The Plague!
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents The Plague Ships.
(原始内容存档于2017-10-21). Cable of Course the Plague ships.
4 The Fleas of Disease.
4 疾病之花。
5 Death Stalks Europe.
5"死亡跟踪"欧洲.
8 Panic and a Prayer.
8个恐慌和祈祷
9 The Aftermath.
9 "后汉书".
11 Rebirth.
11再生会.
14 Glossary.
14 词汇表。
16 1347 CE 1348 CE 1349 CE 1350 CE 1351 CE Spread of the Black Plague by Year Mostly unaffected Lubeck Danzig Kiev Amsterdam London Paris Bordeaux Marseille Barcelona Valencia Naples Rome Genoa Nuremberg Venice Vienna Ragusa Constantinople BLACK SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA ATLANTIC OCEAN The Plague Ships The scene and smell must have been staggering.
16 1347 CE 1348 CE 1349 CE 1350 CE 1351 CE 黑花岗岩被主要未受影响的吕贝克·但泽克·基辅 阿姆斯特丹 伦敦 波尔多·马赛·巴塞罗那 巴伦西亚那不勒斯 罗马 热那亚 纽伦堡 威尼斯 维也纳 拉古萨 君士坦丁堡 BLACK SEA MEDITERRANANAEN SEA ATLANTICEAN 瘟疫船 场景和气味一定很惊人
In October 1347, a dozen trading ships sailed into the port of Messina, Sicily—part of Italy today.
1347年10月,有十几艘贸易船驶入今天意大利西西里岛墨西拿港.
The vessels had made the long voyage across the Black Sea.
这些船只跨越黑海进行了长途航行。
The arrival of the ships likely caused excitement around the docks since such ships often carried news and exotic goods from far-off lands.
船只的到来可能会在码头周围引起轰动,因为这些船只常常从遥远的地盘运送新闻和异地物品。
Those who greeted them, though, got the shock of their lives and perhaps also the cause of their deaths.
然而,迎接他们的人却受到了他们生活的震撼,或许也是他们的死因。
Most of the crew members aboard the ships were already dead.
船上的大多数船员已经死亡。
The sailors working the ropes and sails were dying, their skin oozing with open sores.
操作绳子和帆水的水手正在死亡,他们的皮肤被张开的疼痛所沾染.
People in Europe had heard rumors of a terrible disease in Asia.
在欧洲,人们听说过亚洲可怕的疾病。
These ships and sailors had now brought the disease—the plague—to Europe.
这些船只和水手现在把这种疾病——瘟疫——带到了欧洲。
The disease was extremely infectious and rapidly spread across Europe and North Africa.
这一疾病极具感染性,并迅速扩散到欧洲和北非。
Strangers unknowingly passed it to strangers, and friends gave it to friends.
陌生人不知不觉把它传给了陌生人,朋友把它送给了朋友.
Ships carried it to new ports where it found fresh victims.
船载到新港 发现新受害者
The plague left tens of millions of people dead.
瘟疫使数千万人丧生.
Later, it would be called the Black Death—the worst outbreak of disease that Europe has ever experienced.
后被称作"黑死病"(Black Death),这是欧洲有史以来最严重的疾病爆发.
The Fleas of Disease In the 1300s, no one had yet made the connection between germs and illness.
疾病蔓延 1300年代,还没有人把细菌和疾病联系起来。
The idea that bacteria or viruses could cause a cold, the flu, or other sickness was unknown.
细菌或病毒可能造成感冒、流感或其他疾病的想法是未知的。
Many people at that time viewed disease as a supernatural event.
当时许多人将疾病视为超自然事件.
Professors at the University of Paris blamed the plague on the alignment of planets.
巴黎大学的教授将瘟疫归咎于行星的对接.
One doctor described how it spread as if by magic, writing, “Instantaneous death occurs when the aerial spirit escaping from the eyes of the sick man strikes the healthy person standing near and looking at the sick.”
一名医生描述了其传播方式,仿佛是魔法,写道:“当从病人眼中逃出空中精神袭击站在附近、看着病人的健康人时,即时死亡。 “
People also hadn’t made the connection between the plague and the fleas that were actually spreading the disease.
