InFLUenza
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 What Is the Flu?
四是流感吗?
5 Changing Viruses.
5 变化中的病毒。
9 The Body Fights Back.
9"身体反击".
11 Preventing the Virus from Taking Over.
11 防止病毒蔓延。
14 Treating the Flu.
14 治疗流感。
17 History of the Flu.
17 流感史.
18 Conclusion.
18 结论。
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 Introduction Have you ever shivered with chills or burned up with a fever?
23 导言 你有没有发过寒冷的颤抖 或者发烧的发烧?
Have you ever had a sore throat, a stuffy nose, a pounding headache, and muscle aches?
你曾有过喉咙痛,鼻子闷,头痛和肌肉痛吗?
Have you ever felt really fatigued even though you’ve just woken up in the morning?
即使你刚早上醒来,
If you feel symptoms such as these, flu germs may have invaded your body.
如果你有这种症状 流感细菌可能会侵入你的身体
By learning about the flu—what it is, what causes it, what its symptoms are, and how to treat it— you can fight back against this illness and stay healthy.
通过了解流感——它是什么,它是什么,它的症状是什么,如何治疗——你可以与这种疾病抗争并保持健康.
4 A water bottle and a blanket can help when you have the flu.
4个 水瓶和被子可以帮助 当你有流感。
What Is the Flu?
什么是流感吗?
The flu is also called influenza (in-floo-EN-zah).
该流感也被称为流感(in-floo-EN-zah).
It’s caused by a virus that has the ability to quickly spread between people.
是由病毒引起的,
A virus is a tiny microorganism—a microbe, or germ—that is invisible to the naked eye.
病毒是一种肉眼看不见的微小微生物——微生物或细菌。
A virus is composed of a little bit of genetic material surrounded by a hard protein shell that protects it.
一种病毒由少量的遗传物质所组成,被坚硬的蛋白外壳所包围来保护它.
Viruses are submicroscopic—so small that scientists must use extremely powerful microscopes to see them.
病毒是亚显微镜——如此之小,科学家必须使用极其强大的显微镜才能看到它们。
Even when viewed through a microscope, a virus can only be seen after its image has been magnified to one thousand times its original size.
即使通过显微镜观看,病毒也只能在其图像被放大到原来的一千倍后才能被看到.
In fact, viruses are so small that hundreds of thousands of them can live on the head of a pin.
事实上,病毒如此之小,以至于数十万种病毒可以活在针头上.
Viruses are everywhere.
到处都是病毒
Some won’t bother you at all, but some can be dangerous, even deadly, to people and other animals.
有些人根本不会打扰你,
And during flu season, which lasts from October through May in the northern hemisphere, viruses are widespread.
而在北半球从10月到5月的流感季节中,病毒很普遍.
Like many other organisms, viruses need a particular type of home in order to survive and reproduce.
与许多其他生物一样,病毒需要一种特殊的家类型来生存和繁殖.
Unfortunately for humans and other animals, that home is inside us!
对人类和其他动物来说,那房子就在我们体内!
Viruses act as intracellular parasites.
病毒充当细胞内寄生虫.
Although they can live on their own for a period of time—sometimes for years—eventually they must find organisms to serve as hosts and get inside their cells in order to reproduce.
虽然他们可以独自生活一段时间,有时是多年,但最终必须找到生物作为宿主并进入他们的细胞以繁殖.
Once a virus infects a human being, it uses its hard protein shell to make a hole in a cell, which it then invades.
一旦病毒感染了人类,它就会利用其硬蛋白外壳来在细胞中打出一个洞,然后入侵.
Once inside the host cell, the virus inserts its own genetic information into the cell and begins to rapidly make copies of itself.
一旦进入宿主细胞,病毒会将自己的遗传信息插入细胞,并开始迅速复制自己.
One to four days after infection, the host may begin to experience symptoms and feel sick.
感染后一至四天,宿主可能开始出现症状并感到有病.
