Friend or Foe?
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 What Are Microbes?
4 什么是微生物?
5 The Immune System.
5 免疫系统。
7 Four Groups of Microbes.
7 四组微生物.
9 Bacteria.
9细菌.
9 Viruses.
9个病毒。
11 Fungi.
11 真菌报.
13 Protozoa.
13 普罗多佐亚.
13 How Do Microbes Spread Infection?
13 微生物如何传播感染?
14 Outbreaks and Epidemics.
14 疫情与疫情.
15 Fighting Microbes with Vaccines.
15 以疫苗对抗微生物。
16 Antibiotics: The Magic Bullet.
16 抗生素:"魔法子弹".
19 Conclusion.
19 结论。
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 Index.
23 指数。
24 Introduction Achoo!
24 导言 Achoo!
A sudden sneeze is often the first sign, or symptom, that you’re getting sick.
突然打喷嚏往往是你生病的第一个迹象或症状。
But it isn’t just the sneezing.
但不只是打喷嚏。
You’re also coughing, you’re tired, and your throat is sore.
你也会咳嗽、疲惫,
Whatever your symptoms are, they have probably been caused by an infection from a type of tiny microbe— a germ.
无论你的症状如何,它们可能是由某种微小微生物——一种细菌——所感染而来。
But how did you “catch this bug,” or become infected—and what’s a microbe, anyway?
但是,你是如何“抓住这个虫子”或被感染的? 微生物是什么?
Long ago, every sickness was a mystery.
很久以前,每个疾病都是个谜
Doctors and medical schools didn’t exist, and people often died from a simple illness, a minor injury, or a mild infection.
医生和医学院并不存在,人们往往死于简单的疾病、轻伤或轻度感染。
Before scientists began to study disease and health, many superstitious people imagined they were being cursed by a witch or punished for something.
在科学家开始研究疾病和健康之前,许多迷信的人想象自己被女巫诅咒或因某种事被惩罚.
Because no one knew about, or understood, what really caused any illness or how it was spread, no one knew how to prevent, or treat, a disease.
因为没有人知道或理解什么是真正引起疾病的原因或疾病是如何传播的,所以没有人知道如何预防或治疗疾病。
After years of scientific research and discovery, we now know that a variety of microbes can make us sick.
经过多年的科学研究和发现,我们现在知道各种微生物会使我们生病.
But what are these microbes?
但是这些微生物是什么?
Where are they found?
他们在哪儿找到的?
Are all microbes bad?
所有微生物都不好吗?
Can learning about them help us to stay healthy and prevent diseases?
了解他们能帮助我们保持健康和预防疾病吗?
Doctors often used leeches to treat illnesses.
医生经常用水貂来治疗疾病.
Air coming out of the mouth from a sneeze may travel as fast as 120 kph (75 mph).
从喷嚏出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出口出
What Are Microbes?
微贝是什么?
Microbes are tiny, almost invisible, living organisms.
微生物是微小的,几乎看不见的活生物体.
They are so small that they can only be seen with a powerful microscope.
它们非常小,只能用强大的显微镜才能看到.
These tiny organisms exist all around us.
这些小生物存在于我们周围
They are riding on the air we breathe, clinging to every surface we touch, sitting on our skin and on our shoes, and hiding inside of our bodies.
他们骑在我们呼吸的空中,紧紧地贴着我们所接触的每一个地表,坐在我们的皮肤和鞋子上,并躲入我们的身体。
They are everywhere!
到处都是
Microbes multiply quickly inside our bodies, in our cells.
微生物在体内、细胞中迅速繁殖。
Cells are small units of living matter that help us to stay healthy and grow.
细胞是生命物质的小单元,帮助我们保持健康并成长.
Our cells join together, almost like pieces of a puzzle.
我们的细胞结合在一起, 几乎像一个谜题的碎片。
We have blood cells and bone cells, stomach cells, skin cells, and muscle cells.
