Brothers
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Witnessing the Birth of a New Age.
见证新时代诞生的内容表.
4 Two Brothers with Big Ideas.
4 二兄弟有"大智".
6 Constructing “Smoke-Powered” Balloons.
6 建造“烟能”气球。
9 A Balloon Rivalry.
9号气球狂欢会。
10 Soaring into the Blue.
10 飞入"蓝".
12 The Legacy of Lighter-Than-Air Flight.
12 轻快-通空飞行的后遗症.
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Early Balloon Flights near Paris, France Sept.
16 在法国巴黎附近的早期气球飞行 Sept.
19, 1783 Nov.
1783年11月19日 (英语).
21, 1783 Dec.
21, 1783 Dec. (英语).
1, 1783 Aug.
1, 1783年8月 (英语).
27, 1783 0 1Miles Kilometers France Paris ATLANTIC OCEAN MEDITERRANEAN SEA Spain Germany Italy England Gonesse Versailles Saint Denis Tuileries Garden Belleville Paris SEINE RIVER Witnessing the Birth of a New Age An excited crowd of 130,000 gathered outside the Palace of Versailles (vair-SYE), just outside Paris, France, on the afternoon of September 19, 1783.
27, 1783 0 1 Miles Kilomels 法国 巴黎 大西洋 圣德尼·图伊莱里斯 巴黎赛因里弗 见证新时代诞生 1783年9月19日下午,在法国巴黎外的凡尔赛宫外(vair-SYE)聚集了13万的兴奋人群.
They had come to see the flight of a large hot-air balloon built by two brothers.
他们来看了两个兄弟建造的大型热气球的飞行。
This was the moment of truth for Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier (mon-GOLF-yay).
这是约瑟夫-米歇尔和雅克-艾蒂安·蒙高利埃(mon-GOLF-yay)的真相时刻.
The king and queen of France watched from the palace courtyard.
法国国王和王后从宫廷庭院观看.
The beautiful silk-and-paper balloon was decorated with gold designs on a blue background.
美丽的丝纸气球被用蓝色背景的金色设计来装饰.
There was tension in the air.
空气中充满了紧张。
Three animals waited in the wicker basket suspended beneath the balloon.
有三只动物在气球下方被吊死在吊篮里
The unusual passengers were a sheep, a rooster, and a duck.
不寻常的乘客是一只羊、一只公鸡和一只鸭子。
These animals had been chosen as part of a scientific experiment.
这些动物被选为科学实验的一部分.
No one was sure what would happen to people who went up in a balloon.
没人能确定 穿气球上楼的人会怎么样
Since ducks often fly in the air, the brothers thought the duck would be fine.
由于鸭子经常在空中飞来飞去,兄弟们认为鸭子是好的.
The rooster was included because it was also a bird, but one that didn’t fly very high.
公鸡之所以被包括在内, 是因为它也是只鸟,
The sheep was thought to be similar to a person since it was a mammal that lived on the ground.
羊被认为与一个人相似,因为它是生活在地上的哺乳动物.
The brothers were anxious to learn if these animals could go up in a balloon and come down unharmed.
兄弟们急切地想学着这些动物能否用气球上上来并毫发无损地下来.
The Montgolfiers filled their balloon with hot, smoky air from a fire burning in a pit.
蒙高利夫一家在气球上放满了燃烧在坑里的火中燃烧的炎热烟熏的空气.
Shortly after 1:00 pm, the balloon was released.
下午1点后不久,气球被放出.
As the crowd looked on in wonder, it rose to a height of about 460 meters (1,500 ft.)
当人群惊奇地看着时,它上升到了约460米(1,500英尺)的高度.
Eight minutes later, it settled back to Earth 3.
8分钟后,它又回到了地球3号.
2 kilometers (2 mi.)
2公里(2英里)
away.
离开。
The animals were just fine.
动物都很好
The age of flight—long a dream of humanity— had finally dawned.
飞行时代——人类的长久梦想——终于来临。
The way was now clear for people to fly into the clouds.
现在的道路是明确的 人们飞入云中。
And the Montgolfiers deserved much of the credit.
蒙高利夫一家也值得称赞
Two Brothers with Big Ideas The Montgolfier brothers were part of a large family from a small town in southern France.