Avian influenza virus A virus invades a cell in a human body.
禽流感病毒 病毒侵入人体的细胞.
The virus takes over the cell and makes copies of itself.
病毒占据了细胞,使自己复制.
Copies of the virus break out of the cell and start invading other cells.
病毒复制品从细胞中突出并开始入侵其他细胞.
There are many kinds of flu, and each is caused by a specific virus.
流感有很多种,每种都是由特定的病毒引起的.
But even though there are different types of flu, their symptoms are very similar.
但尽管流感有不同类型,其症状也非常相似.
Flu is an infection of the respiratory tract that usually causes you to feel achy, feverish, congested, fatigued, and sick to your stomach.
流感是呼吸道的一种感染,通常会导致你感到疼痛,发烧,发作,疲劳,并生病到胃部.
Influenza has three basic types: Influenza A, Influenza B, and Influenza C.
流感有三种基本类型:甲型流感,乙型流感和丙型流感.
Influenza A can cause serious illness in humans and other animals and is usually responsible for large outbreaks.
流感 A会给人和其他动物造成严重的疾病,通常会对大规模爆发负责.
Influenza B is milder, causes smaller outbreaks, and affects only humans (mostly children).
流感 B比较温和,引起较小的爆发,只会影响人类(多为儿童).
Influenza C usually causes only mild illness in humans.
流感 C通常只给人类造成轻度疾病.
All types of influenza can be passed from an infected person to a healthy person through the air or through contact with objects such as eating and drinking utensils.
各种流感都可以由被感染者通过空气或通过接触食用和饮用餐具等物品传递给健康人.
The influenza virus is often transmitted in saliva from an infected person’s mouth and on droplets of mucus sneezed or coughed into the air.
流感病毒经常从感染者的口中流出唾液,并被打喷嚏或咳嗽倒入空气。
For this reason, it is always important to cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze.
因此,咳嗽或打喷嚏时,总是要遮住口鼻.
It’s also important to wash your hands after going to the bathroom and before eating or preparing food.
也有必要洗手,
If you are infected, the very best thing you can do is to stay home and away from other people so you don’t spread your germs.
如果你被感染,你所能做的最好的事情就是留在家里,远离其他人,以免扩散出你的细菌。
Tiny drops of saliva and mucus fill the air when you sneeze.
小滴口水和黏液 在你打喷嚏时填充空气。
Flu viruses attack the respiratory tract.
流感病毒攻击呼吸道。
Changing Viruses Viruses are capable of changing, or mutating.
变化中的病毒 病毒能够改变或变异。
Flu viruses are among the most changeable of all viruses.
流感病毒是所有病毒中最易变的.
Each type of virus that mutates from another virus is called a strain of that virus.
从另一种病毒中变异的每一种病毒都叫做病毒菌株.
Many influenza viruses start in wild animals, most often in birds.
许多流感病毒起源于野生动物,最常见的是鸟类.
These viruses can easily mutate into strains that infect ducks and chickens on farms.
这些病毒可以很容易地被突变成菌株来感染农场上的鸭子和鸡.
Once a virus has infected birds on farms, it can further mutate into strains that can infect animals such as pigs, and even humans.
一旦有病毒感染了农场上的鸟类,它会进一步被突变为能感染猪等动物的菌株,甚至人类.
Since chickens, pigs, and humans come in close contact on farms, the spreading and mixing of viruses can be deadly.
由于鸡,猪,和人类在农场有密切的接触,病毒的传播和混合可能是致命的.
The chain of animals infected as the infection moves from wild animals to humans varies from virus to virus.
随着被感染的动物从野生动物转移到人类,病毒感染的动物链因病毒而异.
A single virus chain may include animals as different as dogs and whales.
单一病毒链可能包括同狗和鲸鱼不同的动物.
Sometimes a virus takes a shortcut in the chain, such as the avian virus of 1997, which jumped directly from birds to humans.
有时一种病毒会在链中走捷径,例如1997年的禽类病毒从鸟类直接跳到人类.
