Dino Duel
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Dueling Dinosaurs.
(原始内容存档于2017-10-12). Release Direling Dinosaurs.
4 Dueling Humans.
4对决人类.
7 Whose Fossils?
7 谁的化石?
14 Glossary.
14 词汇表。
16 Dueling Dinosaurs One day in 2006, Clayton Phipps and Mark Eatman were fossil hunting on a neighbor’s land in eastern Montana.
16 战斗恐龙 2006年的一天,克莱顿·菲普斯(Clayton Phipps)和马克·伊特曼(Mark Eatman)在蒙大拿州东部的一个邻居地上进行化石猎取.
The area is known for its many dinosaur fossils.
该地区以众多恐龙化石而出名.
Before long, Eatman found a huge pelvis sticking out of the side of a canyon.
不久后,"吃人"发现一个巨大的骨盆从峡谷的一侧伸出来.
Soon after, Phipps found an enormous thighbone nearby.
不久后,菲普斯在附近发现了一具巨大的大腿骨.
That’s when he started to suspect that they might have found a complete dinosaur skeleton.
这时他开始怀疑他们可能发现了一具完整的恐龙骨架.
They got to work excavating the bones, which belonged to a plant-eating horned dinosaur.
他们必须挖掘出骨头 骨头属于吃植物的角恐龙
After a couple of weeks of work, they were surprised to discover the claw of a meat eater.
在工作了几个星期后,他们惊讶地发现了吃肉者的爪子.
(Horned dinosaurs didn’t have claws.)
恐龙没有爪子。
It soon became clear that Phipps and Eatman had found something important: the almost-complete fossilized skeletons of two dinosaurs that died and were buried together.
不久后就很清楚了,菲普斯和"吃人"(Eatman)发现了一些重要的东西:两只恐龙一起死去并被埋葬的几乎完全化石骨架.
UNITED STATES CANADA N EW S Garfield County Montana North Dakota South Dakota Wyoming Idaho Clayton Phipps poses with one of the fossils he discovered in Montana.
美国 加拿大 N EW S 加菲尔德县 蒙大拿州 北达科他州 南达科他州 怀俄明州 爱达荷州 克莱顿州 菲普斯用他在蒙大拿州发现的化石之一来作姿势.
The skeletons were removed from the ground, still encased in blocks of rock and soil (called matrix), and taken to a laboratory.
这些骨架被从地上取出,仍被埋入岩石和土壤的地块(被称作基质)并被送往实验室.
When the matrix was removed, fifteen carnivore teeth were found embedded in the herbivore, which indicated that the herbivore had been attacked.
该基质被取出后,发现有15个食肉动物牙齿被嵌入了草本植物中,这表明食肉动物被攻击了.
The carnivore had cracked ribs and a crushed skull, suggesting that the herbivore had kicked it in response.
肉食者将肋骨和被压碎的头骨打碎,说明草食者踢了它作为回应.
The evidence pointed to the two dinosaurs having killed each other.
有证据表明有两只恐龙互相残杀.
Each dinosaur was also an important find on its own.
每只恐龙本身也是一个重要的发现.
The carnivore, which is about the size of a polar bear, is similar in many ways to a small Tyrannosaurus rex.
肉食动物与北极熊的体型相近,在许多方面与小型暴龙雷克相类似.
It could help scientists answer a question they’ve long had about whether this kind of dinosaur is a new species or simply a young T.
它可以帮助科学家回答一个他们早就问过的问题,
rex.
雷克丝 Rex.
The herbivore—about the size of an elephant—appears to be a new species of horned dinosaur.
草食动物——大约是一头大象的大小——似乎是一种角状恐龙的新物种。
Unlike most fossil finds, both skeletons have all their bones, and the bones of each skeleton were found connected rather than separate and scattered.
与大多数化石发现不同,两具骨架都拥有全部骨骼,并发现每具骨架的骨骼相接而非相分而散.
The remains are so well preserved that they include patches of skin, which is practically unheard of among fossils.
遗骸保存得非常好,包括一些几乎在化石中闻所未闻的皮肤。
You’ d think that museums across the country would be racing to get their hands on these rare specimens.
认为全国各地的博物馆会争相抢取这些稀有标本。
But you’ d be wrong.
但你错了。
The story of the “Montana Dueling Dinosaurs” illustrates a debate in the field of paleontology that has stalled a great deal of scientific research.