人们也没有将瘟疫与真正传播疾病的跳蚤联系起来。
It was not until 1894—almost 550 years later—that scientists identified Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that probably caused the plague.
直到1894年 — — 几乎550年后 — — 科学家才发现Yersinia spectis, 该细菌可能引发了瘟疫。
These bacteria get into the digestive system of a type of flea that normally feeds on the blood of black rats and other rodents.
这些细菌会进入一种通常以黑鼠和其他啮齿动物的血液为食的跳蚤的消化系统.
The plague killed off the rat colonies that the fleas normally lived in.
瘟疫杀死了那些跳蚤通常居住的鼠群
The fleas were then forced to go looking for other warm-blooded animals to feed on, including humans.
跳蚤随后被强迫去寻找其他温暖出血的动物来取食,包括人类.
The poor public sanitation and hygiene of the 1300s did not help.
1300年代的公共环境卫生和个人卫生状况差,没有帮助。
Human waste and garbage were often dumped in the streets of overcrowded cities.
人类废物和垃圾往往被倒入拥挤不堪的城市的街道.
Bugs were regular houseguests.
虫子是普通的客人们
Getting bitten by fleas and other pests was an unpleasant fact of life.
被跳蚤和其他害虫咬伤是生活中令人不快的事实.
Filthy and crowded medieval towns allowed the plague to spread very quickly.
肮脏而拥挤的中世纪城镇使得瘟疫迅速蔓延.
Not all researchers are convinced that fleas were the only source of the Black Death.
并非所有的研究者都相信跳蚤是"黑死病"的唯一来源.
Many other diseases could cause deadly outbreaks, including cholera and typhus.
许多其他疾病可能导致致命的爆发,包括霍乱和斑疹伤寒.
Some researchers say that the 1347 outbreak spread too fast and killed too quickly to be Yersinia pestis.
一些研究者说,1347年的疫情传播过快,杀死过快,不能成为耶西尼亚害虫.
They wonder if the Black Death might actually have been a deadlier microbe.
他们怀疑黑死病是否是更致命的微生物
However, Yersinia pestis remains the leading suspect, based on descriptions of the symptoms.
然而,根据对症状的描述,Yersinia specis仍然是主要嫌疑人.
Archaeologists have also found the DNA of these bacteria in mass burial sites from the time.
考古学家也从那时起在大规模埋葬地发现了这些细菌的DNA.
What seems clear is that humans began passing this deadly disease directly to each other.
似乎很清楚的是,人类开始将这种致命疾病直接传给对方。
A person’s pus, blood, or saliva could infect others.
一个人的脓、血或唾液可能会感染他人。
In other words, a simple cough or handshake could give the sickness to the next victim.
换句话说,简单的咳嗽或握手会给下一个受害者带来疾病。
At that point, it became all but unstoppable.
这时,它变得无所不能。
How Rats and Fleas Helped Spread the Plague Death Stalks Europe At the time, there was no effective treatment for such a serious disease.
老鼠和花朵如何帮助 散播瘟疫的死亡跟踪欧洲 当时,这种严重疾病还没有有效的治疗.
Once a person was infected, the bacteria took several days to show itself.
一个人一旦被感染,细菌花了好几天的时间来展示自己.
As the illness ran its course, victims experienced headaches, fever, vomiting, swelling, and intense pain.
随着病情的发展,受害者头痛、发烧、呕吐、肿胀和剧烈疼痛。
They might die quickly or live another few days.
他们可能死得很快 或者再活几天
Historians estimate that only one in five people who got the symptoms survived.
历史学家估计,只有五分之一的有症状的人活了下来.
Part of what made the plague so deadly was that it could come in different forms.
使瘟疫如此致命的部分原因 在于它会以不同的形式出现
Bubonic plague bacteria start by attacking the lymph nodes in the neck, groin, and underarms.
发作鼠疫细菌首先攻击颈部的淋巴结,腹股沟和下臂.
Lymph nodes are important organs of the immune system.
淋巴结是免疫系统的重要器官.
They help the body battle disease.
他们帮助身体的战斗疾病。
With plague, lymph nodes swell and blacken with poisoned blood and pus, becoming boils called buboes.
