Building a Nation
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 The Articles of Confederation.
4. 联邦条款。
5 The Treaty of Paris.
5 《巴黎条约》。
7 Money Problems.
7 金钱问题。
9 Constitutional Convention.
9 制宪会议。
10 Arguments Over Land.
地上十辩.
16 The Louisiana Purchase.
16 路易斯安那州采购。
18 Exploration and War.
18 探索与战争。
19 Timeline of the American Revolution.
19 美国革命时间线.
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 Index.
23 指数。
24 Liberty Bell Introduction In 1776, representatives of the thirteen colonies signed the Declaration of Independence, proclaiming they were free and independent of Great Britain’s rule.
24 自由钟介绍 1776年,十三个殖民地的代表签署"独立宣言",宣布他们自由并独立于大不列颠的统治.
The colonies became a union of states called the United States of America.
殖民地成为了称为"美利坚合众国"的邦联.
The new union of states needed to devise a system of government.
新的邦联需要制定政府制度。
Delegates from the states began to draft a plan for their new government.
来自各州的代表开始为其新政府起草计划.
It would take five years to establish the plan within the new union of states because of the war with Great Britain.
由于同大不列颠的战争,在新的邦联内制定计划需要五年时间.
However, it would take another forty years and another war with Great Britain for this new union to feel united.
然而,这个新联盟要再次与大不列颠进行四十年又一场战争才能感到团结.
Colonists fight British soldiers at the Battle of Lexington.
殖民者在列克星敦战役中与英国士兵作战.
The Articles of Confederation In 1777, delegates at the Second Continental Congress agreed to send the new plan for government to the states for review.
联邦条款 1777年,第二次大陆大会上的代表同意将新的政府计划送交各州审查.
The document detailing the plan would become known as the Articles of Confederation.
详细介绍该计划的文件将被称为《联邦条款》。
It did not refer to the United States as a nation, but as a “firm league of friendship” between thirteen states.
它没有把美国说成是一个国家,而是说它是13个州之间的“牢固的友谊联盟”。
The document set up a weak federal government and strong state governments.
该文件建立了一个软弱的联邦政府和强大的州政府.
The states liked the power given to them under the Articles.
各州都喜欢这些条款赋予它们的权力。
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
The first thirteen states were all located along the East Coast of the present- day United States.
最初的十三个州都位于美国东海岸
GA SC NC PA NY CT MA NH DE NJ CT New Spain VA MD MA New Spain ATLANTIC OCEAN Land claims of states under the Articles of Confederation New Spain unclaimed MA The Articles of Confederation gave the federal government of the United States no power and no freedom to act.
GA SC NC PA NY CT MA NH DE NJ CT 新西班牙 VA MD MA 新西班牙 Atlantic OCEAN 联邦条款赋予美国联邦政府没有权力和行动自由。
The United States had debts from the war, but Congress, the one branch of federal government created by the Articles, could not tax people to raise money to pay off the debts.
美国因战争而欠下债务,但由"条款"所创立的联邦政府的一个分支国会却不能向人们征税来筹集资金来还债.
The lack of power to tax would prove to be a fatal flaw in the Articles of Confederation.
缺乏征税权将证明是《联邦条款》中的一个致命缺陷。
More flaws would be seen in the next few years, including that no one executive was in charge.
今后几年将发现更多的缺陷,包括没有一位行政主管。
A president was elected to oversee the proceedings of Congress but had no power to make decisions.
选出了一名主席监督国会的议事,但无权作出决定。
Congress also did not have the power to change the Articles if the union of states decided something about the plan was not working.
如果邦联对计划做出一些决定,国会也没有权力修改条款.
Nine of the thirteen states had to agree to changes in the Articles.
13个州中有9个州必须同意修改条款。
The Treaty of Paris It took almost five years for all thirteen states to come to an agreement and approve the Articles of Confederation.
《巴黎条约》 所有13个州都花了将近5年时间达成协议并批准《联邦条款》。
In 1781, the major fighting of the Revolutionary War ended with U.
1781年,革命战争中的主要战斗以U结束.
S.
师曰.
General George Washington’s win over British General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia.
乔治·华盛顿将军在弗吉尼亚州约克镇战胜了英国将军查尔斯·康瓦利斯.