“Montana Dueling Dinosaurs”的故事说明了古生物学领域的一场辩论,这场辩论使大量科学研究停滞不前。
At the center of the debate are these questions: Should dinosaur bones belong to the world or to the people on whose land they’re found?
辩论的中心是这些问题: 恐龙骨头是属于世界还是属于他们发现的土地上的人?
And who should be allowed to collect them?
何人应得取取.
To understand why scientists and museums aren’t scrambling to buy these fossils, let’s begin by looking at how and by whom they were found.
为了了解科学家和博物馆为何不拼命购买这些化石,
A plaster cast shows how the Dueling Dinosaurs were found lying next to each other with their tails overlapping.
一个石膏铸件显示 决斗恐龙是如何被发现的 彼此相邻 尾巴重叠
An artist’s illustration shows how the Dueling Dinosaurs may have looked.
画家的插图显示了决斗恐龙的外观。
Dueling Humans Clayton Phipps, who first introduced Mark Eatman to fossil hunting, is a “commercial fossil hunter”—also referred to as a “commercial collector” or “independent collector.”
第一次介绍Mark Eatman去猎取化石的 " 人类Clayton Phipps " 是 " 商业化石猎人 " ,也称为 " 商业采集者 " 或 " 独立采集者 " 。 “
Both men live in Garfield County, Montana, where the Dueling Dinosaurs were found—an area with about 1,200 people scattered across roughly 4,800 square miles.
两人都住在蒙大拿州的加菲尔德县,在那里发现了"决斗恐龙"——这个地区大约有1200人分散在大约4800平方英里.
Most people who live there are ranchers or farmers.
住在那里的大多数人是牧场主或农民.
Average incomes are low, and many families struggle to make a living.
平均收入很低,许多家庭为谋生而挣扎.
Dinosaur bones are one of the few plentiful resources in the area.
恐龙骨是该地区为数不多的丰富资源之一.
In fact, the entire eastern portion of Montana and the western Dakotas contain many fossils.
事实上,蒙大拿州整个东部和西部达科他州都含有许多化石.
Fossil hunters such as Phipps and Eatman ask landowners for permission to search for fossils and split the profits with them when the fossils are sold.
Phipps和Eatman等化石猎人向地主请求许可去寻找化石,并在化石被出售后与地主分享利润.
Phipps and Eatman earn money with each find.
Phipps和Eatman每个发现都能赚钱
But for the landowners, a discovery such as the Dueling Dinosaurs can be a once-in-a-lifetime chance for financial security.
但对于地主来说,"决斗恐龙"等发现可能是一次终身的财政保障机会.
Many scientists who heard about the Dueling Dinosaurs wanted these extraordinary specimens to be available for study.
许多听说"决斗恐龙"的科学家希望这些非凡的标本能够可供研究.
Phipps tried to sell the fossils to three museums but did not succeed.
菲普斯试图将化石出售给三个博物馆,但没有成功.
Phipps’s asking price was $15 million—far too much for a museum to afford on its own.
Phipps要求的价格是1,500万美元,对博物馆本身来说太高了。
The three museums also turned down Phipps’s offer because the specimens were excavated by commercial fossil hunters rather than by academically trained scientists working for a museum or university.
这三家博物馆也拒绝了菲普斯的提议,因为标本被商业化石猎人出土,而不是由为博物馆或大学工作的经过学术训练的科学家出土.
The three museums were concerned that the excavation wasn’t done properly.
三个博物馆担心挖掘工作没有妥善进行。
Why is careful excavation so important?
为什么仔细挖掘这么重要?
Fossils must be handled with extreme care so they’re not damaged when being removed from the ground.
化石必须小心处理,
In addition, many details must be recorded, including their position in the ground, the material they were buried in, and whether other fossils were nearby.
此外,必须记录许多细节,包括他们在地上的位置,被埋入的材料,以及是否其他化石相邻.
Those details, as well as others, might hold clues that can help paleontologists piece together the conditions under which an animal lived and died.
这些细节以及其它细节可能掌握线索,有助于古生物学家把动物生存和死亡的条件拼凑在一起.
Careless excavation can result in precious data being lost forever.
粗心的挖掘可能导致宝贵的数据被永远地丢失.
In the words of paleontologist David Trexler, “Collecting fossils is a one-shot event; if you mess up, there’s no do-over.”
