of the Great Plains
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents The Great Plains.
内容列表 大平原.
4 Home on the Plains.
平原4号家园.
6 Where Buffalo Once Roamed.
水牛城6号 有一次被烧了
8 Horses, Weapons, and War.
8匹马,武器和战争。
11 Celebrations and Rituals.
11个庆祝活动和仪式。
12 The Indian Wars.
12 印度战争。
15 Leaders.
15名领导人。
17 The Plains Native Americans Today.
17 平原今日美洲原住民.
20 Glossary.
20 词汇表。
23 Index.
23 指数。
24 The Great Plains The Great Plains of the United States stretch from the Rocky Mountains in the west to beyond the Missouri River in the east.
24 美国大平原大平原从西部的洛基山脉延伸至东部的密苏里河外.
The Great Plains extend north into Canada and south nearly to Mexico.
大平原向北延伸到加拿大,向南接近墨西哥.
Long ago the Great Plains were characterized by gently rolling hills covered with tall grasses.
很久以前,大平原的特征是轻而易举地滚滚着高高的草地。
With few trees to block them, strong winds whipped across the Great Plains, blowing hot in the summer and bitterly cold in the winter.
由于树少能挡住它们,强风横行于大平原,夏季发热而冬季苦寒.
It was dry, with rainfall averaging 20 inches (51 cm) a year.
气候干燥,年平均降雨量为20英寸(51厘米).
A little over two hundred years ago, in the early 1800s, there were only 150,000 people living in the Great Plains.
二百多年前的一一一八年代初,大平原只有15万人.
Most were Native Americans, but there were also European settlers.
大多数是美洲原住民,但也有一些欧洲定居者.
People shared the Great Plains with more than sixty million bison, or buffalo.
人们与超过6000万野牛,即水牛共享了大平原.
Bison were the mainstay of many Plains tribes’ diets, which meant that as the animals migrated, or moved with the seasons, many of the tribes moved with them.
Bison是许多平原部落饮食的支柱,这意味着随着动物迁移,或者随着季节的迁移,许多部落也随之迁移.
As you read about the people who lived on the Great Plains, you’ll see how they depended on the bison for more than food.
在大平原上生活的人们, 你会看到他们如何依赖野牛,
Home on the Plains Lots of people think of teepees as typical homes for Native Americans of the past, and many Plains tribes actually did live in teepees.
平原上的家园 很多人认为 Tepees是过去美洲原住民的典型家园 许多Plains部落实际上都住在tepees
These amazing mobile homes were ideal for nomadic hunters on the Plains because they were designed to be strong enough to withstand heavy winds, provide heat in the winter, and let air flow through in the hot summer months.
这些惊人的移动住宅对于平原的游牧猎人来说是理想的,因为它们被设计得足够坚固来抵御重风,在冬季提供热量,在炎热的夏季月份让空气流过.
Wooden poles gave the teepee its cone shape, and some of the poles were 25 feet (7.
木柱使被子呈锥形,有的被子有25英尺(7.
6 m) tall.
高6米),长相相通.
Bison hides were stitched together to make the walls.
拜森的藏相被缝合来做墙.
The poles and hides that made the teepee could be quickly taken down and transported to a new location.
制造被子的杆和被子可以被迅速取下并运送到一个新的地点.
Once a tribe decided where to settle, two to three people could set up a teepee in less than two hours.
一旦一个部落决定在哪里定居,两到三个人可以在不到两个小时的时间里建立一个帐篷.
Tribes of the Plains There are more than thirty tribes that make up the Plains Native Americans.
平原部落 有三十多个部落组成平原美洲原住民.
The tribes of the Great Plains all have different languages and customs, but they also have much in common based on geography.
大平原的部落都有不同的语言和习俗,但基于地理学,它们也有很多共同点.
A large family could comfortably live in a teepee, which had a living area about 15 feet (4.
一个大家庭可以安心地住在一个有活地约15英尺(4英尺)的帐篷中.
5 m) in diameter, with enough room to cook during the day and sleep at night.
直径为5m),白天有足够的空间做饭,晚上睡觉.
The opening often faced east because there was less wind coming from the east.
开口时常面对东面,因为从东面来的风较少.
When cooking or heating the inside, a smoke flap near the top could be opened to let smoke escape, or closed to keep heat in the teepee during the long, cold winter months.
