
Plus, there’s almost always someone out to eat you.
而且,几乎总会有人来吃你。
That’s why many species in the wild are part of an unusual relationship.
因此野外的许多物种都属于不寻常的关系。
Two very different species may work together at separate tasks that benefit each other.
两个非常不同的物种可能一起工作,分别完成各自有益的任务.
This is called a symbiotic relationship.
这被称为共生关系.
For example, one may offer safety from predators in exchange for a good cleaning.
例如,人们可以向掠食者提供安全,以换取良好的清洁。
The word symbiosis comes from the ancient Greek words for “with” and “living.”
共生一词出自古希腊语中"与"和"活"等词. “
Scientists first applied the word to wild species in 1877 while writing about lichens—complex (and sometimes colorful) organisms typically made up of a fungus and a type of algae that work together.
科学家于1877年首次将这个词应用到野生物种中,同时写作地衣-复杂(有时有色)生物通常由一种真菌和一类能共同作用的藻类所组成.
A crocodile opens wide for a small Egyptian plover bird.
一条鳄鱼为一只小埃及花鸟开阔.
The plover cleans bits of leftover food from the croc’s teeth.
鳄鱼从鳄鱼牙齿上取出剩菜。
Since then, scientists have identified symbiotic relationships all around us, from deep oceans and dry deserts to mountains and forests.
此后,科学家们确定了我们周围的共生关系,从深海和干燥的沙漠到山地和森林.
Sometimes, they’re unlikely partnerships, such as between a venomous sea anemone (uh-NEM-uh-nee) and a colorful clownfish, or a towering tree and a ground-dwelling rodent.
有时,它们不太可能成为伴侣,比如毒海葵(uh-NEM-uh-nee)和多彩的小丑鱼,或者高耸起的树和地栖啮齿动物。
You may even have your own symbiotic relationship at home.
你甚至可能在家里有自己的共生关系。
Your pet dog, for instance, provides you with love, companionship, and protection.
比如你的宠物狗 提供你的爱、陪伴和保护
In return, your dog gets food, attention, and a safe place to live.
作为回报,你的狗会得到食物,注意力,以及安全的住地.
You both benefit.
你们两个都受益匪浅
In the wild, these unusual partnerships are not only fascinating but can also mean the difference between life and death.
在野外,这些非同寻常的伴侣关系不仅令人着迷,还可以指生与死之间的区别.
Bees, for instance, would have a hard time surviving without the nectar of flowers and, similarly, those same flowers would have a tough time spreading without the help of bees that distribute their pollen.
例如蜜蜂,如果没有花蜜的花蜜,生存会很困难,同样,没有花蜜分配花粉的蜜蜂的帮助,同样的花花也会很难扩散.
Symbiotic relationships aren’t always equal, but those that have endured over thousands or even millions of years tend to last for one reason: both species benefit enough to make the relationship worthwhile.
共生关系并不总是平等的, 但那些经历上千年甚至上百万年的共生关系往往会持续一个原因:两个物种都能受益,
Some scientists believe that these symbiotic relationships—with different species interdependent on one another—are a big reason we have so many diverse plants and so much diverse wildlife on Earth.
一些科学家认为,这些共生关系——与不同物种相互依存——是我们拥有如此多的植物和如此多的地球上的野生动物的一大原因。
Let’s look at some examples of the many types of symbiotic relationships to see how different kinds of living things work together in the natural world.
让我们看看许多类型的共生关系的例子,看看不同的活物在自然世界中是如何合作的。
A group of starlings stick close to a red deer for the chance to pick insects off its body.
一群星人紧贴着一头红鹿来取出体内的昆虫.
Finding Food and Giving Protection Sometimes it’s nice to know someone’s got your back.
寻找食物与保护,
Clownfish, such as the colorful ones that live in the Indian Ocean, need all the help they can get to stay safe from predators.
小丑鱼,如生活在印度洋的有色人种,需要他们所能得到的一切帮助来远离捕食者.
One way they do this is by seeking refuge in the tentacles of venomous sea anemones.
他们这样做的一种方法是躲入毒海葵的触角.
Although anemones look like plants, they’re actually marine animals that attach themselves to rocks or other surfaces and then wait for prey to come to them.
虽然海葵看起来像植物, 它们实际上是附着在岩石或其他地表上的海洋动物, 然后等待被猎物来到它们身边。
When small fish or shrimp brush against an anemone’s soft tentacles, they are exposed to a toxin.