Wild birds (above) often pass viruses to farm chickens (right), which come into more contact with people.
野生鸟类(上方)常将病毒传入养鸡地(右方),与人接触较多.
The Body Fights Back The human body has ways of fighting back against the invasion of flu viruses.
身体反击 人体有对抗流感病毒入侵的方法.
The immune system protects against the invasion of harmful microbes by producing chemicals called antibodies, which travel in the blood and patrol the body in search of invaders.
免疫系统通过生产被称作抗体的化学物质来防范有害微生物的入侵,这些化学物质会穿梭于血液中并巡视身体以寻找入侵者.
Antibodies are programmed to destroy a specific type of microbe.
抗体被编程来摧毁特定类型的微生物.
When they find an invasive microbe, antibodies attack and destroy any cells that contain the virus.
当他们找到入侵微生物时,抗体会攻击并摧毁任何含有病毒的细胞.
Because viruses have the ability to mutate, influenza can be a terrible enemy.
因为病毒有变异能力,所以流感可以成为可怕的敌人.
Even if your body successfully fights the virus, the virus can change into a different strain from which your body has no protection, or immunity.
即使你的身体成功与病毒抗争,病毒也会改变成一种不同的菌株,而你的身体没有保护,也没有免疫力.
Then your body has to start all over again, learning how to fight the new strain at the cellular level.
然后,你的身体必须重新开始, 学习如何在细胞层面对抗新的菌株。
Scientists always worry that the next new strain will be even more deadly than previous ones.
科学家总是担心下一个新菌株会比以前更致命.
Your body produces white blood cells to protect you against infectious diseases.
你的身体会产生白血球来保护你免受传染病的感染.
Your body can detect invading microbes in your bloodstream because these diseases carry antigens in their proteins.
你的身体可以检测出血液中的入侵微生物 因为这些疾病携带着抗原的蛋白质
Special cells in your immune system, such as T helper cells, can sense antigens in small portions of viruses poking out of your cells.
你免疫系统中的特殊细胞,如T助动细胞, 可以在小部分病毒中感受抗原 从你的细胞中跳出。
When your body finds an antigen, it has many different ways to attack.
当你的身体找到抗原时,它有多种不同的攻击方式.
The T helper cells produce more antibodies.
T帮助细胞产生更多的抗体.
T helper cells also call in cells called phagocytes (FAY-goh-sites), which eat microbes.
T助细胞也叫"phagocytes"(FAY-goh-sites),它食用微生物.
Or, they call killer T cells, which can destroy cells that are infected with a virus.
或者,他们叫杀手T细胞,可以摧毁感染了病毒的细胞.
One of the best things about the immune system is that it will always remember a microbe it has fought before.
免疫系统最好的一件事是 它永远记得它曾经战斗过的微生物
It will always know just how to fight it again in the future.
它将永远知道如何在未来再次与它战斗。
You may even develop an immunity to a particular microbe; your body can learn to fight so well that your immune system can completely destroy a virus before you feel sick at all.
你甚至可以发展出对特定微生物的免疫力;你的身体能够学会如何战斗,以至于你的免疫系统可以在你完全生病之前完全摧毁一个病毒.
These are just some of the amazing ways your body defends itself against invaders.
这些只是一些惊人的方式 你的身体防御入侵者。
Depending on the kind of microbe it finds, your body produces many different kinds of cells.
根据它发现的微生物种类,你的身体会产生许多不同的细胞.
Most of the time, your body knows exactly how to fight an invading microbe.
大部分时间,你的身体 确切知道如何对抗入侵的微生物。
However, if the immune system of a human body invaded by a virus is weak, viruses can get a stronghold and begin reproducing faster than the immune system is able to destroy them.
然而,如果被病毒入侵的人体的免疫系统薄弱,病毒可以得到一个据点并开始比免疫系统能够摧毁它们的速度更快地再生.