The war itself wasn’t really over for two more years.
战争本身并没有真正结束两年。
Representatives from the United States and Great Britain discussed peace terms in Paris, France, from the middle of 1782 until the Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783.
美国和英国的代表从1782年中到1783年9月3日签署"巴黎条约"之前,在法国巴黎讨论了和平条款.
Only then was the war officially over.
直到那时战争才正式结束.
The peace treaty established two important ideas: 1.
和平条约确立了两个重要思想: 1. 联合国
It recognized the new United States as an independent country.
它承认新美国是一个独立国家。
New Orleans and the Floridas, which Spain controlled.
新奥尔良和由西班牙控制的佛罗里达州.
The United States’ northern border was set at the Great Lakes and along the borders of Quebec and Nova Scotia.
美国北部边界被定在大湖以及魁北克和新斯科舍两地的边界上。
The Treaty of Paris New Spain ATLANTIC OCEAN British–controlled U.
新西班牙巴黎条约 (原始内容存档于2018-03-27) (英语). Atlantic OCEAN British – control U.
S.
师曰.
states and territories Thinking Critically WHY was it important for the U.
各州和地区 关键是思考为什么对U很重要
S.
师曰.
to be recognized in the Treaty of Paris as independent of Britain?
巴黎条约承认独立于英国?
IN YOUR MIND, what might have happened if the treaty did not recognize U.
在你看来 如果条约不承认U 会发生什么
S.
师曰.
independence?
独立?
Why Did It Take So Long?
为什么这么长?
The Treaty of Paris was not signed until two years after the war ended at Yorktown.
巴黎条约直到战争在约克敦结束两年后才被签订.
Great Britain was in no hurry to please the United States.
大不列颠不急于取悦美国.
Britain also hoped a delay would increase the chances that colonists who had fled the colonies due to their loyalty to Britain would get paid for property they lost when they fled.
英国还希望拖延会增加因效忠英国而出逃殖民地的殖民者在出逃时失去的财产获得报酬的机会.
Estimates vary on how many colonists loyal to Britain left during and after the war, but some put the number around 100,000.
对战争期间和战后有多少忠于英国的殖民者留下的估计各有不同,但有些人估计这个数字大约为10万人.
Money Problems Once the Revolutionary War was over and the Treaty of Paris signed, the United States had terrible money troubles.
金钱问题 革命战争一结束,"巴黎条约"签订后,美国就出现了可怕的金钱麻烦.
The government had no money and no power to tax, so many of the soldiers were not paid.
政府没有钱,也没有征税的权力,因此很多士兵没有领到薪水.
But an even bigger money headache faced the new nation: war debts.
但是,一个更大的钱头痛 面对新的国家:战争债务。
The nation owed more than $76 million to foreign countries, individual Americans, and state banks.
该国欠外国、个别美国人和州银行7 600多万美元。
Leaders did not know how they would raise the money to pay off the debts.
领导人不知道他们如何筹集资金来还债。
In Massachusetts, money problems inspired a rebellion.
在马萨诸塞州,金钱问题引发了一场叛乱.
Farmers who could not pay their debts lost their farms.
无力还债的农民失去了农场。
In 1786, Daniel Shays, a former Revolutionary War captain, and about a thousand other people marched on the town of Springfield, Massachusetts, and then headed to Boston.
1786年,前革命者丹尼尔·沙伊斯 战争队长,还有大约一千人向马萨诸塞州斯普林菲尔德镇出征,后前往波士顿.
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
Army met them there, and gunfire was exchanged.
军队在那里遇到他们,并交火.
Some of the workers were tried and hanged, while others were not punished.
有的工人被审判并被绞死,有的则没有受到惩罚.
Shays’ Rebellion made it clear to leaders that a stronger federal government was needed.
Shays的叛乱向领导人表明,需要一个更强大的联邦政府。
This gold U.
此金乌.
S.
师曰.
Half Eagle was made in 1795.
半鹰于1795年出产.
Constitutional Convention To solve the many problems of the United States, fifty-five men arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for a meeting at Independence Hall in May 1787.
制宪会议 为了解决美国的许多问题,有55人于1787年5月抵达宾夕法尼亚州的费城,在独立会堂开会.
The goal of the meeting was to change the Articles of Confederation to make a stronger federal government.