当小鱼或虾对着海葵的软触角时,它们会接触到毒素.
The toxin paralyzes them long enough for the anemone to pull them to its mouth and eat them.
毒素使其麻痹了足够长的时间来让海葵将它们拉到口上并吃掉.
Anemones have a different relationship with clownfish, though.
不过Anemones与小丑鱼的关系不同.
Clownfish have figured out a way to build up immunity to the anemone’s venom.
小丑鱼已经想出一种方法来建立对海葵毒液的免疫力。
They do this by touching the anemone’s tentacles once or twice, taking a break, and then doing it again and again.
他们这样做的方式是一两次触摸海葵的触角,歇一歇,然后一次又一次地触摸。
This repetition gradually provides the clownfish with a protective layer of mucus on its skin.
这种重复逐渐地为小丑鱼的皮肤上提供一层保护性黏液.
The mucus shields the clownfish from any harmful contact with the anemone and allows the fish to swim among the anemone’s tentacles without getting hurt.
泥浆能保护小丑鱼免受与海葵的任何有害接触,
So, when a predator arrives to have a clownfish for lunch, the clownfish can dive into the safe arms of the anemone.
因此,当捕食者来吃小丑鱼吃午饭时,小丑鱼可以潜入海葵的安全臂中.
The anemone often kills the larger predatory fish, providing a meal for both the anemone and the clownfish.
海葵常会杀死更大的掠食性鱼类,为海葵和小丑鱼提供一餐.
A cautious striped clownfish hides from predators among the protective tentacles of a venomous sea anemone.
一只谨慎的条纹小丑鱼躲在毒海葵所保护的触角中躲避捕食者.
In Africa, ostriches and zebras often feed together and help keep each other safe from predators.
在非洲, o和斑马经常会一起取食并互相帮助使对方免受食肉动物的危害.
Ostriches have good eyesight, and zebras have excellent hearing.
骨骼有良好的视力,斑马有出色的听力.
By working together, the two species have a much better chance of knowing when a lion or other predator is sneaking up–-and they have a head start on getting away.
通过合作,这两个物种有更好的机会知道狮子或其他掠食者何时会溜走 — — 他们有逃生的开始。
Africa’s impalas and baboons have a similar relationship.
非洲黑猩猩和黑猩猩有着类似的关系。
Impalas have superb hearing, sight, and sense of smell.
Impalas有超强的听觉、视觉和嗅觉。
If they detect danger first, their alert body language and horn shaking warn the baboons.
如果他们先探测出危险,他们的警示身体语言和角震动就警告了abo.
The baboons then use their loud screams and intimidating teeth to scare predators away.
abo后用出声的叫声和恐吓牙齿来将掠食者吓跑.
Helping with Personal Hygiene Some animals need a friend’s help to clean those hard-to-reach places.
帮助个人卫生 有些动物需要朋友的帮助来清理那些难以到达的地方.
On many ocean reefs, a silvery little fish called a cleaner wrasse provides just such a service.
在许多海礁上 一条银色的小鱼叫做更清洁的鲸鱼 提供这种服务
The tiny wrasse sets up a “cleaning station,” and large fish wait patiently for their turn.
大鱼耐心地等待轮到它们。
So why doesn’t the larger fish, such as an angelfish or butterflyfish, just eat the wrasse?
那么,为什么更大的鱼,如天使鱼或蝴蝶鱼,不只吃白鲸?
It’s because the wrasse has developed a certain way of swimming—some have described it as a sort of “hypnotic dance”—that calms the larger fish and eventually leads it to open its mouth to let the wrasse inside.
因为鲸鱼已经发展出某种游泳方式, 有些人将它描述为一种"歇斯底里的舞蹈",
The wrasse then darts in and out of the larger fish’s mouth and gills as it eats fungus, parasites, dead skin, and other debris.
在食用真菌、寄生虫、死皮等废弃物时,
The wrasse gets a snack and leaves the larger fish clean and healthy.
胡萝卜得到点心,让更大的鱼干净而健康.
Groups of ostriches and zebras often feed together and warn each other if they detect approaching predators.
o和斑马群经常会一起觅食并互相警告,如果它们发现接近捕食者.
A giant moray eel has its teeth and mouth cleaned by a bluestreak cleaner wrasse.