在烹饪或取暖入内时,可以打开顶部附近的一扇烟花来放出烟雾,或者在漫长,寒冷的冬季月中闭口来使帐篷保持热能.
Not all Plains tribes lived in teepees.
并不是所有平原部落都生活在部落中。
Village tribes—such as the Pawnee, Omaha, and Mandan—built more permanent shelters.
村庄部落——如波尼人、奥马哈人和曼丹人——建造了更多的永久住所。
These shelters were built long and low to the ground so that they could better withstand the strong winds that whipped across the prairie.
这些掩体被建造得又长又低地上,以便能更好地抵御横穿大草原的强风.
Wood, bison skins, grass, and mud were combined to make homes and lodges.
木材、野牛皮、草地和泥地被组合起来,形成家园和小屋。
Large families lived and cooked in the lodge, and there was even enough room inside for a horse and the family’s dogs.
大个家庭住在小屋里做饭,里面甚至有足够的空间供养一匹马和家里的狗。
Where Buffalo Once Roamed Bison provided meat, shelter, and tools for many tribes in the Plains.
水牛城那边 有一次Roamed Bison为平原的许多部落提供肉类,住所和工具.
Tribes found uses for all parts of the bison.
部落发现野牛的所有部分都有使用.
Almost every part was eaten, including the organs.
几乎每个部分都被吃掉,包括器官.
Bison skin was made into clothing, blankets, shoes, shields, and teepees.
贝森的皮肤被制成衣物,被毯子,鞋子,盾牌和被子.
Their horns were made into spoons or scoops, or used as ornaments.
他们的角被制成勺子或勺子,或者用作装饰.
Bison bones were used to make all kinds of tools, weapons, and everyday objects, including runners on sleds.
拜生骨被用来制作各种工具,武器和日常物品,包括雪橇上的跑者.
Making the Most of a Bison Hide clothes quivers dolls cradles bedding shields medicine bags rattles ropes saddles Hair headdresses ornaments medicine Tail brush whip Bones tools weapons sled runners Meat food jerky Hoof glue rattles Horns cups powder horn spoons ladles toys ornaments Teepees have small entrances so it’s easy to keep the weather out.
使大部分的比森人 藏起衣服 起伏娃娃 被褥盾牌 药袋 绳子 鞍子 发型 饰品 药 花花 花花 花花 花花 花 花 花 花 花 花 肉类食物干酪胡夫胶管响起 喇叭杯 粉末 喇叭勺 玩具装饰品 观众的入口很小,
In the fall, bison gathered in huge herds— often of more than one million.
秋天,野牛聚集了一大群——常常超过一百万只.
Fall was the best time for hunting, and village tribes had their annual hunts at that time.
秋季是打猎的最好时机,而村里部落在那个时候每年都有打猎.
Nomadic tribes would gather in larger groups, setting up camps and celebrating the bounty of the bison hunt.
游牧部落将聚集在更大的群体中,建立营地并庆祝野牛猎杀的丰收.
Hunters rode out from camp on their horses until they found the bison herd.
猎人骑着马从营地出走,直到找到野牛群.
They would ride toward the herd until the bison started running.
他们会骑着去牛群 直到野牛开始跑步
Then the hunters would ride right alongside the animals, spearing them or shooting them with either bows and arrows or guns.
然后猎人会骑在动物旁边,用长矛或用弓箭或枪来射击它们.
Bows were made of wood, with bowstrings made of bison tendons.
弓由木制而成,弓弦由野牛相接而成.
The hunters were able to shoot the bison with amazing accuracy while their horses were galloping full-speed through the herd.
猎人能够以惊人的精确度射出野牛,而他们的马正在跑出跑道的全速穿过牛群.
Sometimes a large group of people riding horses would chase the bison off a cliff so that the bison fell to their deaths.
有时一大批骑马的人会从悬崖上追赶野牛,使野牛倒地而死.
When winter came, the bison would break up into smaller herds, and the nomadic tribes broke up into smaller groups, too.
冬天来临后,野牛会分出小群,游牧部落也分出小群.
Nomadic tribes followed the bison migration throughout the year, while many tribes living in farming villages stayed in one place for the entire year.
游牧部落全年跟随野牛迁徙,而许多生活在农地村庄的部落则一整年都留在一处.
During the winter months, they lived off the big bison hunt and the crops they harvested.