与瘟疫相伴,淋巴结膨胀并被下毒出血和脓而发黑,成为被称作"buboes"的锅.
Plague can also infect the lungs, causing them to bleed.
瘟疫还可能感染肺,导致出血.
Then a cough may be enough to infect others.
然后咳嗽可能足以传染他人.
Plague can also spread to the bloodstream, poisoning the body of the victim from within.
瘟疫还可能传播到血液中,从体内将被害者的身体下毒.
By 1348, the Black Death was spreading across Europe.
到1348年,"黑死病"已蔓延到整个欧洲.
Travelers and traders carried it to new areas.
旅行者和贸易商把它带到了新的地区.
It often took weeks before an infected area knew something was horribly wrong.
通常要几周后 感染地区才知道什么是可怕的错误
By then, it was too late to do anything about it.
到那时,已经太迟了,不能做任何事情.
Panic and a Prayer Once people realized that plague had come to their community, many panicked.
恐慌和祈祷 一旦人们意识到瘟疫降临了他们的社区,许多人就惊慌失措。
Frightened families abandoned sick loved ones.
恐惧的家庭抛弃了生病的亲人.
Shopkeepers shut their doors, and doctors and priests fled the places and people they served.
店员关了门,医生和教士也逃离了所服务的地方和人.
City folk escaped to the countryside, thinking it would be safer there.
城市居民逃到农村,以为那里会更安全.
By fleeing, though, they often helped spread the disease.
不过,他们通过逃跑,常常帮助传播这种疾病。
Few people had useful ideas about how to fight or control the disease.
很少有人对如何防治或控制疾病有有益的想法。
Desperate people tried useless cures like strapping a skinned chicken to the buboes, while others were tricked into buying potions made from “unicorn horn.”
绝望的人们尝试了无用的治疗方法,如将被剥去皮的鸡绑入布博斯,而其他人则被骗去购买用“独角兽角”制成的药剂。 “
Some burned incense or wore flowers to purify the air.
有些人烧了香或穿花来净化空气.
Many people turned to their faith in hope of rescue.
许多人为了救赎而转向信仰.
Bands of Christians called “flagellants” walked from town to town, bloodying their backs with spiked whips.
一群被称为“旗手”的基督教徒从镇上走来走去,用尖刺的鞭子打倒了他们的后背。
They prayed this would prove to God that they were sorry for their sins and that they would be forgiven and spared.
他们祈祷这能向上帝证明,他们为自己的罪行而感到抱歉,并且会得到宽恕和赦免.
In some areas, Christian groups wrongly blamed Jews for causing the plague.
在一些地区,基督教团体错误地指责犹太人造成了瘟疫.
Many Jewish communities were attacked and their people driven off or killed.
许多犹太社区遭到袭击,他们的人民被赶走或杀害。
The head of the Catholic Church, Pope Clement VI, issued a declaration making it clear that Jews were not at fault and should not be victimized.
天主教会会长教宗克莱门特六世发表宣言,明确表示犹太人没有过错,不应受害.
During the mid-1300s, though, more than two hundred Jewish villages were destroyed.
然而在1300年代中期,有200多个犹太村庄被摧毁.
A few cities instead used common sense to try to control the disease.
少数城市则使用常识来试图控制疾病.
Port cities soon realized that visiting ships were one source of contagion.
港口城市很快意识到,来访船只是传染源之一.
They began to block those that came from plague- infected areas.
他们开始封锁那些来自瘟疫感染区的人。
Some port authorities imposed regulations requiring ships to wait forty days before being allowed to dock.
一些港口当局实施条例,要求船舶等待40天后才能获准停靠.
The waiting period, or quarantine, was meant to confirm that the ship’s crew were plague-free before allowing them to come in contact with local residents.
等待期或检疫是为了确认船员在允许他们与当地居民接触之前没有瘟疫.
Officials in some areas also figured out that stopping the movement of people was the best hope of slowing the spread of the disease.
一些地区的官员还发现,阻止人员流动是减缓疾病传播的最佳希望.
Infected families were blocked from leaving their houses.