我们有血细胞和骨细胞, 胃细胞,皮肤细胞和肌肉细胞。
There are trillions of cells inside of us, and they all have important, health- protecting jobs to do.
我们体内有数以万亿计的细胞 它们都有重要的保护健康的工作
An unwelcome invasion of microbes can interfere with our cells’ functions— and some can cause disease.
一种不受欢迎的对微生物的入侵会干扰细胞的功能,而有些人会引发疾病。
Louis Pasteur Modern medicine owes a lot to Louis Pasteur (pass-TUR).
路易斯·巴斯德(英语:Louis Pasteur Modern Medicine)对路易斯·巴斯德(英语:Louis Pasteur (pass-TUR))欠下了很多钱.
He proved the Germ Theory of Disease, which states that contact with harmful microbes is the cause of disease.
他证明了"格姆病理"(Germ Theory of Disease),该理论指出接触有害微生物是疾病的原因.
Pasteur’s most important discovery was that heating a sealed canister filled with food to a specific temperature for a certain length of time would kill many organisms inside.
Pasteur最重要的发现是,将装满食物的密封罐子加热到特定温度一定时间会杀死里面的许多生物.
This heating process is called pasteurization.
这种取暖过程称为消毒.
Today it is used on fresh milk and canned food.
今天它被用于新鲜牛奶和罐头食品上.
Math Minute To pasteurize milk, the milk is heated to 145 degrees Fahrenheit (62.
数学分钟 为了将牛奶消毒,牛奶被加热到145华氏度(62.
8°C) for 30 minutes, or to 163 degrees Fahrenheit (72.
8°C)30分钟,或到华氏163度(72.
8°C) for 15 seconds.
8°C),持续15秒.
How much quicker in seconds is it to pasteurize milk at the higher temperature?
在高温下将牛奶消毒多久?
The Immune System Our body’s immune system is designed to protect us from harmful microbes.
免疫系统 我们的身体免疫系统旨在保护我们免受有害微生物的伤害。
It’s made up of individually important parts that work together as a unified defense.
由个别重要部分组成,
It’s a cooperative collection of all the different types of cells, glands, and tissues that form the structure of our bodies.
它是所有不同类型的细胞、腺体和组织 构成我们身体结构的合作集合。
So, how do our immune systems manage to keep out the troublemaking microbes?
那么,我们的免疫系统 如何避免麻烦的微生物?
Outside, our skin forms a protective shield that covers us completely.
外出,我们的皮肤形成保护盾 完全覆盖我们。
It’s important to clean, disinfect, and bandage cuts or scrapes to our skin so microbes can’t enter the cut and cause an infection.
因此微生物无法进入伤口并引发感染。
Underneath our skin, there are microbe-hunting white blood cells that travel through our blood vessels.
在我们的皮肤下, 有微生物猎取白血球 通过我们的血管。
They find and destroy millions of harmful, invading microbes every day.
他们每天发现并摧毁数百万有害的微生物。
White blood cells are the natural enemy of disease-causing microbes.
白血球是致病微生物的天敌.
Math Minute Some microbes can double their population every 20 minutes.
数学分钟 一些微生物可以每20分钟将人口增加一倍.
If you start out with 1 microbe, how many microbes will you have after 4 hours?
如果你从1个微生物开始,4小时后,你会有多少个微生物?
Hint: Start with 1 microbe at 0 minutes.
提示:0分钟从1个微生物开始.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
One drop of blood contains between 7,000 and 25,000 white blood cells.
一滴血含有7000到25000个白血球.
These cells attack invading microbes in different ways.
这些细胞以不同的方式攻击入侵微生物.
Some white blood cells produce antibodies that cancel out the microbe’s chemicals, while others surround the microbe and destroy it.
一些白血球产生抗体,去除微生物的化学物质,而另一些则会包围微生物并摧毁微生物。
Its ability to “remember” microbes is our immune system’s best weapon against them.