在冬季的几个月里,他们靠大野牛猎杀和收割的作物为生.
Plains Native Americans used many weapons to kill bison.
平原美洲原住民使用许多武器来杀死野牛.
Horses made it easier, no matter what weapon was used.
马匹使得它变得容易,无论使用了何种武器.
Herds of bison were chased off cliffs to their deaths, but Native Americans would kill only as many as they needed.
野牛群被从悬崖上追到死亡,但美洲原住民只能按需要杀死多少人.
Horses, Weapons, and Wars Before Europeans brought horses to the United States in the 1500s, nomadic tribes moved and hunted on foot.
马,兵器,和"战前"欧洲人于1500年代将马带到了美国,游牧部落迁徙并步行去打猎.
Spanish explorers introduced horses in the southwestern United States, and the horses quickly ran wild throughout the Plains.
西班牙探险家在美国西南部引进了马匹,而马匹迅速跑出整个平原.
Through trade (and stealing), more tribes began acquiring horses.
通过贸易(和偷窃),更多的部落开始获得马匹.
By the 1700s, horses were fully a part of the Plains Native American lifestyle, and everything changed when people had the speed and power of these four-legged beasts.
到1700年代,马完全成为了平原美洲原住民生活方式的一部分,当人们拥有了这四脚兽的速度和力量时,一切都发生了变化.
Members of the Plains tribes became excellent horsemen, and they rode horses into bison hunts and into wars.
平原部落的成员成为了优秀的骑手,他们骑马去猎野牛并去打仗.
Some of the Plains tribes had reputations as warring tribes.
平原的一些部落有战争部落的名声.
Most of the battles were small, often fought to steal horses from another tribe or to avenge a death.
战斗大多规模较小,常为偷取另一部落的马匹或为一死报仇而战.
War was seen as a way to restore honor.
战争被看作是恢复荣誉的一种方式.
As the U.
作为U.
S.
师曰.
Army and other settlers moved west, they posed a threat to the livelihood of the Plains tribes, who fought for their right to hunt, farm the land, and preserve their traditions.
军队和其他定居者向西移动,对平原部落的生计构成威胁,平原部落为狩猎、耕作和保存其传统的权利而斗争。
Celebrations and Rituals Members of the Plains tribes often gathered to sing, dance, and celebrate with friends.
平原部落的庆典和礼仪成员经常聚集一堂与朋友一起唱歌,跳舞并庆祝.
One important ceremony was the Summer Sun Dance.
一个重要的仪式是"夏日之舞".
The Sun Dance was different from tribe to tribe, but all Sun Dance celebrations focused on thanking the Great Spirit for plentiful food.
太阳之舞因部落而异,但所有的太阳之舞庆典都以感谢"伟大精神"丰盛的食物为主.
Because bison was an important food source, it was featured in Sun Dances.
因为野牛是一个重要的食物来源,所以在"太阳之舞"中被取景.
A Sun Dance lasted for several days with nonstop dancing.
太阳之舞持续了好几天
Dancers also shook their heads and looked into the sun as long as their eyes could endure it, which could hurt them.
舞蹈家们还摇起头来,看着太阳,只要他们的眼睛能忍受,就可能伤害到他们.
They hoped they’ d have a vision at the end of the Sun Dance and that prosperity would come to their tribe.
他们希望能在太阳之舞结束时有远见,
Horses are an important part of the Plains tribes’ lifestyles.
马是平原部落生活方式的重要组成部分.
Even today, dances of celebration are important to many tribes.
即使在今天,庆祝的舞蹈对许多部落都很重要.
One of those dances is the Grass Dance (or Omaha Dance), which is thought to have started in the 1800s, possibly as a warrior dance.
其中一出舞蹈是"草地之舞"(或作"奥马哈之舞"),被认为是从1800年代开始的,可能是一种"战士之舞".
Modern dancers wear outfits with lots of fringe and ribbon to look like the movement of prairie grass.
现代舞者穿戴着多件外衣和丝带来外观与草原草地的运动相仿.
Early dancers of the Grass Dance may have tied grass to their clothes.
草地舞会的早期舞者可能已经把草捆在衣服上.
Some tribes used the Grass Dance to flatten the grass before larger tribal ceremonies; others used it to celebrate victory over an enemy.