巨型摩雷鳗的牙齿和口被蓝宝石清洁器所清洗.
Sharing a Home Sharing a home can be tricky, especially when it’s with a species that’s nothing like you.
共享家园 分享家园可能很困难,
Two of nature’s most improbable roommates live on the high shoreline cliffs of New Zealand.
两位自然界最不可能的室友住在新西兰高高的海岸线悬崖上。
One of them is a slow-moving, lizardlike reptile called a tuatara (too-uh-TARR-uh), which usually can’t be bothered to build its own nest.
其中一种是缓慢移动的蜥蜴类爬行动物,叫做tuatara(太-uh-TARR-uh),
The other is a fast-flying bird called a sooty shearwater.
另一种是被称作"酸剪水"的快活鸟.
The two species share a home—but they each use the home at different times.
这两个物种共用一个家,但每个家在不同的时间使用。
The tuatara usually spends the day in the burrow and goes out at night.
土卫一通常会白天花在地窖里,晚上出门.
When home, it eats the burrow bugs and parasites that annoy the tidy shearwater.
回家后,它会吃会惹恼整洁剪接水的地窖虫和寄生虫.
The sooty shearwater hunts during the day and then returns to the shared burrow at night.
酸奶剪水在白天打猎,然后在晚上回到共享的地窖.
Once inside, the shearwater loosens the burrow dirt and produces droppings that attract insects that the tuatara loves to eat.
一旦进入,剪水会松开地洞的泥土,并产生出能吸引图塔拉人所喜爱的昆虫的滴水.
Although they rarely see each other, they share both a home and a welcome partnership.
虽然他们很少见面,但他们既共享一个家,又共享一个受欢迎的伙伴关系.
Some of Darwin’s ground finches provide a similar cleaning service to tortoises on the Galapagos Islands.
达尔文的一些地平雀在加拉帕戈斯群岛上提供了类似的对龟的清洁服务.
When a tortoise is ready for cleaning, it extends its neck and legs so that a neighboring group of ground finches can swoop in and peck away at parasites that the tortoise is unable to reach.
当一只龟准备清洗时,它会伸展出它的颈部和腿来使一对相邻的地鳍动物可以冲入并啄出龟无法到达的寄生虫.
The tortoise leaves cleaner, and the finches have fuller stomachs.
乌龟叶更清洁,而鳍鱼有更丰富的胃.
NEW ZEALAND Australia PACIFIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN Darwin’s ground finches cling to the neck and legs of a giant tortoise as they pick ticks from its body.
新西兰 澳大利亚 巴布亚新几内亚 达尔文的地鳍紧贴着一只巨龟的脖子和腿,
Burrowing owls, the smallest owls in North America, can’t dig holes, but they need a safe place to hide from predators.
在北美最小的猫头鹰,
Because of their small size, they’re a perfect fit for abandoned burrows that were once home to prairie dogs or gopher tortoises.
因为他们的体型很小,
When a tiny owl chooses an empty burrow, the former occupant may still live in the burrow next door.
当一只小猫头鹰选择了空洞后,前占地者仍可能住在隔壁的地窖.
Each animal sounds a warning to the other if a predator approaches.
每只动物都发出警告 如果有掠食者靠近
Forest mice and burrow beetles have another home-sharing arrangement that benefits both species.
森林小鼠和腹地甲虫还有另一种家用共享安排,使两个物种都受益.
While the mouse sleeps in the burrow, the beetle roots through the mouse’s fur, snacking on fleas.
老鼠会睡在地窖里,
When the mouse is away, the beetle eats other burrow bugs.
老鼠走后,甲虫会吃出其他的地窖虫.
The beetle eats well, and the mouse gets a bug-free home.
甲虫吃得还好,而老鼠得到一个无虫的家.
Some ocean animals share homes as well.
一些海洋动物也分享家园.
Survival is the name of the game for all animal species, but it can be hard to survive when you can’t spot danger.
生存是所有动物物种的游戏名称,
That’s the plight of snapping shrimp that inhabit the ocean floor.
这才是生活在洋底的捕虾的困境。
The near- blind shrimp dig burrows into the seabed.
近盲虾入海床挖出洞来.
As they move sand to construct their homes, the shrimp are at risk of being eaten by hungry predators.
当它们移动沙地来建造家园时,虾有被饥饿的捕食者吃掉的危险.
Fortunately, the shrimp have a clever partner with a real knack for spotting trouble—the alert and sharp-sighted goby fish.