When this happens, the body comes down with flu symptoms that quickly get worse without medical care.
当这种情况发生时,身体会出现流感症状,在没有医疗照顾的情况下迅速恶化.
Preventing the Virus from Taking Over You can take some commonsense actions to prevent a flu virus from entering your body.
防止病毒感染 你可以采取一些常识行动防止流感病毒进入你的身体.
Two of the best ways to stay healthy are by getting plenty of rest and eating well.
保持健康的两种最佳方式是获得充足的休息和良好的饮食.
Avoid contact with objects used by infected people for eating and drinking.
避免接触被感染者用于吃喝的物品.
Wash your hands frequently and keep your fingers out of your mouth.
经常洗手,把手指放入嘴里
These precautions are important because an infected person can be contagious before showing any symptoms.
这些预防措施很重要,因为感染者在表现出任何症状之前会传染.
The person may not know that he or she has been exposed and is about to get sick.
当事人可能不知道自己已经暴露并即将生病。
Avoiding people who have flu symptoms, such as sneezing and coughing, will also help protect you from the virus.
避免有流感症状的人,如打喷嚏和咳嗽,也将有助于保护你免受病毒的感染.
Scientists study ways to help your body fight the flu.
科学家研究如何帮助身体抗流感.
Washing your hands often will help keep you from getting the flu.
经常洗手有助于防止你染上流感。
However, even the most cautious people can become infected.
然而,即使是最谨慎的人也会被感染.
Fortunately, medical scientists have found a way to keep the flu virus from taking over your body.
幸运的是,医学科学家找到了一种方法来防止流感病毒占据你的身体.
They have developed vaccines.
他们研制出疫苗。
Vaccines are weakened or dead flu viruses that are injected into a person’s body before the person gets sick.
疫苗是衰弱或死亡的流感病毒,在病人生病之前注入到一个人的身体中。
These weakened viruses cause the body to produce antibodies that attack and destroy the weakened or dead germs.
这些被弱化的病毒会使身体产生抗体来攻击并摧毁被弱化或死亡的细菌.
Once the body has “rallied the troops” and produced antibodies to destroy the viruses injected into the body, it is on alert and prepared to attack stronger viruses that may invade during flu season.
一旦身体“打击部队”并生产出抗体来摧毁注入身体的病毒,就处于警戒状态,并准备攻击在流感季节可能入侵的更强大的病毒。
Each strain of a virus requires a different vaccine.
病毒的每个菌株都需要不同的疫苗.
Some flu vaccines contain several strains.
一些流感疫苗含有几种菌株.
When these strains are injected into the body, each one causes the body to produce a particular antibody to destroy it.
当这些菌株被注入体内后,会使身体产生出特定的抗体来破坏.
Exposing the immune system to multiple strains prepares the body to defend against many forms of viruses that doctors think might be present during a particular flu season.
将免疫系统暴露于多种菌株上,使身体能够抵御医生认为在特定流感季节可能存在的多种病毒.
Vaccines for most viral strains have an eighty- percent prevention rate, which means that eighty percent of the time, you’ll be immune and won’t get sick from a strain you have been vaccinated against.
大部分病毒菌株的疫苗有百分之八十的预防率, 这意味着百分之八十的时间里,
That’s pretty high, but it’s not perfect, so you might still get the flu even if you’ve received a vaccine.
这相当高,但并不完美,所以即使你已经接种了疫苗,你也可能仍然得流感。
But if you’ve had the vaccine, your symptoms will be milder—you won’t ache so much, and you won’t feel so hot.
如果你已经接种了疫苗, 你的症状会比较温和,
However, if you become infected with a strain that is different from those in your flu shot, you can still get sick.
然而,如果你感染了一种与流感发作中不同的菌株,你仍然可以生病.
Scientists must be good detectives to predict which strains to put into the shot each year.
科学家必须是一个很好的侦探 来预测每年要投入到拍摄中的压力
Not everyone has the same risk of catching the flu, and some people get more seriously ill than others.