受感染的家庭被禁止出门。
Officials set limits on travel and trade to and from their cities.
官员对往返城市的旅行和贸易规定了限制。
Work crews hurried to get victims buried as soon as possible for fear that their corpses could infect others.
工人们因为害怕被尸体感染而匆忙赶去埋葬受害者.
In some areas, though, public order had broken down, making it difficult to enforce such rules.
然而,在一些地区,公共秩序已经崩溃,因此难以执行这些规则。
The Aftermath Imagine half the people of your town or city gone.
想象一下你镇上或城市里一半的人都走了
The shops are closed, and stores are empty of food.
店铺倒闭了,店铺也空了.
That was the experience of many of the people who survived the worst period of the Black Death.
这是许多在"黑死病"最糟糕时期活下来的人的经历.
Historians can only estimate the death count.
历史学家只能估计死亡人数.
There were about eighty million Europeans before the Black Death struck.
在"黑死病"来袭前,约有8000万欧洲人.
Experts calculate that an estimated 40 to 60 percent of those people died, though the death rate varied greatly by location.
据专家计算,这些人中估计有40%至60%死亡,但死亡率因地点而有很大差异。
In Spain and southern France, the plague may have killed 75 to 80 percent of the population.
在西班牙和法国南部,瘟疫可能已经杀死了75%到80%的人口.
In Germany and England, the rate may have been closer to 20 percent.
在德国和英国,这一比例可能接近20%。
Cities were usually the hardest hit.
城市通常受影响最重。
The disease spread easily in crowded, dirty neighborhoods.
疾病很容易在拥挤而肮脏的街区传播.
Nearly 60 percent of Londoners died, along with half the people of Paris.
将近60%的伦敦人和一半的巴黎人一起死亡.
Data source: William Langer, The Black Death, 1964 The Plague Population Crash It took two hundred years for the population of Europe to bounce back following the plague.
数据来源:威廉·朗格"黑死病"1964年"瘟疫人口崩溃" 欧洲民众在瘟疫后反弹了200年。
European Population (millions) Year 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 Start of the Black Death Population recovers After 1351, the outbreak eased for reasons researchers are still trying to understand.
欧洲人口(百万)年1000 1100 1200 1300 1300 1500 1600 1700 黑人死亡人口开始复苏 1351年后,疫情因原因缓解 研究人员仍在试图理解.
Survivors may have built up immunity to the disease.
幸存者可能已经建立了对疾病的免疫力.
The bacteria may also have changed to a less deadly form.
细菌也可能改变为较致命的形式.
Plague outbreaks happened again and again for the next five hundred years.
瘟疫的爆发在接下来的500年中一再发生.
None, though, ever matched the deadliness of the Black Death.
但是,从来没有一个符合黑死病的最后期限。
Europe was left a very different world after this health catastrophe.
在这场健康灾难之后,欧洲被留下了一个截然不同的世界。
One result was a huge shortage of workers.
一个结果是工人严重短缺。
The lack of skilled craftspeople and laborers caused a crisis in manufacturing.
缺乏熟练的工匠和工人造成了制造业危机。
Workers were able to demand better pay and treatment.
工人能够要求得到更好的工资和待遇。
Fields were left unplanted or unharvested without peasants to work them.
田地没有种植或没有收成,没有农民去耕作。
Livestock died without tending.
牲畜在没有照顾的情况下死亡。
As a result, many areas in Europe suffered food shortages and starvation.
结果,欧洲许多地区粮食短缺并挨饿。
Survivors’ views about society and the meaning of life changed, too.
幸存者对社会的看法和生活的意义也发生了变化。
Many questioned their belief in the church, and some challenged their rulers.
许多人质疑他们对教会的信仰,有些人质疑他们的统治者.
The authority of powerful individuals had proven useless in protecting the people they controlled.
有权势的个人的权威在保护他们所控制的人方面已经证明是无用的。
There were many examples of significant progress.
有许多重大进展的例子。
Farmers experimented with better practices and equipment to grow more food with fewer hands.
农民尝试了更好的做法和设备,用更少的手来种植更多的食物.
Public health and medicine also saw positive changes.