它“记住”微生物的能力是我们免疫系统对付这些微生物的最佳武器。
The immune system knows which microbes it’s looking for.
免疫系统知道它要找的微生物。
It recognizes the ones that cause problems.
它承认造成问题的因素。
It remembers what defenses worked against them the last time they attacked—and fights them off.
它记得上次进攻时 防御工事对他们有什么作用 并击退他们
If you had the mumps or the measles when you were younger, your immune system has remembered those microbes.
如果你年轻时得了腮腺炎或麻疹 你的免疫系统就记得这些微生物了
It’s unlikely that you will get sick from mumps or measles a second time.
可能再次患上腮腺炎或麻疹。
Four Groups of Microbes Bacteria Bacteria (back-TEER-ee-uh) are everywhere and on everything—and they’re tough.
四组微生物细菌遍布各地,
Some can thrive in barren ice, others in extreme heat.
有的可以在贫瘠的冰中生长,有的则在极热中生长.
As with other microbes, some bacteria are good for us, and some aren’t.
与其他微生物一样,一些细菌对我们有益,有些则不是。
There are more types of bacteria than there are types of any other organisms on Earth.
细菌种类多于地球上其他生物种类.
By sheer population count, bacteria rule!
纯粹的人口统计,细菌统治!
One type of good bacteria lives in our intestines.
有一类好细菌生活在我们的肠中.
It helps to break down and digest the food we eat, and we couldn’t live without it.
它有助于分解和消化我们的食物,
Nasty strep throat bacteria can cause a painful sore throat, a fever, a headache, an upset stomach, and tender, swollen glands in the neck.
鼻塞喉道细菌可引起喉咙疼痛,发烧,头痛,胃部不适等症状,并发柔,颈部有腺肿.
White spots of pus appear on the back of the throat.
白斑脓出于喉后.
Food poisoning can make us very sick, as well.
食物中毒也会让我们生病
It’s usually caused by harmful bacteria that live on, or in, many uncooked foods.
通常是由许多未经烹饪的食物上或里面的有害细菌引起的。
Cooking food to the right temperature kills those bacteria.
烹饪食物到合适的温度 杀死这些细菌。
But there are other bacteria that live on the surfaces where we prepare food every day, and on our hands.
但是还有其它的细菌生活在我们每天准备食物的地表, 和我们手上。
Food poisoning often causes an upset stomach, vomiting, and diarrhea.
食物中毒常常会引起胃部不适,呕吐,腹泻.
Scientists sometimes grow bacteria on purpose so that they can study them.
科学家有时会故意地生长出细菌,以便研究.
Here, strep throat bacteria grow in a dish filled with a liquid that provides food and a safe environment.
在这里,链状咽喉细菌生长在一个充满了能提供食物和安全环境的液体的菜肴中.
Fun Food Fact Several types of bacteria help change milk into yogurt and sour cream.
趣味食品 Fact 有几种细菌帮助将牛奶转化为酸奶和酸奶.
These bacteria eat lactose, or milk sugars, and release lactic acid, which curdles the milk and makes it more solid.
这些细菌会吃乳糖,或取出乳糖,并放出乳酸,使乳汁卷起并更坚固.
The lactic acid gives yogurt and sour cream a tangy, sour flavor.
乳酸会给酸奶和酸奶 一种酸奶的味道
Salmonella is the bacteria responsible for many cases of food poisoning.
沙门氏菌是造成多起食物中毒的细菌.
Viruses Viruses (VY-russ-es) can be difficult to get rid of.
病毒(VY-russ-es)可能难以被消除.
A virus will invade the cells of people or other animals and spread quickly from cell to cell, causing an infection.
病毒会侵入人的细胞或其他动物的细胞并迅速从细胞传播到细胞,引起感染.
Viruses not only make people sick, some viruses can cause death.
病毒不仅使人生病,有些病毒可以造成死亡.