会议的目的是要修改"联邦条款",使联邦政府更强大.
The men drafted a constitution that would establish a president to lead the union, give Congress the power to tax, and create a way to change the governing document.
议员们起草了一部宪法,规定由总统领导工会,赋予国会征税的权力,并创立一种改变执政文件的方法。
Twelve of the thirteen states sent delegates.
13个州中有12个州派出了代表.
Each delegate was an influential leader in his own state and was known as a leader in the new union.
每位代表都是自己州内有影响力的领导人,并被誉为新联盟的领袖.
All the delegates were wealthy, educated white men.
所有代表都是富有,受过教育的白人.
They elected George Washington to oversee the meeting, which became known as the Constitutional Convention.
他们选举乔治·华盛顿监督会议,会议被称作"立宪会议".
The convention lasted for several weeks.
会议持续了几个星期。
Debates over revisions to the Articles of Confederation raised tempers on two issues.
关于修订《联邦条款》的辩论引起了两个问题。
The first issue was representation.
第一个问题是代表权。
More representatives in Congress would equal more power.
国会中更多的代表将具有同等的权力。
Two plans were proposed.
提出了两项计划。
One based representation on population, which meant more representatives for states with more people.
一种是以人口为基础的代表,这意味着人口较多的国家有更多的代表。
The other plan made representation equal for all states.
另一项计划使各州的代表性平等。
The second issue was slavery, which was important to the farming economy in the South.
第二个问题是奴隶制,它对南方的农业经济很重要。
Slaves were people who were forced to work without pay.
奴隶是被迫无偿工作的人。
Southern states wanted to ensure they could keep their slaves and that their slaves, who could not vote, would be counted for representation.
南方各州想确保他们能保留他们的奴隶,而那些不能投票的奴隶则会被计为代表.
The delegates for the Southern states thought that by counting slaves for representation, their states would be on more equal footing with the Northern states.
南方各州的代表认为,通过统计奴隶作为代表,他们的州与北方各州的地位会更加平等.
An editorial cartoon shows debates during the Constitutional Convention.
一篇社论漫画展现了制宪会议期间的辩论.
The delegates developed a compromise on both representation and slavery.
代表们就代表权和奴隶制问题达成了妥协。
For representation, they created two houses of Congress.
为了代表,他们创建了国会两院.
In the Senate, all states would be equally represented.
在参议院中,所有州都有平等的代表。
In the House of Representatives, states would be represented based on their population.
在众议院,各州将根据其人口组成代表。
On the issue of slavery, the delegates prohibited Congress from making any changes to control slavery for twenty years.
关于奴隶制问题,20年来,代表们禁止国会改变对奴隶制的控制。
They also agreed to count three- fifths of the slaves living in slave states when deciding how many representatives each state would get.
他们还同意在决定每个州能得到多少代表时,将生活在奴隶州的奴隶数为五分之三.
Delegates also debated how much power the president should have.
代表们还就总统应有多少权力展开了辩论。
They developed a system of checks and balances to give each branch of the government equal power.
他们制定了制衡制度,赋予政府各部门平等的权力.
Three branches were proposed in all—a legislative branch with two houses of Congress, an executive branch with a president, and a judicial branch with a system of courts to enforce laws.
总共建议了三个分支,一个立法分支,由国会两院组成,一个行政分支,由总统组成,另一个司法分支,由法院系统组成,以执行法律。
A system to change the Constitution was also built into the document.
文件还建立了修改宪法的制度。
George Washington addresses the Constitutional Convention.
乔治·华盛顿在宪法会议上发言。
On September 17, 1787, thirty-nine delegates of the convention signed the Constitution and sent it to the states for a vote.
1787年9月17日,国会有39名代表签署"宪法"并送交各州表决.
People everywhere discussed whether the Constitution made a good plan for government.
各地民众讨论宪法是否为政府制定了好计划.
A group called the Federalists worked to get states to ratify the Constitution.
一个名为联邦主义者的团体努力使各州批准宪法.
Another group, called the Antifederalists, worked against it becoming the law of the land.
另一个团体,叫"反联邦主义者",致力于反对它成为国法.
The Antifederalists said the Constitution needed to list the people’s rights that could not be taken away by the government.
反联邦主义者表示,宪法需要列出政府不能剥夺的人民权利.