用古生物学家David Trexler的话来说,“收集化石是一发一发的事件;如果你搞砸,就没有什么可重复的。 “
“On private lands, whoever owns the land owns the fossils and can manage them any way they want.”
“在私有地上,谁拥有土地,谁拥有化石,谁可以随意管理。 “
Proper excavation techniques can be learned in places other than colleges and universities, and some commercial fossil hunters may have excavation skills that are as good as or better than those of university- trained paleontologists.
适当的出土技术可以在大专院校以外的地方学习,而一些商业化石猎人可能具有出土技术与大学训练的古生物学家一样好或更好的出土技术.
However, some paleontologists don’t trust reports of careful commercial excavations and suspect they’re just a way commercial fossil hunters try to drive up the prices for their discoveries.
但有些古生物学家并不相信有关仔细商业挖掘的报告,
In addition, some scientists and institutions are opposed to buying specimens, even if they were collected properly, because paying money for fossils encourages more people to become commercial fossil hunters.
此外,一些科学家和机构反对购买标本,即使它们被妥善收集,因为为化石付费会鼓励更多的人成为商业化石猎人.
Paleontologist Robert Bakker states that the Dueling Dinosaurs excavation was conducted according to professional standards.
古生物学家 罗伯特·巴克克(Robert Bakker)表示"决斗恐龙"的发掘是根据专业标准进行的.
He claims that the opposition to the specimen is due to some academic paleontologists being biased against commercial fossil hunters.
他声称对标本的反对是因为一些学术古生物学家对商业化石猎人有偏见.
Paleontology Techniques Excavating fossils is painstaking and time-consuming.
古生物学技术 挖掘出化石是艰难而费时的.
The process—when done correctly—generally involves leaving bones in their original positions and removing entire blocks of matrix.
这一过程——如果做得正确——一般涉及将骨头留在原来的位置并取出整个基质块。
The blocks are wrapped in plaster jackets for safe transport to a lab.
这些块被用石膏夹克包裹,安全地运往实验室.
During the excavation, paleontologists create maps, take photographs, and obtain soil samples in order to preserve as much information as possible.
发掘期间,古生物学家会制作地图,拍照并取取取出土壤样本,以尽量保存资料.
At the lab, the fossils are “prepared,” which involves removing them from the matrix; cleaning, repairing, and strengthening them; and getting them ready for storage or display.
在实验室,化石是“准备的”,包括从基质中取出;清洗、修理和加固;以及准备储存或展示。
Think About It Should anyone be allowed to collect and prepare fossils?
考虑 是否应该允许任何人收集和准备化石?
Should training be controlled in some way?
是否应以某种方式控制培训?
If so, should it be limited to academic training?
如果是,是否应仅限于学术培训?
Who should decide?
谁决定呢?
“Collecting fossils is a one-shot event; if you mess up, there’s no do-over.”
“收集化石是一发一发的事件;如果你搞砸了,那就没有什么可重复的。 “
Two Medicine Dinosaur Center (Right) A paleontologist uses a tool in a lab to free a fossil from the rock that surrounds it.
两个医学恐龙中心(英语:Two Medicine Dinosaur Center (Right)) 一个古生物学家在实验室里使用工具从周围的岩石上取出化石.
year-old forest.
岁入林.
Another point in the debate centers around how plentiful dinosaur fossils are.
辩论的另一点 围绕着多丰厚的恐龙化石。
Some people argue that dinosaur fossils are scarce and that only formally trained scientists should be able to excavate and study them.
有些人认为恐龙化石稀缺,只有经过正式培训的科学家才能出土并研究.
Others argue that dinosaur fossils are so plentiful that most would be worn away by wind, water, and other natural forces if only a few trained scientists were allowed to collect them.
另一些人则认为恐龙化石如此丰富,如果只允许少数训练有素的科学家去取取,那么大部分会被风,水等自然力量所磨损.
People on both sides of the debate care about where fossils such as the Dueling Dinosaurs end up.
辩论双方的人关心的是"决斗恐龙"等化石的结局.
Some academic paleontologists are opposed to commercial collection because of the risk of fossils being bought by wealthy private collectors rather than by institutions that will make the fossils available for ongoing scientific study.
一些学术古生物学家反对商业收藏,因为有被富裕的私人收藏家购买化石的风险,而不是被那些能够使化石可供正在进行的科学研究的机构所购买.