两个有大思想的兄弟 蒙高尔菲耶兄弟是法国南部一个小镇上一个大家庭的一部分.
Their father, Pierre Montgolfier, was a successful paper manufacturer.
他们的父亲Pierre Montgolfier是一家成功的造纸厂.
His factories were the official suppliers of stationery to the court of King Louis XVI.
他的工厂是国王路易十六宫廷文具的官方供应商.
Joseph and Étienne took over the family business in the 1770s.
约瑟夫和艾蒂安于1770年代接管了家族事业.
Their successful business left them plenty of free time to pursue other interests.
他们的成功经营使他们有足够的时间追求其他利益。
In his early forties, Joseph became intrigued with the possibility of flight.
在他早期的四十年代,约瑟夫开始对飞行的可能性产生兴趣.
Since the 1600s, scientists had been exploring the possibility of making a lighter-than-air craft that would fly because of the principle of buoyancy.
自1600年代起,科学家们就一直在探索制造出一个比空中更轻的飞行器的可能性,由于浮力原则,该飞行器会飞行.
No one had yet figured out how to build such a vehicle, however.
然而,还没有人知道如何建造这种车辆。
Buoyancy was first understood by the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes (ark-uh-MEE- deez).
Buoyancy最早被古希腊数学家Archimedes(ark-uh-MEE-deez)所理解.
It involves the density of an object—its weight for a given volume—compared with that of a fluid around it.
它涉及一个物体的密度——它相对于某一体积的重量——与它周围的液体的密度。
(Fluid in this sense can mean either a liquid or a gas.)
(从这个意义上讲,氟可以指液体或气体.
If the density of an object is less than that of the fluid surrounding it, the object will experience an upward force.
如果一个物体的密度小于其周围的流体,则该物体会经历向上力.
A cork floats because its density is less than that of water.
软骨会因为密度小于水而浮出水面.
than the fluid in which it is immersed will sink.
以沉入其中的精液发誓,
Joseph suspected that a light gas contained within a lightweight enclosure might make flight possible.
Joseph怀疑一个轻量级的封口内装有轻量级气体可能会使飞行成为可能.
He read about such a gas that several past researchers had reported from their experiments.
他读到了过去几位研究人员在实验中报告的这种气体。
Scientists had known about this mysterious gas for many years.
科学家知道这种神秘的气体 已经很多年了。
In 1766, English chemist Henry Cavendish identified the gas as an element.
1766年,英国化学家亨利·卡文迪什(英语:Henry Cavendish)将气体确定为元素.
He gave it the name “inflammable air” because it was highly explosive.
他给它取了 " 易燃空气 " 的名称,因为它极具爆炸性。
French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (la-VWAH-zee-ay) renamed it “hydrogen.”
法国化学家Antoine Lavoisier(la-VWAH-zee-ay)将其更名为"氢". “
Joseph filled small paper spheres with hydrogen and released them, but his experiments were disappointing.
约瑟夫用氢填满了小纸球并释放出它们,但他的实验令人失望.
The spheres rose just a few meters before coming back down.
球场上升了几公尺才下来
Hydrogen atoms are so small that they passed right through the paper into the surrounding air.
氢原子如此之小,它们直接从纸上传入周围的空气.
Elements and Atoms Elements are the chemical building blocks of the universe.
元素和原子元素是宇宙的化学构件.
Every element is made up of atoms— the smallest particles of substances that still have the properties of that substance.
每个元素都由原子组成——这些物质的最小颗粒仍然具有该物质的特性.
Oxygen and hydrogen are both elements.
氧和氢都是元素.
One oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms can combine to form one molecule of water.
一个氧原子和两个氢原子可以结合形成一分子水.
Joseph looked for another way to build a flying machine.
约瑟夫寻找另一条建造飞行机器的方法.
One day, he noticed that shirts drying over a smoky fire puffed upward.
有一天,他注意到衬衫被烟熏起的烟火所干涸。
Like most people, he had often seen smoke rising from chimneys.
像大多数人一样,他经常看到烟从烟囱中升起。
This, he concluded, was the answer: smoke!
他最后说,这就是答案:抽烟!
In early 1783, the Montgolfiers began burning different materials to find ones that produced a lot of smoke.
1783年初,蒙高利夫人开始燃烧不同的材料来寻找出出大量烟雾的原料.