一些部落在更大的部落仪式前用"草舞"来平整草地;而另一些部落则用它来庆祝战胜敌人.
Now, the Grass Dance is performed in tribal competitions.
现在,"草地之舞"是在部落比赛中表演的.
The Ghost Dance started among the Paiute tribe and quickly spread to others, including the Lakota, or Sioux (sue), tribes who were forced onto reservations by the United States government.
"幽灵之舞"起源于派尤特部落,并迅速传播到包括拉科塔人,或苏人(苏人)等被美国政府强迫保留地的部落.
The Ghost Dance recalled days when there were millions of bison and food was plentiful.
"幽灵之舞"回忆了几日,当时有上百万只野牛,食物丰满.
It also told of a hoped-for time when all the settlers would be dead, and the Native Americans would have their land back.
它还告诉人们,所有定居者都将死亡,美洲原住民将收回他们的土地。
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
The sound of drums played a powerful role in celebrations and rituals.
鼓声在庆典和仪式中起了强大的作用.
Many drums were handed down in a family from one generation to the next and were often named and blessed.
许多鼓被一个家族从一代传到后一代并经常被取名并祝福.
Older drums were made of deer, elk, horse, or bison hides stretched over hollowed-out sections of logs.
更古老的鼓是用鹿、麋鹿、马或野牛的藏身地所制成的。
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
On December 29, 1890, U.
1890年12月29日 U.
S.
师曰.
Cavalry troops at Wounded Knee (in what is now South Dakota) were guarding a large group of Lakota people who had surrendered.
在伤者膝盖(现在的南达科他州)的骑兵部队正在守卫一大批已投降的拉科塔人.
When the Lakota began performing the Ghost Dance, it provoked the soldiers, and a bloody battle broke out.
拉科塔人开始出演"幽灵之舞"后激怒了士兵,一场血腥的战斗也爆发了.
During the battle, two hundred Lakota were killed by the army.
在战斗中,200名拉科塔被军队所杀.
The murdered Lakota—including men, women, and children—were buried in a mass grave.
被谋杀的拉科塔人——包括男人、女人和儿童——被埋入万人坑。
It was the last battle between the army and tribal people.
这是军队和部落人民的最后一场战斗.
The Indian Wars As settlers from the eastern United States began moving onto the Plains to mine, farm, and build towns and railroads, they came in conflict with the Plains tribes.
印度战争 由于来自美国东部的定居者开始向平原迁移去矿山,农场,并建造城镇和铁路,他们与平原部落发生冲突.
The Plains tribes and the settlers fought over the land, and there was killing on both sides.
平原部落和定居者争夺土地,双方都有杀戮.
Settlers demanded that the U.
定居者要求U.
S.
师曰.
Army defend and protect them.
军队保卫和保护他们.
The government sent troops to fight the Plains tribes, and those battles became known as the Indian Wars.
政府出兵与平原部落作战,这些战役被称作"印第安战争".
The Plains tribes sometimes evenly matched the soldiers.
平原部落有时均匀地与士兵相配.
The tribes knew the land well, and they used guerrilla (ger-RIL-la) warfare against the soldiers.
部落对土地很熟悉,他们用游击(ger-RIL-la)来对抗士兵.
But the U.
但乌.
S.
师曰.
army outnumbered the tribes, and the Army had more powerful guns than the tribes had.
军队的人数超过了部落,军队拥有比部落更强大的枪.
However, the main reason that the Plains tribes eventually lost the wars was probably not the soldiers.
然而,平原部落最终战败的主要原因很可能不是士兵.
By the time the U.
到了U的时候.
S.
师曰.
Army reached many of the tribes, more than half the people had died from diseases, such as smallpox.
军队深入了许多部落,有一半以上的人死于天花等疾病.
Settlers had brought diseases to the Plains— diseases that the Indians’ bodies did not have immunity, or resistance, to.
定居者给平原带来了疾病 -- -- 印地安人身体没有免疫力或抵抗力的疾病。
The settlers and soldiers also killed most of the bison on the Plains, and without the bison, many tribes were left without the food and materials they needed to survive.
定居者和士兵还杀死了平原上的大部分野牛,没有野牛,许多部落就得不到生存所需的食物和物资.
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
Cavalry used the method of running bison off a cliff to kill hundreds of thousands of bison at a time, leaving them to rot.