One important principle of science is that scientific evidence should be available for study by other scientists.
科学的一个重要原则是科学证据应当可供其他科学家研究.
In the case of dinosaur bones, scientists want to be able to compare new discoveries with specimens found long ago as well as with future finds.
就恐龙骨而言,科学家希望能够将新的发现同很久以前发现的标本以及未来的发现进行比较.
Fossils can end up in one of several places.
化石终能入多地之一.
A museum might buy the fossils, which would allow them to be both displayed and available for scientific research.
博物馆可能购买化石,这样既可以展示,也可以用于科学研究。
A generous buyer might donate them to a scientific institution.
一个慷慨的买家可能会把它们捐赠给科研机构.
A private collector might allow scientific study before displaying the fossils or might display the fossils privately and not allow scientific study.
私人收藏家可能允许在展示出化石之前进行科学研究,也可能允许私下展示出化石而不允许进行科学研究.
Even when scientists aren’t initially given access to a particular specimen that’s privately owned, they sometimes get another chance later as the fossil is passed down to other family members.
即使科学家最初没有获得私人拥有的特定标本,他们有时也会在化石传给其他家庭成员后获得另一次机会。
That process can take decades, or generations, however, and is never guaranteed.
然而,这一进程需要几十年或几代人的时间,而且永远得不到保障。
Think About It If you discovered an amazing dinosaur specimen worth thousands or even millions of dollars, would you donate it to a museum?
考虑 如果你发现了一个价值上千甚至上百万的惊人恐龙标本 你会捐赠给博物馆吗?
Try to sell it?
想卖掉它?
How important would it be to you where it ended up?
对你来说,它到底在哪里?
Fossils that have existed for more than 160 million years underground can disappear quickly once exposed to the elements.
已经存在了1.6亿多年的地下化石一旦被元素所暴露,可以迅速消失.
Students look for fossil remains while visiting Dinosaur Provincial Park in Alberta, Canada.
学生在访问加拿大艾伯塔省的恐龙省公园时寻找化石遗骸.
The Dueling Dinosaurs were found on private land, so, according to current Montana law, they belong to the landowners, who can do as they please with them.
决斗恐龙是在私有地上发现的,因此根据目前的蒙大拿州法律,它们属于地主,他们可以随心所欲地与他们在一起.
Since Phipps was unsuccessful in selling them to a museum, the fossils went to auction in November 2013.
由于菲普斯未能将其卖给博物馆,化石于2013年11月被拍卖.
They were expected to sell for between $7 and $9 million.
预计它们将出售700至900万美元。
However, no bidder offered enough money to meet the auction house’s minimum.
然而,没有出价者提供足以满足拍卖行最低要求的资金。
Whose Fossils?
谁的化石?
Fossil collecting in the United States is restricted only on public lands, and then only sometimes.
美国的化石采集仅限于公地上取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取
Some laws regulate the collection of archaeological remains—those associated with humans and too recent to become fossils—but laws about fossil collecting aren’t always clear or consistent.
有些法律规范了考古遗迹的收集,这些遗迹与人类有关,而且太晚,无法成为化石,但关于化石收集的法律并不总是明确或一致的。
If found on private lands, fossils belong to the landowner, who can keep the fossils or get rid of them as desired.
如果发现于私人地上,化石属于地主,而地主可以保存出化石,或者按所希望的方式去除.
This includes auctioning them off to the highest bidder, regardless of where they will end up.
其中包括拍卖给出价最高者,而不管他们最终会到哪里去。
The laws about fossil collecting vary in other countries.
其他国家关于取出化石的法律各不相同。
In Germany, a professional paleontologist must inspect every fossil that is collected.
在德国,一个专业的古生物学家必须检查所收集的每一个化石.
Scientifically important finds become the property of the government, with the finder paid a fee.
科学上重要的发现成为了政府的财产,发现者付费.
Unimportant finds are returned to the finder, who is free to keep or sell them.
不重要的发现被归还给发现者,后者可以自由保存或出售.
Some people involved with the paleontology debate consider Germany’s policy to be one that the United States should adopt.
一些参与古生物学辩论的人认为德国的政策是美国应该采纳的.
Others think it would be a mistake for the United States to follow Germany’s example.
其他人则认为美国效仿德国的做法是错误的.
They believe such strict policies would be expensive and inconvenient to enforce and would violate the property rights of American citizens.