They found that a mixture of damp straw and chopped-up wool worked best.
他们发现,将潮湿的稻草和被切碎的羊毛混合在一起效果最好。
It also smelled terrible.
也闻到可怕的味道.
But the smoke did indeed give buoyancy to any sort of light container.
但烟雾的确使任何一种轻量级容器浮出水面。
The brothers concluded that smoke must contain something unknown with a lifting property.
兄弟俩的结论是,烟雾必须含有一些有抬起地产不明的东西。
They named this marvelous substance “Montgolfier gas.”
他们将这种神奇的物质命名为“Montgolfier气体”。
Of course, there was no such substance.
当然没有这种实质。
The lifting effect was caused by the hot air itself.
升起效应由热空气本身引起.
When air gets heated, the molecules within it move around faster, causing the air to expand and become less dense.
当空气被加热后,其内部的分子会更快地运动,使空气膨胀并变得密度更低.
When contained within a balloon, the lighter air makes the balloon rise.
当气球内被控制时,更轻的空气会使气球上升.
Constructing “Smoke-Powered” Balloons Without understanding the real science behind hot-air balloons, Joseph and Étienne continued to build and test new balloons.
Joseph和Étienne在不理解热气球背后的真正科学的情况下,继续建造并测试新的气球。
The brothers experimented by using different materials for the envelope, including silk, paper, and linen.
兄弟们通过使用不同的材料来试验信封,包括丝绸,纸张和亚麻.
As their work moved forward, they also increased the size of their balloons.
随着作品的推进,也增加了其气球的尺寸.
The balloons rose ever higher into the air.
气球升起的空气越来越高。
The brothers’ experiments began to attract attention.
兄弟俩的实验开始引起注意。
A crowd filled the town square of a village in southern France on June 4, 1783, for the test of a large balloon made of cloth lined with paper.
1783年6月4日,一群人填满了法国南部一村庄的市镇广场,以测试用布条排成的大型气球.
The crowd watched in amazement as the unoccupied balloon soared some 2,000 meters (6,560 ft.)
观众惊叹地看着无人居住的气球飞出约2000米(6,560英尺).
into the sky.
进入天空。
After a ten-minute flight, the balloon landed about 2 kilometers (1.
经过10分钟的飞行后,气球降落了约2公里(1分).
2 mi.)
2 m. (中文(简体) ).
launched a balloon craze in France.
在法国发射气球狂热.
From “A scending Machines” to Balloons The “ascending machines”—or later, “aerostats”—that got the French people so excited were not called “balloons” until sometime after the Montgolfiers made history.
从“升起机”到气球 使法国人民如此兴奋的 " 升起的机器 " -- -- 或后来的 " 气相机 " -- -- 在蒙高利夫人创造历史之后的某个时候才被称为 " 气相机 " 。
That name was adapted from the French word ballon, meaning “a large ball used in games.”
这个名字取自法语中的ballon,意思是“游戏中使用的大球”。 “
A Balloon Rivalry The Montgolfier brothers asked the French Academy of Sciences to officially recognize their work.
气球狂欢 蒙高菲耶兄弟要求法国科学院正式表彰他们的工作.
The academy withheld approval, however.
然而,该学院拒绝批准。
It decided to wait in case someone else invented a better balloon.
它决定等待以防别人发明出更好的气球.
The Montgolfiers’ chief rival was a physicist named Jacques Charles (ZHOCK SHARL), who proposed building a hydrogen balloon.
蒙高利夫的首席对手是一位名叫雅克·查尔斯(英语:Jacques Charles (ZHOCK SHARL))的物理学家,他提议建造一个氢气球.
The Montgolfiers had long since given up on using hydrogen in favor of their hot-air balloons, but Charles saw great possibilities in this approach.
蒙哥菲耶一家早已放弃了用氢气支持他们的热气球,但查尔斯在这种方法中看到了巨大的可能.
In July 1783, with the academy’s approval, Charles began work on his balloon.
1783年7月,经学院批准,查尔斯开始为他建造气球.
He was assisted by two brothers, Nicolas-Louis and Anne-Jean Robert (roh-BEAR), both professional engineers.
他由两位兄弟尼古拉-路易和安妮-让·罗伯特(英语:Anne-Jean Robert (roh-BEAR))协助,两人都是专业工程师.