并不是每个人都有同样的感染流感的风险,有些人比其他人更重病.
People who are very young or very old, or who already have health conditions such as diabetes and heart disease, are at greater risk of catching the flu than others.
非常年轻或非常年长的人,或者已经患有糖尿病和心脏病等健康状况的人,比其他人更可能感染流感.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
British physician Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine in 1796 when he in jected patients with cowpox virus to protect them from the similar but much more dangerous smallpox virus.
英国医生 爱德华·詹纳于1796年在被注射出牛花病毒的病人中研制出第一种疫苗来保护他们免受类似但更危险的天花病毒.
A doctor gives children shots of vaccine in 1941.
1941年一名医生给儿童注射疫苗.
Treating the Flu Preventing the flu is not always possible.
治疗流感 预防流感并不总是可能的。
However, once viruses infect your body, you still can do several things to fight back.
然而,一旦病毒感染你的身体, 你仍然可以做一些事情来反击。
Pharmacies offer many over-the-counter medicines that can help relieve the symptoms of the flu.
药店提供许多场外药物,可以帮助缓解流感的症状.
These medicines can eliminate the achy feeling in your head and muscles.
这些药物可以消除你头部和肌肉的疼痛感.
They can also help reduce a fever.
他们也可以帮助减少发烧。
Drinking plenty of fluids, such as water or fruit juices, can also help.
喝出大量的液体,如水或果汁,也可以有帮助.
You should get plenty of rest so your body can better fight the viruses that have invaded your cells.
你应该好好休息 这样你的身体就可以更好地对抗入侵你的细胞的病毒
Think about all the work your immune system has to do when it’s fighting an infection.
想想你的免疫系统在对抗感染时必须做的所有工作。
It’s no wonder you feel pain and exhaustion—there’s a war going on inside your bloodstream!
难怪你感到痛苦和疲劳,
Give your body plenty of water and rest so it can do its job.
给身体充沛的水和休息,以便它能够完成任务.
Most people recover from the flu without receiving any special medical treatment.
大部分人从流感中恢复,没有接受任何特殊治疗.
For very serious cases of the flu, however, doctors do have some medicines that they can use.
然而,对于非常严重的流感病例,医生确实有一些可以使用的药物。
Although antibiotic drugs have no effect on viruses, some antiviral drugs do target flu viruses.
尽管抗生素药物对病毒没有影响,但有的抗病毒药物确实以流感病毒为目标.
However, antiviral drugs and medicines that work well against one strain of virus might be useless against another strain.
然而,抗病毒药物和能够有效对抗一种病毒的药物对另一种病毒可能毫无用处。
Viruses can also develop resistance and even immunity to drugs over time.
病毒也可以随着时间推移而发展出药物的抗药性甚至免疫力.
History of the Flu Throughout history, there have been many outbreaks of influenza.
整个历史中,流感爆发频繁。
Some of them have been mild and not very widespread.
其中一些是温和的,并不普遍。
Other outbreaks have been severe, spreading throughout the world and killing millions of people.
其他疾病爆发很严重,在世界各地蔓延并造成数百万人死亡。
Once a flu virus develops and infects a few people, it can spread rapidly to become an epidemic.
一旦流感病毒发展并感染了少数人,它就能够迅速扩散成为流行病.
Scientists have evidence suggesting that flu epidemics date back hundreds and possibly even thousands of years.
科学家有证据表明,流感的流行可以追溯到数百年甚至数千年。
Each epidemic has killed thousands of people or more.
每次流行病都使数千人或更多人丧生。
The history of any influenza outbreak begins with a single person.
任何流感爆发的历史都从一个人开始.
On March 11, 1918, a young man in the U.
1918年3月11日,吴中一青年.
S.
师曰.
Army reported to a hospital with a fever, sore throat, and a headache.
军队向医院报告发烧,喉咙痛,头痛.
Shortly after, many other soldiers at his base developed the same symptoms.