And sometimes a virus can avoid detection by our watchful immune system.
有时一种病毒可以避免被我们小心的免疫系统发现.
A virus has the ability to mutate, or change its identity, to avoid being noticed.
病毒具有变异或改变身份的能力,以避免被注意.
This ability to change makes it more difficult to find the virus and stop it.
这种变化能力使得更难找到病毒并阻止病毒.
The flu, chicken pox, HIV, and the common cold are each caused by a virus.
流感,鸡瘟,HIV,和常见的寒冷都是由病毒引起的.
Scientists are looking at ways to use viruses to help people get healthy, too.
科学家们正在研究如何使用病毒来帮助人们健康。
Viruses take control of the cells they invade and tell them what to do.
病毒控制了它们入侵的细胞,并告诉他们该怎么做.
If a cell started multiplying out of control, a scientist might be able to use a virus to tell the cell to slow down its growth.
如果一个细胞开始变得失控,科学家可能可以使用病毒告诉细胞减缓生长.
This treatment is being studied as a way to fight cancer, a disease in which cells grow out of control.
这种治疗被作为对抗癌症的一种方法来研究,癌症是细胞生长失控的一种疾病.
Influenza virus at 295,000x magnification Symptoms Headaches Fever Muscle Aches & Tiredness Sore Throat Runny Nose Sneezing Coughing Chills Common Cold No None or Mild Sometimes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Flu Yes High Fever, 102–104˚F for days Yes Sometimes Sometimes Sometimes Yes Yes Do You Have a Common Cold or the Flu?
流感病毒在29.5万x放大 症状 头痛 发烧肌肉痛和疲惫 喉咙痛 鼻涕打喷嚏 咳嗽的寒冷 常见的冷 冷 冷 无 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的 有的有的 有的有的 有的 有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的 有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有高的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的有的 有的时候有的时候有,有,有,有,有,有,有,有,有
Fungi There are many different types of fungi (FUN- guy).
真菌 多种不同种类的真菌(FUN- guy).
Some, like mushrooms, look like plants.
有些,像蘑菇,看起来像植物。
But the microscopic type of harmful fungi that invade our body cause irritating, common infections like ringworm and athlete’s foot.
但侵入我们身体的有害真菌的微缩类型会引发诸如环虫和运动员脚等常见的刺激性感染。
Ringworm causes a wormlike, itchy, red ring to appear on the skin.
环虫会使一株类似蠕虫的,痒痒的,红色的环会出现在皮肤上.
Athlete’s foot fungi attack the bottoms of feet and area between the toes, causing the irritated skin to itch, crack, and peel.
Athlete的脚真菌会攻击脚底和脚趾之间的区域,导致刺激的皮肤痒、裂缝和皮革。
Protozoa Protozoa (pro-toe-ZOE- uh) are simple, single-celled organisms that often live in streams, ponds, and dirty water.
原生zo(学名:Pro-toe-ZOE-uh)为 simple科 simple属的生物,为单细胞生物,常生活于溪流,池塘和脏水中.
We need to be careful about the water we drink.
我们要注意我们喝的水
If protozoa get into your body, they can cause nausea, vomiting, and mouth infections.
如果原生动物进入你的身体,它们会引起恶心,呕吐,口腔感染.
One serious protozoa infection is spread by saliva from the bite of an infected mosquito.
一种严重的原生动物感染是通过被感染的蚊子咬伤后唾液而传播.
This protozoa microbe enters the person’s blood, through the bite, and causes a disease called malaria.
这种原生动物微生物通过被咬入人的血液,并引起一种叫作"疟疾"的疾病.
Malaria occurs most often in areas that have hot, tropical climates.
疟疾最常发生在热带气候炎热的地区。
This infection causes a high fever, weakness, and delirium, and it kills a million people every year.
这种感染导致高发热、弱和精神失常,每年造成一百万人死亡。
How Do Microbes Spread Infection?
微生物如何传染?