骑兵使用从悬崖上跑出野牛的方法,一次杀死几十万只野牛,让野牛腐烂.
By the late 1800s, most of the bison were gone.
到1800年代后期,野牛已经大部分消失.
Eventually, soldiers and settlers forced most of the Plains tribes onto reservations, or areas of land set aside for them.
最终,士兵和定居者将平原的大部分部落逼入保留地或为他们留出的土地。
Often the areas were small and were the poorest farming or hunting lands in the Great Plains.
这些地区往往很小,是大平原上最贫穷的耕作地或狩猎地。
Settlers spread disease to Native Americans when they traded goods.
定居者在商品交易时将疾病传染给美洲原住民.
This depiction shows a U.
这个描绘显示的是U.
S.
师曰.
Army troop fighting a Plains Native American tribe.
军队与平原原住民部落作战.
Leaders Leaders of the Lakota tribes resisted the U.
拉科塔部落的领导人反抗U.
S.
师曰.
their people on reservations.
他们的人民在保留地。
Three of the most well known were Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and Red Cloud.
其中最有名的有"坐牛","疯马"和"红云"三个.
Sitting Bull was known as a courageous leader who fought to protect tribal lands.
坐牛被称作勇敢的领导人,他为保护部落地而战.
When gold was discovered in South Dakota in the mid-1870s, a rush of prospectors invaded tribal lands.
1870年代中期在南达科他州发现黄金后,一大批探矿者入侵了部落地.
In 1876, the U.
1876年,吴人.
S.
师曰.
government sent troops to protect the prospectors and ordered all Lakota to move to reservations.
政府派了军队保护探矿者 命令所有拉科塔人去保留地
Sitting Bull refused.
坐牛拒绝.
He called together other Lakota as well as Arapaho and Cheyenne tribes, and they gathered at Little Bighorn Valley.
他召集了其他拉科塔人,以及阿拉帕霍人和夏安人部落,他们聚集在小比格霍恩谷地.
On June 25, 1876, George Armstrong Custer of the U.
1876年6月25日,美国人乔治·阿姆斯特朗·卡斯特出道.
S.
师曰.
Army led his troops into the valley, intending to ambush the Lakota, but Sitting Bull and his warriors were ready.
军队带领他的军队入谷,想伏击拉科塔人,但坐牛和他的战士们已经准备好了.
The bloody battle ended with the death of Custer and his soldiers.
血战以卡斯特和他的士兵之死而告终.
The Battle of Little Bighorn is sometimes called “Custer’s Last Stand.”
小大角之战有时被称为"卡斯特的最后站". “
Crazy Horse, who was known as Tashunca- uitco (ta-SHUN-ca-weet-co), was known as a ferocious warrior who fought to preserve the traditions of the Lakota.
疯狂之马被称作"塔相卡-uitco"(ta-SHUN-ca-weet-co),被称作"为维护拉科塔人的传统而奋斗的凶猛战士".
Crazy Horse stole his first horse before he was thirteen and led his first war party when he was still a teenager.
疯了 马在13岁前就偷走了自己的第一匹马,并在他还是少年时领导了自己的第一次战争会.
When the U.
当出吴.
S.
师曰.
government ordered all Lakota bands onto reservations in 1876, Crazy Horse resisted and led other Lakota to resist, just as Sitting Bull did.
1876年政府下令所有拉科塔乐队进入保留地,"疯狂马"反抗,并带领其他拉克塔反抗,就像"坐牛"一样.
After almost a year of battles, Crazy Horse saw that his people were struggling with the lack of bison too much to continue fighting.
经过近一年的战斗,疯狂 马看到,他的人在为缺乏野牛而挣扎太多,无法继续战斗.
He was the last major chief to surrender.
他是最后一个投降的大酋长.
Crazy Horse died in 1877.
疯马于1877年去世.
He did not allow any photographs to be taken of him, but his likeness is carved into the side of a mountain in South Dakota at the Crazy Horse Memorial.
他不允许拍摄任何相片取景,但他的相貌被刻入了南达科他州的一座山的一面"疯狂的马"纪念地.
Red Cloud, whose tribal name was Makhpiya-Luta (ma-KAP-ee-a-loo-ta) was an important Lakota leader who led wars against tribes of Crows, Pawnees, Utes, and Shoshones.