不久后,他基地的许多其他士兵也出现了同样的症状.
In one week, the Army hospital was treating more than five hundred sick soldiers.
在一周内,陆军医院治疗了500多名生病的士兵.
By the end of spring, forty-eight of those people had died.
至春末,有48人已经死亡.
At first, no one knew why, not even the doctors and scientists.
起初,没有人知道为什么,连医生和科学家都不知道.
Doctors later learned that the illness was caused by a particular strain of the influenza virus.
医生后来得知该病由流感病毒的特定菌株所引起.
In total, this strain of influenza, known as the Spanish flu, killed more than 600,000 Americans and 25 to 40 million people worldwide.
这种被称作"西班牙流感"的流感菌株总共杀死了超过60万美国人和全世界2500至4000万人.
When an outbreak reaches this size, it is known as a pandemic—a disease that spreads rapidly around the world.
当爆发达到这个规模时,它被称为一种流行病——一种迅速向全世界蔓延的疾病。
But the pandemic of 1918 was not the only major influenza outbreak in history.
但1918年的大流行并不是历史上唯一的一次大流感疫情.
The Asian flu, which appeared in 1957, caused about 70,000 deaths in the United States.
1957年出现的亚洲流感在美国造成约7万人死亡.
It got its name because it first appeared in China before coming to the United States in June 1957.
它之所以得名,是因为它在1957年6月来美国之前首次出现在了中国.
Another strain of flu, the Hong Kong flu, was first detected in Hong Kong, China.
另一种流感菌株"香港流感"最早在中国香港被检测出.
In 1968, this virus caused another pandemic, resulting in 34,000 deaths in just the United States—as many people as live in a small city.
1968年,这种病毒又造成又一大流行病,仅在美国就造成34 000人死亡——有许多人生活在一个小城市。
And in 2009, the H1N1 swine flu became the first pandemic in 41 years, infecting people in over 70 countries.
2009年,H1N1猪流感成为41年来首个流行疾病,感染了70多个国家的人.
This map shows an example of how pandemics, such as the Asian flu of 1957–1958, might spread from one area to many others.
这个地图显示了1957-1958年亚洲流感等流行病可能从一个地区蔓延到许多地区的例子。
Masks that fit around the nose and mouth are sometimes worn to help prevent the spread of viruses.
鼻口周围相合的面具有时被穿戴来帮助防止病毒的传播.
However, the masks do not work all the time.
然而,这些口罩并非始终有效。
Other outbreaks have caused widespread concern without developing into actual pandemics.
其他疾病爆发引起了广泛的关注,但没有发展成为实际的流行病。
These include the Russian flu in 1977 and the avian flu in 1997 and 1999.
其中包括1977年的俄罗斯流感和1997年和1999年的禽流感.
Both of these strains of flu began in regions of China and spread to other countries.
这两种流感菌株都起源于中国各地区并蔓延到其他国家.
Doctors are always on the lookout for the next major outbreak.
医生总是在注意 下一次重大爆发。
They believe that if they can detect outbreaks quickly enough, they can keep them from becoming worldwide pandemics.
他们认为,如果他们能够足够快地发现爆发,就能防止它们成为世界范围的流行病。
Conclusion Influenza has been around for hundreds of years.
流感已经持续数百年了
Because flu viruses can change and develop into new strains, influenza may never be wiped out.
由于流感病毒可以改变并发展为新的菌株,所以流感可能永远不会被消灭.
When you have the flu, the most important thing you want to do is take care of yourself and prevent others from getting it.
患上流感后,最想做的是照顾好自己,防止别人感染.
You’ll want to drink as much water as a camel drinks and sleep like a bear.
并像熊一样睡觉。
Get a vaccine if one is available.
如果有疫苗,就买疫苗
Most importantly, remember to attack back!
最重要的是,记住要反击!
Good food and rest allow the healthy cells in your body a chance to win the battle.
良好的食物和休息使身体中健康的细胞有机会赢得战斗.