Think about the times when you have been in a crowded place, near someone who is sneezing or coughing.
想想你曾经在拥挤的地方 靠近打喷嚏或咳嗽的人
You know they are spreading germs, and you wish they’ d stayed at home.
他们正在传播细菌,
Most diseases are spread by our contact with an infected, or sick, person.
大多数疾病是通过我们与感染者或病人的接触传播的。
Many infection-causing microbes live in bodily fluids such as saliva, blood, and nasal mucus.
许多导致感染的微生物生活在体液中,如唾液,血液和鼻黏液等.
These fluids make it easy for microbes to transfer an infection from one person to another.
这些液体使得微生物很容易将感染从一个人转移到另一个人身上.
Besides the germs that are coughed into the air, you can pick up germs if you handle something that has been touched and contaminated by someone who is sick.
除了被咳嗽到空气中的细菌外,如果你处理被病人所触碰并被污染的东西,你还可以捡起细菌.
There are also several harmful microbes that can infect an insect or other animal first; then that infection can be passed to a human.
还有一些有害的微生物可以先感染昆虫或其他动物;然后感染可以传给人.
We can get rabies from infected mammals such as dogs, raccoons, and skunks; and salmonella may be on chickens, birds, fish, and reptiles.
我们可以从被感染的哺乳动物,如狗,浣熊,和臭鼬那里得到狂犬病;而沙门氏菌可能在鸡,鸟,鱼和爬行动物上.
Besides malaria, infected mosquitoes can also give us West Nile virus.
除疟疾外,被感染的蚊子也给我们带来西尼罗病毒.
Sick birds can transfer a serious avian flu, and Lyme disease comes from the bite of an infected tick.
有病的鸟类可以转移严重的禽流感,莱姆病来自被感染的虱子的叮咬.
Mosquitoes can transfer diseases like malaria and West Nile virus from person to person.
蚊子可以将疟疾和西尼罗河病毒等疾病由人传染给人.
Tissues help keep germs from spreading.
组织有助于防止细菌扩散。
Outbreaks and Epidemics Diseases can be spread quickly.
疫情和传染病可以迅速蔓延.
One sick person can infect dozens—and dozens of sick people can then infect hundreds more.
一个病人可以感染几十个病人,然后数十个病人可以再感染上百个病人。
It’s even possible for people to infect others long before they know that they themselves are sick.
人们甚至可能在知道自己生病之前就感染他人。
A person who shows no signs of a disease, but who still infects others, is sometimes referred to as a “healthy carrier” and can be hard to find, isolate, and treat.
一个人虽无疾病迹象,但仍会感染他人,有时被称作"健康载体"并可能很难找到,隔离和治疗.
When a small group of people in the same place all get the same disease, it’s called an outbreak.
当同一个地方的一小群人都得了同样的疾病时,
When an outbreak of disease rapidly spreads to a large number of people, it’s called an epidemic.
当疾病爆发迅速蔓延到很多人时,
When an epidemic quickly spreads to infect larger groups of people around the world, it’s called a pandemic.
当流行病迅速蔓延到全世界更多的人群时,
A local outbreak of a disease is no longer expected to stay in one place.
当地爆发的疾病预计不再停留在一个地方.
Disease-carrying microbes are hitchhikers, and they go wherever people go.
携带疾病的微生物是搭便车的,他们去任何地方都行。
Modern transportation, such as buses, trains, and airplanes, carry both people and their germs quickly.
现代交通,如公交车,火车,和飞机,都快地载人和他们的细菌.
Sick travelers can infect any person they encounter during their trip.
生病的旅行者可以感染旅途中遇到的任何人.
Then the people they just infected can start a separate outbreak in another place.
然后他们刚刚感染的人 就可以在另一个地方单独爆发
Fighting Microbes with Vaccines No one likes to get shots but they’re important.
以疫苗打击微生物 没有人喜欢拍照,
A vaccine treatment is a way to plan ahead to prevent a disease.