他们认为这样的严格政策会花费很多而难以执行,并且会侵犯美国公民的财产权.
Think About It Who should be allowed to own fossils?
考虑 应该允许谁拥有化石?
Should ownership of important fossils be limited to museums and universities?
重要化石的所有权是否应仅限于博物馆和大学?
Should wealthy private citizens be allowed to buy fossils for private collections?
是否应该允许富有的私人公民购买化石来作私人收藏?
Who should decide?
谁决定呢?
“Sue” is a world-famous fossil on display at the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois.
“Sue”是一个出名的世界化石,在伊利诺伊州芝加哥的菲尔德博物馆展出。
She is the largest, best preserved, and most complete Tyrannosaurus rex ever found.
她是最大的,保存最完好, 和最完整的暴龙雷克。
Imagine that you’re out on a nature hike and you come across a fossil.
想象一下你在自然出行时遇到一具化石。
Should you pick it up and take it home?
你该把它捡起来带回家吗?
Report your find?
报告你的发现?
Leave it alone?
别管它了?
Children and adults are generally curious about the natural world, and picking up rocks, fossils, and other objects can be fun.
儿童和成年人一般对自然界感到好奇,取取出岩石,化石等物品可以很有趣.
These items reflect the history of our planet—its geological cycles as well as its diverse life forms, many of which are now extinct.
这些项目反映了我们地球的历史——它的地质周期及其不同的生命形式,其中许多已经灭绝。
According to the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, more than four-fifths of all important fossils have been found by amateurs.
根据"黑山地质研究所"(Black Hills Institute of 地质研究所)的资料,所有重要化石有超过五分之四被业余人士发现.
The Dueling Dinosaurs aren’t the last amazing fossil discovery that will take place in your lifetime.
决斗恐龙并不是你一生中最后一次惊人的化石发现。
Many others will no doubt be made, some by academic scientists, others by commercial fossil hunters, and still others by everyday citizens on nature outings.
其他许多无疑都会被制造出来,有的是由学术科学家制造,有的是由商业化石猎人制造,还有的则是日常市民在自然外出时制造.
What will the fate of those fossils be?
这些化石的命运会如何?
Glossary amateurs (n.)
词汇业余(n.
people who do an activity for fun or as a hobby instead of as professionals (p.
为了娱乐或爱好而从事某项活动而不是作为专业人士的人(p.
15) auction (n.)
15) 拍卖(n.
a sale of goods or property at which buyers bid against each other, and the buyer who offers to pay the most wins (p.
买方相互竞价出售货物或财产,而买方提出支付最大赢家(p.
13) biased (adj.)
13) 有偏见(adj.
having or showing unfair support for one opinion, group, or set of beliefs over another (p.
对一种意见、群体或一组信仰而非另一种信仰有或表现出不公平的支持(p.
10) commercial (adj.)
10) 商业(adj.
relating to buying and selling (p.
与买卖有关(第6页)
7) debate (n.)
7) 辩论(n.)
a discussion between people or groups who have different opinions on an issue (p.
对某一问题有不同见解的人或团体之间的讨论(p.
6) dueling (v.)
6) 决斗(五.
fighting one-on-one (p.
单打 (p.
6) excavating (v.)
6)出土(五.
uncovering or digging out (p.
发现或挖掘(p.
4) fossil (n.)
4) 化石 (n.
the remains of a plant or animal that turned to stone over time (p.
久而久之变成石头的植物或动物的遗骸(p.
4) paleontology (n.)
4)古生物学 (n.
the study of plant and animal fossils (p.
关于动植物化石的研究(p.
6) private (adj.)
(6) 私人(adj.)
not public or meant to be shared with others (p.
不公开,或打算与他人分享(p.
11) regulate (v.)
11) 规范(五.
to control or maintain the amount, rate, speed, or behavior of something so it works right or obeys laws or rules (p.
控制或维持某物的量、速率、速度或行为,这样它就能正确运作或遵守法律或规则(p.
14) specimens (n.)
14)标本 (n.
examples of something used for comparison, study, or display (p.
用于比较、研究或显示的示例(p.
6) Fossils such as this one, discovered in Germany in 1951, helped scientists understand the connection between feathered dinosaurs and modern birds.
6)这种化石于1951年在德国被发现,帮助科学家了解有羽毛的恐龙与现代鸟类之间的联系.