红云(英語:Red Cloud),其部落名为"马克皮亚-卢塔"(ma-KAP-ee-a-loo-ta),是拉科塔重要的领导人,他领导了对克罗斯,波涅斯,乌特斯和肖肖内斯等部落的战争.
In 1866, Red Cloud began a series of attacks to protect Lakota land from miners traveling into Montana.
1866年,"红云"开始一连串出击来保护拉科塔地被前往蒙大拿州的矿工所害.
To end the attacks, the Fort Laramie Treaty, which stated that the Lakota would abandon the warpath in exchange for money and goods, was signed.
为了结束进攻,拉拉米要塞条约被签署,该条约声明拉科塔会放弃战道来换取金钱和货物.
As part of the treaty, Red Cloud’s Lakota band was supposed to stay only on reservation land.
作为条约的一部分,红云的拉科塔乐队本来只应该留在保留地上.
Although Red Cloud is said to have signed the treaty (marked with an “X”), there’s little evidence that the terms of the treaty were fully explained to the Lakota leader.
虽然红云据说已经签署了条约(标有"X"),但几乎没有证据表明条约条款已经向拉科塔领导人充分解释.
The Plains Native Americans Today Today, people from many Plains tribes come together to preserve their traditions.
今天的平原美洲原住民,来自许多平原部落的人聚集一堂来保存他们的传统.
They hold tribal celebrations, practice speaking their native languages, and work to increase the number of bison.
他们举行部落庆典,练习会说自己的母语,并努力增加野牛的数量.
Native Americans gather together across the country for powwows, which are a way to preserve their heritage through dance, music, arts, crafts, and food.
美洲原住民聚集到全国各地为powows,这是通过舞蹈,音乐,艺术,手工艺,和食物来保存其遗产的一种方式.
Traditional dances have now become contests for prizes in addition to being done to celebrate a bountiful harvest or other occasion.
除了庆祝丰收或其他场合之外,传统舞蹈现已成为获奖比赛。
Many native languages, such as the Lakota’s, are disappearing because young people don’t learn to speak or use them.
拉科塔人等许多当地语言正在消失,
Thirty years ago, many Lakota children in reservation schools spoke the same language as their grandmothers, grandfathers, and many generations of elders.
30多年前,许多在预留学校的拉科塔儿童讲的是同其外祖母,外祖父和多代长者一样的语言.
One problem with learning the Lakota language is not knowing how to pronounce some words.
学习拉科塔语的一个问题就是不知道如何发音一些词.
People working on The Lakota Language Project at the University of Indiana created computer software that students can use to see and hear all the different ways a Lakota word might be pronounced.
在印第安纳大学拉科塔语项目上工作的人创建了计算机软件,学生可以用来查看和听到所有不同的方式,一个拉科塔词可能会被发音.
The program also shows ways a word might be used in different communities.
节目还展示了一个词在不同社区可能使用的方式.
To preserve another ancient tradition, more than forty tribes, including Lakota, Blackfoot, and Crow, came together to form the Inter Tribal Bison Cooperative.
为了保存又一古老的传统,包括拉科塔,布莱克福特,克罗等40多个部落一起组成了部落间比森合作社.
Some of the tribes were enemies hundreds of years ago, but now they are united in their efforts to bring bison back to the Great Plains.
一些部落在数百年前是敌人,但是现在他们联合起来,努力将野牛带回大平原.
The bison reminds today’s tribes of how their ancestors lived in harmony with nature; the animals also represent the spirit many tribes are trying to preserve.
野牛提醒今天的部落,他们的祖先是如何同自然和谐相处的;动物们也代表了许多部落试图保护的精神.
As of 2012, more than 15,000 bison have been reintroduced to tribal lands through the Inter Tribal Bison Cooperative’s efforts.
截至2012年,通过部落间Bison合作社的努力,15 000多只野牛被重新用于部落土地。
“We recognize the bison is a symbol of our strength and unity, and that as we bring our herds back to health, we will also bring our people back to health.”
“我们承认野牛是我们力量和团结的象征,当我们使我们的牲畜恢复健康时,我们也将使我们的人民恢复健康。 “
Cheyenne River Sioux Cherokee children use computers to learn the language of their tribe.
Cheyenne River Soux Cherokee儿童使用电脑学习自己部落的语言.
The bison population is growing, but the numbers don’t come close to the sixty million that once lived.
野牛人口在增长,