幸运的是,这只虾有一个聪明的搭档,有着发现麻烦的真本事——警觉和敏锐的猎鱼。
As the shrimp excavate sand, the goby fish hover near their antennae and act as lookouts.
当虾子挖出沙子时 猎人鱼在天线附近徘徊
When danger lurks nearby, the fish flick their tails, touching the antennae and sending a signal to the shrimp that they’d better take cover.
当危险潜入附近时, 鱼会闪起尾巴, 触摸天线,
In return, the shrimp share their burrows with the goby fish, providing the fish with a safe place to sleep at night as well as a convenient place to hide.
作为回报,虾与被鱼分享了洞穴,为被鱼提供了夜间入睡的安全地以及方便地躲藏地.
It’s a perfect partnership for these symbiotic sea dwellers.
对于这些共生的海洋居民来说,
The tiny burrowing owl builds its nest underground in abandoned burrows.
小的入洞猫头鹰在废弃的入洞地底筑巢.
It warns neighbors of approaching predators.
它警告邻居接近掠食者.
A goby fish and a snapping shrimp team up to build a home.
一条小鱼和一条小虾队来建个家
Teaming Up to Find Food High in America’s Rocky Mountains, grizzly bears, red squirrels, and the white bark pine tree all rely on each other to thrive.
在美国的洛基山脉上,
The pine tree provides the pine nut, a high-calorie food source.
松树提供松果,是高热量的食物来源.
The red squirrel eats some of the nuts and buries others.
红松鼠会吃出一些坚果和埋藏物.
The bear’s strong sense of smell helps it locate the buried pine nuts.
熊有强烈的嗅觉,
The droppings that the bear leaves behind after eating the nuts distribute some of the tree seeds, which causes new trees to sprout and grow.
熊吃坚果后留下的倒地会分出一些树籽,这导致新树发芽并生长.
New trees will provide more pine nuts for future generations of both bears and red squirrels.
新树木将为后世熊和红松鼠提供更多的松果.
Hitching a Ride Most small fish wisely keep their distance from sharks.
撞车 大多数小鱼都明智地与鲨鱼保持距离.
A slender fish called a remora, though, does everything it can to get up close and personal with sharks.
一只瘦小的鱼叫回波鱼 尽一切可能 亲近和亲近鲨鱼
In fact, each remora has a special organ on its head that acts like a suction cup to help the fish attach itself to the underside of a shark.
事实上,每只雷莫拉头上都有一个特殊的器官,其作用就像吸积杯来帮助鱼将自己附着在鲨鱼的下部.
Remoras are capable of swimming on their own, and they often do, but hitching a ride on a shark or other large creature is sometimes just an easier way to get around.
雷莫拉斯能够独自游泳,他们也经常这样做,但搭上鲨鱼或其他大型生物有时只是比较容易走过的地方.
Once attached, a remora goes everywhere that the shark goes, sometimes eating any scraps of food that escape the shark’s powerful jaws.
鲨鱼一旦被附身,就会随处可见,有时会吃到任何能从鲨鱼强大的下巴中逃脱的食物。
The remoras sometimes provide a service, too, consuming parasites and helping to keep their host animals clean.
雷莫拉斯有时也提供一种服务,消耗寄生虫,并帮助其宿主动物保持清洁.
The huge grizzly bear and the small red squirrel depend on each other and nuts from the white pine tree to maintain a healthy diet.
巨大的灰熊和小红松鼠依靠白松树相生和坚果来维持健康的饮食.
A small remora fish (arrow) attaches itself to a shark’s belly to travel with it and share its meals.
一只小回波鱼附着在鲨鱼的肚子上,
Some hermit crabs that live in the Mediterranean Sea wear an odd-looking hat.
一些栖息于地中海的隐士蟹会戴一顶外观奇特的帽子.
The hat is actually a hitchhiking sea anemone.
帽子其实是搭便车的海葵.
The sea anemone’s long tentacles are venomous, but the hermit crab is protected from them by its hard shell.
海葵的长触角有毒,但隐士蟹被硬壳所保护.
The anemone protects the hermit crab from predators.
海葵会保护隐士蟹免受食肉动物的侵害.
In exchange, the anemone gets extra meals when it eats scraps of food that the crab doesn’t eat.