Eventually, the Federalists and the Antifederalists reached an agreement that included ten changes to the Constitution, which were called the Bill of Rights.
最终,联邦主义者和反联邦主义者达成了一项协议,其中包括了对宪法的十项修改,这些修改被称为"权利法案".
The Bill of Rights guaranteed the right to free speech, the right to practice a religion, and other rights.
《权利法案》保障言论自由的权利、信奉宗教的权利和其他权利。
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
Constitution Liberty for All?
《全民自由宪法》?
Slaves were not free, and neither were women.
奴隶不自由,妇女也不自由。
Women weren’t able to vote, and pretty much had to do as their husbands or fathers told them.
女性无法投票,
John Adams’s wife, Abigail, frequently mentioned this fact to her husband: “Whilst you are proclaiming peace and goodwill to men.
约翰·亚当斯的妻子阿比盖尔经常向她的丈夫提及这一事实: “你们向人类宣告和平与善意,真令人高兴。
you insist upon retaining an absolute power over wives,” she wrote to John.
你坚持要保留对妻子的绝对权力,“她写信给约翰。
In another letter, she wrote: “In the new code of laws.
她在另一封信中写道:“在新的法典中。
I desire you remember the ladies.
我希望你记得女士们
Abigail Adams was an early supporter of women’s rights in America.
阿比盖尔·亚当斯是美国妇女权利的早期支持者.
Thinking Critically WHY did the delegates compromise on so many issues to create the Constitution?
为何代表们在如此多的问题上妥协以制定宪法?
IN YOUR MIND, how does compromise make things stronger?
在你的想法, 如何妥协 如何使事情更强大?
Under the new Constitution, George Washington was elected president of the United States of America.
根据新宪法,乔治·华盛顿被选为美利坚合众国总统.
He took office on April 30, 1789.
他于1789年4月30日上任.
He served two four-year terms as president.
他担任了两个四年的总统任期.
Washington named Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasury.
华盛顿任命亚历山大·汉密尔顿为国库秘书.
Hamilton’s plan to fix the nation’s money problems included taxes on imports and the first national bank.
汉密尔顿解决国家货币问题的计划包括进口税和第一所国家银行.
Hamilton’s plan seemed to restore faith in the government and stimulated growth in the economy.
汉密尔顿的计划似乎恢复了对政府的信心并刺激了经济的增长.
John Adams was elected the second president of the United States in 1796.
约翰·亚当斯于1796年被选为美国第二任总统.
The third was Thomas Jefferson in 1801.
第三个是1801年的托马斯·杰斐逊.
George Washington President 1789–1797 John Adams President 1797–1801 Thomas Jefferson President 1801–1809 Arguments Over Land Another problem that faced the new country was how to divide up the enormous amount of land the United States gained after winning the Revolutionary War.
乔治·华盛顿总统 1789–1797 约翰·亚当斯 总统 1797–1801 托马斯·杰斐逊 总统 1801–1809 陆地上的争论 新国家面临的另一个问题是,如何分割美国在赢得革命战争后获得的大量土地。
Everyone greedily claimed the new lands.
每个人都贪婪地拥有了新的土地。
Some areas were claimed by several states at one time.
一些地区曾一度被几个州所主张.
The Land Ordinance of 1785 spelled out how to divide the new land into townships and sections.
1785年的"土地法令"规定了如何将新地划分为乡镇和地段.
Many sections were to be sold to settlers.
许多部分将被出售给定居者。
Other sections were set aside for the government and public schools.
为政府和公立学校留出了其他部分。
In 1787, Virginia state delegate Thomas Jefferson designed the Northwest Ordinance, which listed rules for how new states would be created in the Northwest Territory.
1787年,弗吉尼亚州代表托马斯·杰斐逊(Thomas Jefferson)设计了"西北法令",其中列出了西北领地将如何创建新州的规则.
It ensured that the United States would not hold colonies as Britain had done.
它确保美国不会像英国那样拥有殖民地。
Tecumseh led the Shawnees to fight against American settlers moving into the Northwest Territory where Native Americans had been living for centuries.
Tecumseh带领Shawnees人与移居西北领地的美国定居者进行斗争,美国原住民已经居住了几个世纪.