公共卫生和医学也发生了积极的变化。
More communities recognized the importance of sanitation and cleanliness.
更多的社区认识到卫生和清洁的重要性。
They put in place better ways to handle disease outbreaks.
他们制定了更好的办法来处理疾病爆发。
The invention of the heavy plow helped end food shortages following the plague years.
重犁的发明帮助了在瘟疫年代后结束粮食短缺.
It allowed farmers to till fields much faster by using horses rather than oxen to pull the plow.
它让农民通过用马而不是用牛来拉犁来更快地耕田.
Rebirth Modern medicine has made another outbreak of the Black Death all but impossible.
"再生""现代医学"使得"黑死病"再次爆发,几乎是不可能的.
Plague bacteria are still out there, living in the fleas of some rodent colonies.
瘟疫细菌还出没,活在一些啮齿动物聚居地的跳蚤中.
However, modern medicines can quickly stop most outbreaks.
然而,现代药物能够迅速阻止大多数的发作.
Public sanitation and health programs also help control the spread of most forms of disease.
公共卫生和保健方案也有助于控制大多数疾病的扩散。
Antibiotics: The Miracle Drug Antibiotics are a recent development in human history.
抗生素: "奇迹"药物抗生素是人类历史上的最新发展.
Before the mid-1800s, some healers recognized that certain plant molds and other fungi attacked bacteria.
在18世纪中叶之前,一些治愈者认识到某些植物模具和其他真菌会攻击细菌.
In the 1800s, more research led to a better understanding of the link between microbes and disease.
在1800年代,更多的研究促使人们更好地理解了微生物与疾病之间的联系.
Then in the 1920s, Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered a plant mold that destroyed a dangerous form of bacteria.
随后在20世纪20年代,苏格兰生物学家亚历山大·弗莱明意外地发现了一种植物模具来摧毁一种危险的细菌.
Out of his research came the wonder drug penicillin, which is capable of killing many forms of bacterial infection.
他的研究产生了奇异的药物青霉素,可以杀死多种形式的细菌感染.
Fleming was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945 for his breakthrough work.
弗莱明因其突破性的工作于1945年被授予诺贝尔医学奖.
In the mid-1300s, the mystery and horror of the Black Death terrorized Europe.
1300年代中期,黑死病之谜和恐怖吓倒了欧洲.
Many people there believed it was the end of the world.
那里许多人相信这是世界末日。
In terms of death rates, it remains the most destructive event in European history.
就死亡率而言,它仍然是欧洲历史上最具破坏性的事件。
At the same time, some historians link the disaster to many changes for the better that followed.
同时,一些历史学家将这场灾难与许多变化联系起来,以达到后续的更好.
From the late 1300s until the 1600s was a period in Europe known as the Renaissance.
从1300年代后期到1600年代是欧洲被称作"文艺复兴"的时期.
It inspired great advancements in medicine, science, and art.
它激发了医学、科学和艺术方面的巨大进步。
Renaissance means “rebirth” in French.
文艺复兴在法语中意为"再生".
After the Black Death, a period of rebirth was precisely what Europe needed.
黑死病后,一个再生时期正是欧洲需要的.
The Peasants Rise England went through a period of economic shock in the aftermath of the Black Plague.
农民崛起英格兰在"黑花岗"后经历了一段经济冲击时期.
Farmers and laborers were in such great demand that they saw their wages rise up to 40 percent from the 1340s to the 1380s.
农民和工人要求很高,他们的工资从1340年代增加到1380年代,高达40%。
This big social shift so alarmed the upper classes and nobility that royal officials passed a law attempting to fix wages for peasants at the levels they had been before the Black Death.
这一巨大的社会转变让上层阶级和贵族感到震惊,以至于皇家官员通过法律,试图将农民的工资固定在"黑死病"之前的水平.
They passed another law to prevent peasants from leaving their home villages in search of better jobs.
他们通过了另一项法律,防止农民离开家乡去寻找更好的工作。
These crackdowns led to a major uprising known as the Peasants’ Revolt in 1381.
这些镇压导致了一场被称为"农民"的大起义. 1381年废.
King Richard II faces the peasant army in 1381.
国王理查二世于1381年面对农民军队.