The Nobel Prize
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
The Most Coveted Prize The Nobel Prize is the most distinguished nonmilitary award in the world.
最爱奖 诺贝尔奖是世界上最出名的非军事奖.
To be nominated for an award is considered the honor of a lifetime.
获奖提名被视为终身荣誉.
The prizes were first awarded on December 10, 1901—the fifth anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death.
奖项最早颁发于1901年12月10日——阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔逝世五周年.
Between 1901 and 2015, 874 exceptional individuals, known as Nobel Laureates, and 26 organizations have been awarded Nobel Prizes.
1901年至2015年间,共有874名杰出人士被评为诺贝尔奖得主,26个组织获诺贝尔奖.
For years, five prizes were awarded annually in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace.
多年来,每年在物理,化学,生理学或医学,文学,和平等领域颁发5个奖项.
A sixth award, for economics, was established in 1968.
1968年设立第六所经济学奖.
The prizes are the result of the vision of one extraordinarily talented individual, Alfred Nobel.
这些奖项是一位非常有才华的个人阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔的愿景的结果.
An Uncommon Life Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born on October 21, 1833, in Stockholm, Sweden.
一个不平凡的生活阿尔弗雷德·伯恩哈德·诺贝尔于1833年10月21日生于瑞典斯德哥尔摩.
He was one of four sons of Caroline and Immanuel Nobel.
他是卡罗琳和伊曼纽尔诺贝尔的四个儿子之一.
Immanuel was an engineer and businessman.
伊姆曼纽尔是一名工程师和商人.
He was especially interested in discovering ways to blast through rocks to make bridges and tunnels easier to build.
他特别有兴趣发现如何从岩石上爆出来,使桥梁和地道更容易建造.
By 1842, Immanuel had moved from Sweden to St.
至1842年,伊姆曼纽尔已经从瑞典迁入圣.
Petersburg, Russia.
俄罗斯彼得堡.
There he successfully manufactured sea mines, or explosives, for the Russian navy.
在那里,他成功地为俄罗斯海军制造出海雷或炸药。
Mines were used to protect harbors and other bodies of water.
地雷被用来保护港口和其他水体。
Alfred and his brothers received a first-class education in St.
阿尔弗雷德和他的兄弟在圣所接受了一等的教育.
Petersburg.
彼得堡报.
By age seventeen, Alfred could speak Swedish, Russian, French, German, and English.
至17岁,阿尔弗雷德能说瑞典语,俄语,法语,德语和英语.
He was also interested in chemistry.
他也对化学感兴趣.
In 1850, Alfred’s parents sent him to Paris to study chemical engineering.
1850年,阿尔弗雷德的父母送他去巴黎学习化学工程.
He worked with a highly explosive liquid called nitroglycerine, which had recently been invented.
他与一种叫做硝化甘油的极易爆炸液体合作,这种液体是最近发明的.
At that time, it was considered too dangerous for practical use.
当时,它被认为太危险,无法实际使用.
When Alfred returned to St.
当阿尔弗雷德回到圣所时.
Petersburg, he worked with his father to develop nitroglycerine as a commercial explosive.
彼得堡,他和父亲一起开发了硝化甘油作为商用炸药.
In 1859, the family returned to Sweden, where Alfred continued to experiment.
1859年,全家回到了瑞典,阿尔弗雷德继续在那里进行实验.
His brother, Emil, who also experimented with explosives, was killed in a tragic accident in 1864.
他的兄弟埃米尔也曾实验过炸药,于1864年在一次悲剧性事故中被炸死.
However, Alfred did not give up.
然而,阿尔弗雷德并没有放弃.
Before long, he was mass-producing nitroglycerine for commercial use, and he continued to try to make it less dangerous.
不久后,他开始大量出产用于商业用途的硝化甘油,他还继续试图使其危险性降低.
In 1866, he discovered that by mixing liquid nitroglycerine with very fine sand, he could make a paste.
1866年,他发现通过将液体硝化甘油与非常精细的沙子相混合,他可以做成一面糊.
This paste was then packed into rods to create a new explosive called dynamite.
这面糊被装入了棒子,以制造出一种叫"炸药"的新炸药.
Alfred’s invention of dynamite made him instantly rich and famous.
阿尔弗雷德发明了炸药,立即使他变得富有并出名.
Compared with nitroglycerine, dynamite was much safer to use and transport.