疫苗治疗是计划预防疾病的方法。
The job of a vaccine is to help build up our immune system’s ability to recognize and fight off a disease-causing microbe.
疫苗的作用是帮助我们建立免疫系统识别和消灭致病微生物的能力。
Many of these powerful vaccines are made from weakened, tiny bits of the harmful virus or bacteria itself.
许多这些强大的疫苗都是由弱小的,微小的有害病毒或细菌本身所制取.
The idea of using a virus to prevent a disease, or to use a mild disease to prevent a worse disease, was first thought of about two hundred years ago in England.
使用病毒来预防疾病,或者使用温和的疾病来预防更糟糕的疾病的想法,在英国最早被想到了大约200年前.
Dr.
医生
Edward Jenner treated many farm workers who caught a mild pox disease called cowpox.
爱德华·简纳治疗了许多农场工人,他们感染了一种叫"牛痘"的轻度痘病.
He also treated severe cases of deadly smallpox.
他还治疗了严重的致命天花病例.
Over time, Dr.
随着时间的推移,博士。
Jenner noticed that people who had once been sick with cowpox never got the other pox disease, smallpox.
Jenner注意到曾经患过牛痘病的人从来没有患过其他的痘病,天花.
But why?
为什么?
Smallpox is one of the deadliest diseases in the world, and it is highly infectious.
天花是世界上最致命的疾病之一,并且具有很高的传染性.
Epidemics of smallpox killed many thousands of people.
天花的流行造成上千人死亡.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
When Europeans and Africans carried smallpox microbes to the Americas, none of the Native Americans had ever been exposed to the disease.
当欧洲人和非洲人将天花微生物带到美洲时,没有一个美洲原住民曾被感染过这种疾病.
They had no immunity to it.
他们对此没有豁免权。
As a result, smallpox killed millions.
因此,天花杀死了数百万人.
In South and Central America, nine out of ten people in the largest native cities died from smallpox.
在南美洲和中美洲,最大本土城市的10人中有9人死于天花.
Dr.
医生
Jenner realized that cowpox and smallpox must be related diseases, like being cousins from the same family.
Jenner意识到牛花和天花必须是相干疾病,就像同家族的堂兄弟.
He became certain that having a case of cowpox must somehow provide some kind of natural immunity against getting smallpox.
他开始确信,有一例牛花 一定能提供某种自然免疫力 防止染上天花
He thought that if he purposely gave the weaker disease to people before they were exposed to smallpox, it might reduce the number of people who were dying from it.
他认为,如果在人们接触天花之前,故意将较弱的疾病给予他们,那可能会减少死于天花的人数.
To test his idea, he would have to ask healthy people to volunteer to become sick with cowpox—and then wait to see what happened.
为了测试他的想法,他必须请健康的人自愿接受牛瘟的治疗,然后等待着看到发生了什么。
Amazingly, people volunteered to help him.
令人惊讶的是,人们自愿帮助他。
The people he gave cowpox to were mildly sick for a while, but they recovered quickly.
他给牛痘的人暂时温和地生病了,但他们很快恢复了.
While they were sick, their immune systems were learning about the pox microbe and developing a way to fight it.
当他们生病的时候,他们的免疫系统正在学习 关于小痘微生物的知识, 并开发一种方法来对抗它。
Jenner’s idea about the relationship of the two diseases was correct.
Jenner关于这两种疾病的关系的想法是正确的.
The people in his test who were given the cowpox virus as a preventive treatment did not get the deadly smallpox virus later.
在他测试中,作为预防治疗而获得牛花病毒的人后来没有获得致命的天花病毒.
His use of a weak version of a disease to stop a stronger version of a similar disease saved thousands of lives.
他使用弱版的疾病来阻止更强版的类似疾病,挽救了上千人的生命.
Dr.
医生
Jenner is credited with stopping smallpox around the world.