The Land Ordinance and the Northwest Ordinance set the stage for a huge westward movement of settlers in the early 1800s.
《土地条例》和《西北条例》为1800年代初期定居者大规模向西移动奠定了基础。
To make this expansion easier, roads, canals, and railroads were built.
为了方便这种扩张,修建了公路,运河,铁路.
The nation was expanding rapidly, and the new government was keeping up with the pace.
国家正在迅速扩张,新政府正在跟上步伐。
Debts were being paid, land disagreements were settled, and a division of power for the new government was established.
正在偿还债务,解决了土地分歧,建立了新政府的权力划分。
The outlook for the new nation was bright.
新国家的前景是光明的。
Settlers built homes, such as the one above, when they moved westward.
定居者在向西迁移时建造了住房,如上述住房。
The Louisiana Purchase With all this prosperity and expansion, leaders of the United States started making plans.
路易斯安那州采购公司 随着所有这些繁荣和扩张,美国领导人开始制定计划.
France held the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and the port of New Orleans.
法国控制了从密西西比河到洛基山脉和新奥尔良港的土地.
U.
吴.
S.
师曰.
citizens could not use the Mississippi River or the port of New Orleans to move crops for trade.
公民们无法利用密西西比河或新奥尔良港运送农作物进行贸易.
The United States sent word to Napoleon Bonaparte, France’s emperor, to try to buy New Orleans.
美国向法国皇帝拿破仑·波拿巴发了消息想买下新奥尔良.
Bonaparte had some military setbacks in Europe, and he needed troops and money.
波拿巴在欧洲有一些军事挫折,他需要军队和金钱.
In order to fund his war, he offered to sell not only New Orleans but also the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million.
为了为他的战争提供资金,他提出不仅出售新奥尔良,而且出售整个路易斯安那领地1500万美元.
In October 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory for France’s asking price—and doubled the size of the nation.
1803年10月,美国购买了路易斯安那领地作为法国的索价,并且将全国面积翻了一番.
The purchase also added 200,000 people to the United States.
购买中还增加了美国20万人.
Exploration and War In May 1804, President Thomas Jefferson sent two army officers—Meriwether Lewis and William Clark—plus a 45-member group to find a route across the continent.
探索与战争 1804年5月,托马斯·杰斐逊总统派了两名军官——梅里韦特·刘易斯和威廉·克拉克——外加一支由45人组成的团体去寻找横跨大陆的路线.
They were to explore the Louisiana Territory and report back.
他们要探索路易斯安那领地并报告情况.
After more than two years, the group returned with journals, drawings, samples of wildlife and plants, and stories of the Native Americans they had met on their travels.
两年多后,该小组带着日记、图画、野生生物和植物样本以及他们在旅行中遇到的美洲原住民的故事返回。
Lewis and Clark’s group travels through the Louisiana Territory.
刘易斯和克拉克的小组穿越路易斯安那领地.
It seemed that the United States had a firm hold on its land in North America.
似乎美国在北美的土地上拥有稳固的地盘。
However, while Lewis and Clark explored the new western territory of the United States, an old ally—France—fought a raging war with Great Britain.
然而,在刘易斯和克拉克探索美国新的西部领土的同时,一个老盟友——法国——与大不列颠进行了激烈的战争.
President Jefferson kept the United States out of the war.
杰斐逊总统使美国不卷入战争.
When James Madison became president in 1808, he hoped to do the same.
1808年詹姆斯·麦迪逊出任总统后,他也希望这样做.
The United States would not be able to stay out of the war.
美国将无法避免战争。
British and French ships began seizing and searching U.
英国和法国船只开始扣押并搜索U.
S.
师曰.
ships in order to keep supplies from reaching their enemies.
为了不让补给物到达敌人手中
The British also seized the sailors on the captured ships and forced them to serve as British sailors.
英国人还夺取了被俘船上的水手并强迫他们出任英国水手.
This made U.
这让U.
S.
师曰.
citizens subject to British tyranny once again.
公民再次受到英国的暴政。
In 1812, President Madison told Britain to stop searching and seizing U.
1812年,麦迪逊总统指示英国停止搜查并夺取U.
S.
师曰.
ships or there would be war.
否则会开战
Not satisfied with the response, Madison declared war on June 18, 1812.
对回应不满意,麦迪逊于1812年6月18日宣战.