与硝化甘油相比,炸药的使用和运输安全得多。
The invention of dynamite revolutionized the building of tunnels, canals, roads, and railways.
炸药的发明使隧道,运河,道路,铁路的建设发生了革命性的变化.
However, while dynamite changed engineering, it also changed the way wars were fought.
然而,虽然炸药改变了工程,但也改变了战争的战斗方式.
Nobel considered himself a pacifist.
诺贝尔认为自己是和平主义者.
It was ironic that he saw his invention of dynamite put to use in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871).
具有讽刺意味的是,他看到他发明的炸药被投入了法普战争(1870–1871)中.
The idea of the Nobel Prizes was revealed in Nobel’s will after his death in 1896.
诺贝尔奖的想法在1896年诺贝尔逝世后的遗嘱中被揭示出.
His will established a foundation to manage and invest his fortune and award the prizes.
他的遗嘱建立了一个基金会来管理和投资他的财产并授予奖金.
Nobel’s family was not pleased, and they kept the will tied up in lawsuits for five years.
诺贝尔的家人并不高兴,他们把遗嘱绑入诉讼长达5年。
They were unsuccessful, though, and the Nobel Foundation was established.
然而,他们未能成功,诺贝尔基金会也已经成立。
The Nobel Prize Process The great honor associated with the Nobel Prizes is due to the large amount of research put into the selection process.
诺贝尔奖进程 与诺贝尔奖相关的巨大荣誉在于大量研究投入选拔过程.
The prize committees change every year.
奖金委员会每年都有变化.
They are made up of world-famous scholars, academics, scientists, and former Nobel Laureates.
他们由世界著名的学者,学者,科学家,以及前诺贝尔奖得主所组成.
The committees invite thousands of leaders in each field to nominate candidates every year.
委员会每年邀请每个领域的数千名领导人提名候选人。
The voting for candidates is top secret.
对候选人的投票是绝密的。
The prizes are presented to the laureates annually on December 10—the anniversary of Nobel’s death.
每年12月10日(即诺贝尔逝世周年纪念日),
Three different institutions in Sweden carry out the selection process and award the prizes in economics, literature, and the sciences.
瑞典有三所不同的机构开展选拔工作并颁发经济学、文学和科学奖。
A separate committee in Norway awards the Peace Prize.
挪威的一个单独的委员会颁发了和平奖。
Famous Recipients Nobel Prize recipients come from all over the world.
著名受援者 诺贝尔奖获得者来自世界各地.
They are young and old, male and female, and represent many cultures.
她们不分年龄、男女,代表许多文化。
Here are just some of the hundreds of prizewinners since 1901.
以下是1901年以来数百名获奖者中的一些.
The Sciences Marie Curie was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize, in 1903 in physics.
科学会玛丽·居里是第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女性,1903年获物理学奖.
Born in Poland, Curie spent most of her life working as a scientific researcher in France.
生于波兰,居里一生大部分时间在法国做科学研究.
She shared the award with her husband, Pierre, and Henri Becquerel for their work in radioactivity.
她与她的丈夫皮埃尔(Pierre)和亨利·贝克雷尔(Henri Becquerel)分享了该奖项的放射性作品.
In 1911, she was awarded a second prize, in chemistry, for her discovery of two new elements.
1911年,她因发现两个新元素而获化学二等奖.
Curie is one of only two people ever to win Nobel Prizes in two different fields.
居里是历史上仅有的两个在两个不同领域获得诺贝尔奖的人之一.
Her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie (ee-REN ZHOH-lyoh KYUR-ee) also won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, making them the first and only mother-daughter pair to have been awarded Nobel Prizes.
她的女儿Irène Joriot-Curie(ee-REN ZHOH-LYOH KYUR-ee)也获得了诺贝尔化学奖,使他们成为第一个也是唯一的一对被授予诺贝尔奖的母亲-女儿.
Have you heard of the formula E = mc²?
你听说过公式E=mc2吗?
That formula, Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity, changed the way we think about our physical world.
这个公式, 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的相对论,改变了我们对物理世界的看法.
German-born Einstein was awarded the prize in 1921 for his work in theoretical physics.
德国出生的爱因斯坦于1921年因其在理论物理学上的工作而被授予该奖.
Winning the prize allowed Einstein to continue a brilliant academic career.
获奖使爱因斯坦得以继续辉煌的学术生涯.
He influenced many of the greatest scientific thinkers of the twentieth century.
他影响了二十世纪许多最伟大的科学思想家.