詹纳被誉为在世界各地阻止了天花.
About seventy-five years after Dr.
约七十五年后
Jenner’s remarkable test, Louis Pasteur discovered how to weaken microbes and introduce them into the immune system.
Jenner的出众测试,Louis Pasteur发现了如何削弱微生物并把它们引入免疫系统.
Then, as happened with the cowpox test, the immune system had the chance to learn about that microbe.
然后,像牛瘟试验一样,免疫系统有机会了解了这个微生物.
It had its defense ready if the real disease attacked.
如果真病发作 它的防御准备就绪
Pasteur’s experiments using weakened microbes led to the creation of several preventive vaccines— such as the flu shot—that could be given to large populations of people.
巴斯德使用被削弱的微生物进行的实验导致研制出几种预防疫苗,如流感疫苗,可以提供给大批人口。
Vaccines can be given as shots or taken by mouth.
疫苗可作注射或口服.
Antibiotics: The Magic Bullet Scientists discovered that some microbes naturally fight and kill other types of microbes.
抗生素: "魔法子弹"科学家发现一些微生物自然而然地会战斗并杀死其他类型的微生物.
They can do this without harming either healthy cells or other, helpful microbes.
他们可以这样做,而不会伤害健康的细胞或其他有帮助的微生物。
These special killer microbes naturally produce strong medicines called antibiotics.
这些特殊的杀手微生物自然会产生被称作抗生素的强药.
The antibiotics directly attack only the targeted infection.
抗生素只直接攻击目标感染.
Antibiotics are strong.
抗生素很强.
But scientists were concerned to discover that the very strongest microbes sometimes survived an antibiotic treatment.
但科学家们很担心地发现,最强的微生物有时在抗生素治疗中存活了下来.
Their research revealed several reasons why an antibiotic can fail.
他们的研究揭示了抗生素可能失败的几个原因.
Sometimes the tough microbes change their identity just enough to hide from the antibiotic.
有时强壮的微生物会改变它们的身份 足以躲避抗生素
In other cases, some antibiotics have become so overused, or misused, that microbes have developed a resistance to them.
在另一些情况下,一些抗生素被过度使用或被滥用,使微生物产生了抗药性.
The microbe has learned to fight back.
微生物学会了反击
Scientists continue to research microbes and antibiotics.
科学家继续研究微生物和抗生素.
They try to produce new, different, and more effective antibiotics to fight stronger, deadlier microbes.
他们试图生产出新的,不同的,更有效的抗生素来对抗更强大,更致命的微生物.
Don’t Spread Disease Microbes like to travel.
不要传播疾病,
Microbes like crowds of people.
微贝子等众生.
Remember that when you’re sick, it’s important to stay home.
记住当你生病时,
Stay away from other people and rest.
远离他人而去休息.
Doing both of these things helps your body fight harmful microbes.
做这两件事都有助于你的身体对抗有害的微生物.
At the same time, it also keeps you from infecting other people.
同时,它也防止你感染其他人.
Remember to cover it—and toss it!
记住把它盖上 扔掉!
When you have a cold, always cover your mouth and nose with a tissue if you sneeze or cough.
发作后有感冒,打喷嚏或咳嗽时会用组织遮住口鼻.
Then throw away the tissue in a trash can.
然后把纸巾丢入垃圾桶
If you don’t have a tissue, cough into the side of your arm or cover your nose and mouth with your cupped hands; then wash your hands as soon as you can.
如果你没有组织, 咳嗽入手臂的侧面, 或用被捧起的手遮住鼻子和口; 然后尽快洗手。
If you are sick, avoid sharing food, cups, or plates with other people.
如果你生病, 避免与其他人分享食物、杯子或盘子。
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
In 1928, Dr.
1928年,获博士.
Alexander Fleming discovered that a common bread mold would kill bacteria.
亚历山大·弗莱明发现普通的面包模具会杀死细菌.