The three constructed a small test balloon made of silk with a rubberized surface designed to keep the hydrogen from escaping.
三人搭建了由丝绸制成的小型试验气球,并用橡胶化的表面来设计,使氢能避免出行.
In the meantime, King Louis invited the Montgolfier brothers to Paris.
在此期间,路易国王邀请了蒙哥菲耶兄弟去巴黎.
He wanted them to build a dazzling balloon that would display his glory to all of France.
他希望他们造出一个能向全法国展示他光辉的耀眼气球.
As the court favorites, the brothers now received government funding for their work.
作为宫廷最喜爱的人,兄弟俩现在获得了政府的资助来工作.
The two teams each wanted to be the first to launch a balloon with human passengers.
两支球队各自想成为第一个推出载人乘客的气球.
The race was on.
比赛开始了。
A Better Gas for Balloons: Helium Hydrogen is the lightest element—only one-fourteenth the weight of air—so at first glance it seems like the perfect gas for balloons.
气球的最好气体:氦氢是最轻的元素——只有空气重量的1/4,所以乍一看它似乎是气球的完美气体。
However, hydrogen is dangerous to work with because it catches fire and explodes easily.
然而,用氢进行工作很危险,因为它容易起火并爆炸。
A much better gas for balloons is helium, the second-lightest element.
气球的更好的气体是氦气 二光元素
Helium does not catch fire or explode.
氦气不会起火或爆炸。
It is therefore completely safe for use in lighter-than-air flight.
因此,在较轻的空中飞行中完全安全。
Helium was not discovered until the 1880s, so it was not available to balloon makers in the 1700s.
氦直到1880年代才被发现,因此在1700年代无法被气球制造出.
Soaring into the Blue On August 27, 1783, a large crowd gathered at a grassy area in Paris where the Eiffel Tower now stands.
1783年8月27日,一大批人飞入"蓝"地,聚集在巴黎的草地上,埃菲尔铁塔现在就站在那里.
They had come to witness the launch of the Charles balloon.
他们来见证查尔斯气球的发射。
Among the onlookers was a famous American, Benjamin Franklin, who was serving as U.
在旁观者当中有一位著名的美国人,本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin),他当时担任U.
S.
师曰.
ambassador to France.
驻法国历任大使.
The balloon was relatively small—about 4 meters (13 ft.)
气球相对较小——约4米(13英尺).
in diameter—with alternating red and white stripes.
直径为相交的红色和白色的条纹。
The Scientific Method The Montgolfier brothers and Jacques Charles aimed to answer a question: Is it possible to construct a lighter-than-air device that will enable people to fly?
科学方法 蒙特高尔菲耶兄弟和雅克·查尔斯旨在回答一个问题: 有没有可能建造出一个比空气更轻的装置,使人们能够飞行?
To answer that question, they followed a procedure known as the “scientific method.”
为了回答这个问题,他们采用了一种称为“科学方法”的程序。 “
The scientific method has several steps: • Ask a question.
科学方法有几个步骤: • 问一问.
• Do background research.
• 支助 做背景调查。
• Construct a hypothesis.
• 建立假设。
or experiments.
或实验。
• Analyze your data and draw a conclusion.
• 支助 分析你的数据并得出结论。
• Communicate your results.
• 传播成果。
In the late afternoon, the unpiloted balloon was released.
午后,未驾驶的气球被放出.
It rose quickly and flew northeast for less than an hour, landing about 15 kilometers (9 mi.)
它迅速升起并向东北飞行了不到一个小时,降落了约15公里(9米.
away in a small village.
在一个小村庄里
Terrified villagers attacked this strange monster from the heavens with their pitchforks.
惊恐的村民用草叉从天上攻击了这个奇怪的怪物.
Now it was the Montgolfiers’ turn to wow Paris.
现在轮到蒙高利夫夫妇了,
On September 19, they launched their test balloon with its animal passengers at Versailles.
9月19日,他们与它的动物乘客一起在凡尔赛发射了测试气球.
When the animals landed safely, the time for a human trial was finally at hand.
当动物们安全降落时,人类审判的时间终于到了.
Since the flight would be very dangerous, the king felt it should be done by a pair of prisoners who had been sentenced to death.
由于出逃会非常危险,国王觉得应该由一对被判处死刑的囚犯来完成.