Danish physicist Niels Bohr (NEELS BOR) won the Nobel Prize in Physics the year after Einstein, in 1922.
丹麦物理学家尼尔斯·博尔(英语:Niels Bohr (NELS BOR))于1922年获得爱因斯坦后一年的诺贝尔物理学奖.
The prize was awarded for his “services in the investigation of the structure of atoms.”
该奖项是因其“在原子结构调查中的服务”而颁发的。 “
As with Einstein, the award allowed Bohr to have a long and productive career as a physicist.
与爱因斯坦一样,该奖项让博赫尔作为一个物理学家拥有漫长而富有成效的生涯.
His son Aage Bohr (OH-uh BOR) was awarded the prize in physics in 1975, along with two other men.
他的儿子Aage Bohr(OH-uh BOR)于1975年与其他两人一起被授予物理学奖.
Niels and Aage Bohr are one of six pairs of fathers and sons who have won Nobel Prizes.
尼尔斯和阿吉·博赫尔是获得诺贝尔奖的六对父子之一.
In 1945, Sir Alexander Fleming of Scotland won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for the discovery of penicillin.
1945年,苏格兰的亚历山大·弗莱明爵士因青霉素的发现而获得诺贝尔医学奖.
His discovery changed medicine forever, saved many lives, and eased human suffering globally.
他的发现永远地改变了医学,拯救了多人的生命,并缓解了全球人类的痛苦.
Economics In 2003, Clive Granger and Robert Engle took the Nobel Prize in Economics for work that eased human suffering in a different way.
2003年,克莱夫·格兰杰和罗伯特·恩格尔因以不同方式减轻人类痛苦而获得诺贝尔经济学奖.
Their research helped better our understanding of economic trends in order to avoid serious financial crises and resulting poverty.
他们的研究有助于我们更好地了解经济趋势,以避免严重的金融危机和由此而来的贫穷。
Literature The prize for literature is judged in a less specific way than the prizes for sciences, and usually recognizes a lifetime’s work.
文学 文学奖的判断方式不如科学奖那样具体,通常承认终身的作品.
American Ernest Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.
美国人欧内斯特·海明威于1954年获得诺贝尔文学奖.
The prize recognized “his mastery of the art of narrative . . .
该奖项承认“他对叙事艺术的掌握......。
and for the influence . . .
并为了影响.
on contemporary style.”
当代风格。 “
Colombian-born Gabriel García Márquez, a writer with a very different style, won the prize in 1982.
哥伦比亚出生的加布里埃尔·加西亚 风格迥异的作家马尔克斯于1982年获得该奖.
The committee praised his style, in which “the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination.”
委员会赞扬他的作风,即“在充满想象力的世界中,把奇幻和现实结合起来。 “
These are just two examples of literature awards that have been given to influential writers.
这些只是两个被授予有影响力的作家的文学奖的例子.
Peace Three very famous recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize were Dr.
和平 三位非常出名的诺贝尔和平奖得主是博士.
Martin Luther King Jr., Mother Teresa, and Nelson Mandela.
小马丁·路德·金,母亲特蕾莎和纳尔逊·曼德拉.
These three individuals fought to improve the lives of people suffering political and economic injustice.
这三人为改善遭受政治和经济不公的人们的生活而奋斗。
The 1964 Peace Prize honored Dr.
1964年和平奖颁奖典礼
King’s fight for civil rights and equality for people of every color in the United States.
国王为美国各色人种争取民权和平等.
Mother Teresa won the prize in 1979 for a lifetime of service caring for underprivileged people in Calcutta, India.
特蕾莎修女于1979年因在印度加尔各答为贫困人群提供终生服务而获奖.
Nelson Mandela received the prize in 1993 for his lifelong struggle against South Africa’s repressive political system.
纳尔逊·曼德拉在1993年因毕生反对南非镇压性政治制度而获奖.
The youngest Nobel Laureate is Malala Yousafzai (muh-LAH-lah YOO-suf-zy), who received the prize in 2014 at age seventeen.
最年轻的诺贝尔奖得主是马拉拉·尤萨夫扎伊(英语:Malala Yousafzai (muh-LAH-lah YOO-suf-zy)),他于2014年17岁时获得该奖.
The Taliban had taken control of some parts of her home country of Pakistan.
塔利班已经控制了她祖国巴基斯坦的一些地区。
They outlawed education for girls and destroyed hundreds of schools.