吃螃蟹不吃的食物时,
In Africa, a small bird called an oxpecker will often hitch a ride on the back of a hippopotamus rather than spend its time flying around looking for insects.
在非洲,一只叫"公牛"的小鸟 常常会搭便车到河马背上 而不是花时间到处跑去寻找昆虫
The bird picks bugs off the skin of the hippo and eats them.
鸟从河马皮上取出虫来吃.
The bird gets a meal and a ride, and the hippo gets picked clean of pests.
鸟得到一顿饭和一程,而河马被取出干净的害虫.
Pollinating and Fertilizing Bats do more than just inspire spooky stories.
发泡和取肥 蝙蝠不仅能唤起恐怖故事
For many plants around the world, bats are their ticket to survival.
对世界上许多植物来说,蝙蝠是它们生存的门票.
In return, those plants provide a sweet, delicious meal for their winged friends.
作为回报,这些植物为翅膀好的朋友提供了美味的甜食.
Bats are part of an important group of animals called pollinators.
蝙蝠是被称作"授粉者"的重要动物群体的一部分.
These animals transport pollen from the male parts of plants to the female parts of other plants, allowing the plants to be fertilized, reproduce, and grow.
这些动物将花粉从植物的雄性部分转移到了其他植物的雌性部分,使植物得以受精,繁殖并生长.
Often working at night, bats love to sink their heads deep into the center of a flower to drink sugary nectar and eat the protein-rich pollen.
经常在夜间工作,蝙蝠喜欢将头部深沉到花的中心去喝出糖蜜并吃出富含蛋白质的花粉.
When they leave the flower, their bodies are often speckled with bits of sticky pollen.
当它们离开花朵时,它们的身体往往会被点缀出粘花粉.
That pollen is then transferred to the next flower that the bat visits, providing a regular exchange of pollen between flowers and a steady source of nectar and delicious pollen for the hungry bats.
花粉随后被转移到蝙蝠所访问的下一朵花上,在花朵之间提供花粉的定期交换,为饥饿的蝙蝠提供稳定的花蜜和美味花粉来源.
A group of oxpecker birds hitch a ride on the back of a hippopotamus.
一群牛啄花鸟在河马背上搭车
In return for the ride, they pick the hippo clean of bugs.
作为回旋的回报,他们选择了河马干净的虫子.
A long-nosed bat feeds on the nectar and pollen of the pollen-rich agave plant.
长鼻蝙蝠以花粉丰富的花粉藻属植物的花粉和花粉为食.
Bats are the main pollinators of agaves and cacti within their range.
蝙蝠是其射程内阿盖夫和仙人掌的主要授粉者.
Honeybees are one of the world’s most active pollinators.
蜜蜂是世界上最活跃的授粉者之一。
Like bats, bees enter flowers to get to their nectar and often fly away covered with flecks of pollen that are then wiped off at the next stop.
和蝙蝠一样,蜜蜂进入花朵去取花蜜,并经常会飞去被花粉花被花粉的花纹所覆盖,然后在下一站被擦去.
Hummingbirds operate in much the same way.
蜂鸟的操作方式也大致相同.
Female yucca moths are picky about where they lay their eggs.
雌性玉花蛾在蛋产地上挑剔.
They prefer spreading their hundreds of eggs on several yucca flowers.
他们更喜欢在多朵尤卡花上放出上百个蛋.
Not only do the eggs find safe homes, but the flowers also benefit because the female yucca moth is spreading pollen as she flits from flower to flower.
不仅鸡蛋找到安全之家,花也受益了,因为雌性尤克卡蛾在从花向花朵飞跑时会传播花粉.
Spreading Seeds If you’re a tree or another plant, you need a way to spread your seeds to new areas.
传播种子 如果你是一棵树或另一株植物,你需要一种将种子传播到新地区的方法。
Otherwise, you’ll only grow in one place—and the odds of your species surviving won’t be as good as they would be if you could disperse your seeds far and wide.
否则,你只会生长在一个地方,如果你能把种子分散得更远,那么你们物种存活的几率就不会那么好。
Many trees and other plants have unusual partners that help disperse their seeds.
许多树木和其他植物有不寻常的合作伙伴,帮助分散它们的种子.
One of the most interesting examples, found in the Amazon rainforest, is the unique relationship between the Brazil nut tree and a cat-sized rodent called an agouti.
最有趣的例子之一,在亚马逊雨林中发现,巴西坚果树与一只猫形啮齿动物之间的独特关系被称作"活鼠".