The United States did not have the ships to fight the British navy.
美国没有战舰与英国海军作战.
An invasion to conquer British-controlled Canada failed.
征服英国控制的加拿大的入侵失败了.
For two and a half years, the United States remained at war with Britain.
在两年半的时间里,美国一直与英国交战.
On December 24, 1814, the two countries signed a peace treaty to end the war.
1814年12月24日,两国签署和约以结束战争.
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
ship Constitution defeats the British ship Guerriere on August 19, 1812.
舰只宪法于1812年8月19日击败了英国舰只Guerriere.
The United States engaged in one more battle against the British after the official end of the war.
美国在战争正式结束后又对英军出战了一场.
On January 8, 1815, Americans decisively won the Battle of New Orleans under General Andrew Jackson (who was unaware a peace treaty had been signed).
1815年1月8日,美国人在安德鲁·杰克逊将军手下决定性地赢得了新奥尔良战役(他不知道和平条约已经签署).
Almost three hundred British soldiers died.
近300名英国士兵死亡.
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
death toll was less than twenty.
死亡人数不到20人。
The victory at the Battle of New Orleans made it clear that the United States, not Great Britain, truly controlled the western part of the country.
新奥尔良战役的胜利表明,美国而非大不列颠真正控制了该国西部.
It also made U.
还让U.
S.
师曰.
citizens feel as if they had won the war.
公民们觉得好像赢得了战争
In truth, neither side was victorious.
事实上,双方都未能取胜。
Maybe the most important outcome was that the late victory made the new United States of America feel truly united as one nation.
也许最重要的成果是,后期的胜利使新的美利坚合众国真正感到作为一个国家团结一致。
Thinking Critically HOW long do you think the process of forming a new nation takes—a long time or a short time?
关键思考 你认为组成新国家的过程需要多长时间——很长的时间还是很短的时间?
IN YOUR MIND, what does this tell you about new governments being formed today?
在你的脑海里,这告诉你什么 新的政府今天成立?
Glossary checks and balances (n.)
词汇制衡 (n)
Index Adams, Abigail, 14 Adams, John, 14, 15 Antifederalists, 13 Articles of Confederation, 5-7, 10, 11, 22 Bill of Rights, 13, 22 Clark, William, 19 Constitutional Convention, 10-13, 22 Federalists, 13 Hamilton, Alexander, 15 Independence Hall, 10 Jackson, Andrew, 21 Jefferson, Thomas, 15, 16, 19 Land Ordinance of 1785, 16, 17 Lewis, Meriwether, 19 Louisiana Purchase, 18 Madison, James, 19, 20 Napoleon (Bonaparte), 18 New Orleans, Battle of, 21 Northwest Ordinance, 16, 17 Philadelphia, 10 Second Continental Congress, 5, 22 Shays’ Rebellion, 9, 22 slavery, 11, 12 Treaty of Ghent, 22 Treaty of Paris, 7, 8, 9 Washington, George, 7, 10, 12, 15 Yorktown, 7, 8 prosperity (n.)
Index Adams, Abigail, 14 Adams, John, 14, 15 反联邦主义者, 13条联邦条款, 5-7, 10, 11, 22 权利法案, 13, 22 克拉克, 威廉, 19 宪法会议, 10-13, 22 联邦主义者, 13 汉密尔顿, 亚历山大, 15 独立会堂, 10 杰克逊, 安德鲁, 21 杰斐逊, 托马斯, 15, 16, 19 土地法令 17 刘易斯, 梅里韦瑟, 19 路易斯安那买, 18 麦迪逊, 詹姆斯, 19, 20 拿破仑 (波那巴), 18 新奥尔良, Battle, 21 西北法令, 16, 17 费城, 10 第二次大陆大会, 5 22 Shays' Rebellion, 9, 22 奴隶制, 11, 12 《根特条约》, 巴黎条约》, 7, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9 华盛顿, 乔治, 7,
success, wealth, or good fortune (p.
成功,财富,或好运气(p.
18) ratify (v.)
批准(五)
to approve through official means (p.
通过官方手段核准(p.
13) rebellion (n.)
13)叛乱 (n.
a fight against authority or power (p.
对抗权威或权力(p.
9) representatives (n.)
9) 代表(不详)