他们禁止女孩接受教育,并摧毁了数百所学校。
Malala took to the Internet and fought for equal educational opportunities for women.
马拉拉走上互联网,为争取妇女平等教育机会而奋斗.
In 2012, a Taliban soldier attacked and nearly killed her, but Malala recovered and continues her fight for girls today.
2012年,一名塔利班士兵袭击并差点杀死她,但马拉拉恢复并延续了她今天为女孩而战.
Nobel Controversies Some prizewinners cause controversy.
诺贝尔争议 一些获奖者引起争议.
When Yasser Arafat (YAH-sur AIR-uh-fat), the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), won the Peace Prize in 1994, many were stunned.
当1994年巴勒斯坦解放组织(巴解组织)领导人亚西尔·阿拉法特(YAH-sur AIR-uh-fat)获得和平奖时,许多人感到震惊。
Arafat and Israeli leaders Yitzhak Rabin (yits-HAHK ruh-BEEN) and Shimon Peres (shee-MOHN PAIR-iss), received the award for their work for peace in the Middle East.
阿拉法特和以色列领导人伊扎克·拉宾(yits-HAHK ruh-BENE)和西蒙·佩雷斯(shee-MOHN PAIR-iss)因为中东和平而作的工作而获奖.
American Secretary of State Henry Kissinger was awarded the prize in 1973 for negotiating a cease-fire during the Vietnam War.
美国国务卿亨利·基辛格于1973年因在越南战争期间谈判停火而获奖.
Critics argued that Kissinger had been involved in the secret bombing of Cambodia—a country with which the United States was not at war.
批评者认为,Kissinger参与了对柬埔寨的秘密轰炸,而美国并未与之交战。
His North Vietnamese corecipient, Le Duc Tho (LE DUK TAH), turned down the prize to avoid being associated with Kissinger.
他的北越核心人物"黎道克"(Le Duc Tho (LE DUK TAH))拒绝了该奖项以避免与基辛格有联系.
Even President Barack Obama’s Peace Prize in 2009 was questioned.
甚至连奥巴马总统2009年和平奖也受到质疑.
The election of an African American president was groundbreaking and inspired the world with hope.
非裔美国总统的选举具有开创性意义并充满了希望地激励了世界。
Yet in 2009, he hadn’t done much more than get elected.
但2009年,
The award surprised even the president himself.
这个奖项连总统本人都感到惊讶.
The Reward The Nobel Foundation awards cash, a diploma, and a gold medal with Alfred Nobel’s image to each prizewinner.
奖励 诺贝尔基金会向每个获奖者颁发现金,文凭,并颁发有阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔形象的金牌.
The ceremony takes place at the Stockholm Concert Hall.
仪式在斯德哥尔摩音乐厅举行.
The King of Sweden hands the gold Nobel Prize Medal to the recipient in a box.
瑞典国王将金色的诺贝尔奖奖章用盒子交给受奖者.
At a later date, the recipient is given a document stating the amount of the cash prize.
以后,向领取人提供一份文件,说明现金奖金的数额。
The amount varies based on whether the award is given to an individual or shared among a group.
数额因是授予个人还是由群体分担而有所不同。
In 2015, the amount of an individual prize was eight million Swedish kronor, or just under one million U.S.
2015年,个人奖金金额为800万瑞典克郎,或略低于一百万美国.
dollars.
钱
If the prize is shared among multiple recipients, the eight million Swedish kronor are divided equally.
如果奖金由多个受奖者分享,800万瑞典克朗将平分.
Then the guests are transported to the Stockholm City Hall for the Nobel Banquet.
后将来宾运送至斯德哥尔摩市政厅取道诺贝尔银行.
There are speeches, dancing, a full concert, and a fancy dinner.
有演讲,舞蹈, 完整的音乐会, 和花哨的晚餐。
Formal dress is required.
需要正式着装。
Conclusion Although not without controversy, the Nobel Prize has had a lasting and positive global influence.
结论 诺贝尔奖虽然并非没有争议,但在全球产生了持久而积极的影响.
The awards highlight the work and dreams of great thinkers from all over the world.
奖项凸显出来自世界各地的伟大思想家的作品和梦想.
The fame and cash prizes let these extraordinary individuals continue their work.
名利和现金奖让这些非凡的个人继续工作.
The prizes honor freedom, peace, and the commitment to improving the lives of humankind.
这些奖项纪念自由、和平和致力于改善人类生活。