The Brazil nut tree is a huge, towering tree that can grow to a height of 200 feet (61 m) or more.
巴西坚果树是一棵巨大的,高耸起的树,可生长到200英尺(61米)或更高.
Its grapefruit-sized seedpods, which are hard and tough, typically don’t break open when they hit the ground, even though they sometimes fall from 100 feet (30.
它的柚子大小的种子很坚硬, 通常不会在落地时打开,
5 m) or higher.
5米)或更高.
Pods of Brazil nuts clustered high in the Brazil nut tree A honeybee spreads pollen from one dandelion to the next as it gathers nectar.
巴西坚果的花粉聚集在巴西坚果树上 A蜜蜂在花蜜聚集时会从一朵丹德利翁传播到另一朵丹德利翁.
The agouti is one of the only animals in the forest with strong enough teeth and powerful enough jaws to break through a seedpod’s thick shell.
forauti是森林中只有的动物之一,牙齿足够坚固,下巴也足够有力,可以突破一株种子的厚壳.
The agouti eats some of the seeds and scatters others throughout the forest by burying them far from the parent tree.
福鲁提人吃出一些种子,将其他种子散布到整个森林,将种子埋入远离母树的地方.
The seeds eventually sprout into trees, and the long process begins all over again.
种子最终会发芽成树,而漫长的过程又重新开始.
Mistletoe plants in the desert rely on a bird called a phainopepla (fay-no-PEHP-luh) to spread their seeds.
沙漠中的雾托植物依靠一种叫"花生"(fay-no-PEHP-luh)的鸟来传播种子.
The phainopepla loves to snack on the seeds, which are buried in the plant’s berries.
花果(phainopepla)喜欢在被埋入植物浆果的种子上吃点心.
The bird uses its beak to separate the skin from the berries and then disperses undigested seeds wherever it leaves its droppings.
鸟用喙将外皮从浆果中分出,再将未消化的种子放出所放出的地方.
Conclusion The world would be a very different place without symbiotic relationships.
结论 世界将是一个完全不同的地方 没有共生关系。
Without the help that these natural partnerships provide, many species would be more vulnerable to predators and pests, more likely to be isolated in smaller patches of habitat, less apt to bloom and spread, or faced with fewer choices for food.
如果没有这些自然伙伴关系的帮助,许多物种将更容易受捕食者和害虫的伤害,更可能被隔离在较小的生境地段,更不宜开花和蔓延,或面临较少的食物选择。
Scientists are still learning about how these special relationships work and are discovering new ones all the time.
科学家们仍在学习这些特殊关系是如何运作的,并不断发现新的关系.
The strong jaws of the small agouti can crack open tough pods.
小古提的强下巴能打开坚硬的吊舱.
New Brazil nut trees will sprout from droppings left by the agouti.
新的巴西坚果树会从古树留下的倒地而出
Sooty shearwaters and tuataras have a special living arrangement on the shoreline cliffs of New Zealand.
苏地剪水和土卫一在新西兰的海岸线悬崖上有特殊的生活安排。
Each symbiotic relationship is a little different and provides each species with a slightly different benefit.
每个共生关系略有不同,为每个物种提供稍有不同的好处.
What all symbiotic relationships have in common, though, is that each organism that participates in the relationship receives something that helps it in return.
所有共生关系的共同之处是, 参与关系的每个生物都得到一些能帮助它的东西。
The end result is that fish, birds, humans, and all sorts of other living things on our planet have a better chance of surviving, reproducing, and living longer, healthier lives.
最终的结果是 鱼、鸟、人类 以及地球上其他各种活物 都有更好的机会生存、繁殖 以及长寿、更健康的生活
Glossary distribute (v.)
词汇分发(五.)
to spread or scatter over an area (p.
以扩散或散布于某一区域(p.
5) fertilized (v.)
5)受精(五.
combined male and female reproductive cells to create a new animal or plant (p.
将雄性与雌性生殖细胞结合,形成新的动物或植物(p.
18) interdependent (adj.)
18) 相互依存(adj.)
(adj.)
(中文(简体) ).
Grazing impalas stir up bugs, which gives baboons an easy meal.
草 imp会激起虫子,这可以方便地吃一顿
Baboons pay them back by sounding a warning if danger approaches.
如果危险逼近,巴布恩人会发出警告来还钱