However, a science teacher, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier (ROZE-ee-ay), and a soldier, the Marquis d’ Arlandes (mar-KEE dar-LOND), volunteered.
然而,科学教师让-弗朗索瓦·皮拉特雷·德罗齐耶(ROZE-e-ay)和士兵阿尔兰德斯侯爵(Mar-Kee dar-LOND)自愿参加。
Their historic flight took place on November 21, this time from the outskirts of Paris.
他们的历史性飞行发生在11月21日,这次是从巴黎郊区.
The balloon towered 23 meters (75 ft.)
气球塔高23米(75英尺).
high.
高点
It was covered with various golden designs in honor of the king and royal family.
它被各种金色的设计所覆盖,以纪念国王和王室.
With de Rozier and the marquis aboard, the balloon rose into the air.
随着德·罗齐尔和侯爵上船,气球升入了空气.
Twenty-five minutes later, it landed about 8 kilometers (5 mi.)
25分钟后,它降落了约8公里(5米.
away, settling between a pair of windmills outside the city.
在城外的一对风车之间定居
The two men were hailed as heroes.
两人被誉为"英雄".
Benjamin Franklin observed the historic flight.
本杰明·富兰克林观察了历史性的飞行.
Asked by another spectator what this balloon was good for, he reportedly answered, “What good is a newborn baby?”
另一位旁观者问道,这个气球有什么用,据报告他回答说,“新生儿有什么用? “
On December 1, just ten days after the Montgolfiers’ triumph, Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert made the first human ascent in a hydrogen balloon.
12月1日, 蒙特高尔菲耶队胜利十天后,
Taking off from the Tuileries (TWEE-luh-reez) Garden in Paris, they flew for more than two hours, coming down in a town about 36 kilometers (22 mi.)
从Tuileries (TWE-luh-reez)起跑 。 在巴黎的花园里,他们飞了两个多小时,在一个大约36公里(22英里)的小镇上下来.
away.
离开。
In the following years, the Montgolfiers launched several more balloons.
在接下来的几年中,蒙高利夫号又发射了多个气球.
The brothers were honored by the French Academy of Sciences, and their father, Pierre, was made a nobleman by King Louis.
兄弟俩被法国科学院所尊崇,他们的父亲皮埃尔被路易国王立为贵族.
The Legacy of Lighter-Than-Air Flight The passion for ballooning soon spread throughout Europe.
轻而易举的飞机的后遗症 气球的热情很快传遍了整个欧洲.
It was not long, however, before the risks involved became clear.
然而,不久之后,所涉风险才变得明确。
In June 1785, de Rozier and his copilot, Pierre Romain, were killed while attempting to fly across the English Channel in a balloon.
1785年6月,德罗齐尔和副驾驶皮埃尔·罗曼(Pierre Romain)试图用气球穿越英吉利海峡时被击毙.
Despite the risks, pioneers continued to develop balloon designs long after the balloon craze of the late 1700s had ended.
尽管风险很大,先驱们在1700年代后期的气球狂飙结束很久后仍然继续开发出气球设计.
In the 1800s, lighter-than-air vehicles were given rudders and motorized propellers.
1800年代,轻于空气的车辆被授予了舵和机动螺旋桨.
By the 1930s, huge airships were flying passengers back and forth across the Atlantic Ocean.
到20世纪30年代,庞大的航空舰正在往返大西洋的旅客.
The golden age of airships ended abruptly when the German airship Hindenburg caught fire and crashed while landing in New Jersey in 1937.
1937年德军"平登堡"号航空舰起火后,在新泽西登陆时坠毁而突然结束了航空舰的黄金时代.
Today, airships are mostly used for advertising and can often be seen flying above open-air stadiums during large sporting events.
如今,航空舰多用于广告,在大型体育赛事中经常会看到在露天体育场上方飞行.
Gas balloons are mostly used for gathering weather data, while hot-air balloons are mostly used for recreation.
气球多用于收集天气数据,而热气球多用于娱乐.
Many areas hold festivals each year in which hundreds of colorful hot-air balloons fill the sky.
许多地区每年举办节日,有上百个多彩的热气球填满了天空.
These events can make it appear as though balloon mania never ended.
这些事件可以使它看起来像气球狂躁症从未结束。