This discovery led to the world’s first antibiotic, penicillin, which is still the world’s most widely used antibiotic.
这一发现导致了世界上第一种抗生素-青霉素,它仍然是世界上使用最广泛的抗生素.
Germs, or harmful microbes, spread easily in crowded places.
基因或有害微生物在拥挤地段容易扩散。
Conclusion Microbes live in, on, and around almost everything.
结论 微生物生活在,在, 和周围几乎一切。
Most microbes are harmless, but some of them can cause disease—and a disease can spread quickly.
大多数微生物是无害的,但有些微生物可以引起疾病——一种疾病可以迅速传播。
Some methods for preventing disease, such as the use of vaccines and antibiotics, are the result of over two hundred years of scientific discovery, medical research, and modern medical practices.
一些预防疾病的方法,如使用疫苗和抗生素,是二百多年科学发现,医学研究和现代医学实践的结果.
Many countries, organizations, and individual doctors are coordinating their efforts to control and even eradicate many diseases.
许多国家、组织和个别医生正在协调努力,以控制甚至根除许多疾病。
Even with all of this effort, we will never be able to wipe out all of the world’s harmful microbes.
即便如此努力,我们仍无法消灭世界上所有有害的微生物。
But we can learn how they cause infection and can help to control them.
但我们可以学习它们如何引起感染,帮助控制它们.
We can learn how to be healthier.
我们可以学会如何更健康。
Staying Healthy Keep your immune system healthy • In order to stay healthy, you must keep your immune system strong.
保持健康 • 保持免疫系统的健康 为了保持健康,必须保持免疫系统坚固.
Eat a balanced diet of nutritious foods, including fruits and vegetables, and drink lots of water.
食用平衡的营养食品,包括水果和蔬菜,并喝入多水.
Get fresh air, exercise, and enough sleep each night.
呼吸新鲜空气,锻炼, 和足够的睡眠每晚。
Preparing food • Wash knives and cutting boards with water and soap after cutting raw meat, and never let raw meat touch cooked foods.
· 用水和肥皂清洗刀具和切割板,切出生肉后,绝不让生肉触碰烹饪出的食物。
• Do not eat food from dented or swollen cans.
• 支助 不要吃从凹陷或肿胀的罐子上取来的食物.
• Do not eat food that has fallen onto the floor.
• 支助 别吃倒地上的食物
Keeping clean • The most important microbe-fighting action is staying clean with soap and water.
保持清洁 最重要的微生物防治行动是用肥皂和水保持清洁。
Eighty percent of diseases are transmitted through touch because many people do not wash their hands.
80%的疾病是通过触摸传播的,因为许多人不洗手.
If everyone washed his or her hands, we could cut down the spread of disease.
如果每个人都洗了手,我们可以减少疾病的传播。
dry them on a clean towel.
用干净的毛巾擦干
Take care of your teeth • Brush and floss your teeth to remove bits of food.
注意取出牙齿 • 刷出牙来取出点吃.
Mouth bacteria cause cavities and feed on rotting food.
口腔细菌引起腔道并以腐烂的食物为食.
Infections can easily get into your bloodstream through your mouth.
感染很容易通过口腔进入血液。
See a doctor regularly • A healthy person should see a doctor once a year.
• 定期看医生; 健康人应当每年看医生一次.
Getting a regular checkup can prevent problems before they begin.
定期检查可在问题开始前预防出问题。
Make sure you get all of your shots.
确保你得到所有你的镜头。
Outdoor safety • When you go outside, do not touch wild animals.
• 室外安全 出去时,不要碰野生动物.
They may bite or scratch, or they may have disease-carrying bugs on them.
它们可能会被咬或抓伤,或者它们身上可能有携带疾病的虫.
Wear insect repellent to keep mosquitoes and ticks away when camping or hiking.
穿戴驱虫剂以保持蚊子,在露营或徒步旅行时会虱子出走.
chlorinated.
氯化物。