World of Wigs
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Welcome to the World of Wigs.
欢迎来到Wigs世界目录.
4 What’s a Wig?
4个 何为Wig?
5 What’s in a Wig?
页:1 维格有什么?
6 The First Wigs.
6 第一位维格人.
7 Banishing Baldness in Greece and Rome.
7 在希腊和罗马被放逐.
9 Fashionable French Hair.
9 时尚法发.
11 Wigs Go Over-the-Top.
11 Wigs Go Over-top. (英语).
12 Hair Today, Gone Tomorrow?
今天12发,明天不见了?
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Welcome to the World of Wigs Throughout recorded history, people have had an obsession with hair.
16 欢迎来到Wigs世界 在有记录的历史上 人们对发型很着迷
From ancient Egyptian culture to modern civilization, wigs have played an important role in this obsession.
从古埃及文化到现代文明,假发在这种迷恋中扮演了重要角色.
People have worn wigs for many reasons ranging from personal vanity to a display of one’s social standing.
人们戴假发的原因很多,从个人虚荣到展示自己的社会地位。
Wigs made from human hair are the most durable and are easier than synthetic wigs to cut and style.
由人发所制成的维格最耐用,也比合成假发更容易剪接和样式.
What’s a Wig?
何为Wig?
Wigs come in many styles, from full wigs to toupees and extensions.
wigs有多种风格,从完整的假发到被托派和扩展.
Full wigs, also called periwigs or perukes (puh-RUKES), cover the entire top and sides of the head down to the neck.
完整的假发,也叫旁接发(puh-RUKES),覆盖整个上部和头部的侧面下至颈部.
Toupees only cover part of the head, from the forehead to the top of the crown and from one ear to the other, with the wearer’s own hair exposed at the back of the head.
托皮人只遮住部分头部,从额头到王冠上方和从一耳到另一耳,穿戴者自己的头发被暴露在头后部.
Extensions are sections of hair or fiber that are attached to an existing wig or natural hair with pins, clips, or sometimes glue to create a fuller or longer look.
延伸指将发型或纤维部分接入已存在的假发或有针头,剪接的天然发型上,有时还用胶来形成更完整或更长的外观.
Wigs can be made of many different materials: wool, goat or horsehair, straw or grasses, and even certain kinds of plastic, such as nylon.
维格可以由许多不同的材料来制成:羊毛,山羊或马毛,稻草或草,甚至有某些种类的塑料,如尼龙.
They also come in every color of the rainbow.
它们也出现在彩虹的每一个颜色中.
For centuries, wigs made from human hair were frequently the most desired because they looked the most natural.
几个世纪以来,由人类发型所制造的假发经常是最受欢迎的,因为它们看起来最自然.
It often took between six and ten heads of human hair to make one wig.
经常需要6到10个头的人类发型才能制作出一顶假发.
Those wigs were also more expensive than the other options, which meant that only very wealthy people could afford them.
这些假发也比其他选择更昂贵,这意味着只有非常富有的人才能买得起.
Today, many people prefer nylon wigs because they are less expensive and easier to take care of while still looking like real hair.
今天,许多人更喜欢尼龙假发,因为这些假发比较便宜,也比较容易照顾,同时看起来仍然像真发.
Double-sided toupee tape is used to attach it to the scalp.
双面托皮胶被用来附在头皮上.
What’s in a Wig?
维格有什么?
Until the 1700s, wigs were often made for a specific individual, which made them so expensive that most people could not afford them.
直到1700年代,假发常常被为特定个人所制作,这使得这些假发如此昂贵,以至于大多数人都买不起.
A tight-fitting mesh cap with a fabric base was usually made to fit the head.
以织物为底部的紧接网盖通常会被制作出以适应头部.
The hair or other material was then looped over the mesh, tied off, and secured to the base fabric with beeswax, resin, or glue.
然后将发型或其他材料圈在网状上,被绑起,并用蜂蜡、树脂或胶水固定在底部织物上。
Once secured to the base, the “hair” could be styled according to the fashion of the times.
一旦固定到基地,“发条”就可根据时代的时态来取出。
In the 1700s, wigs that could fit anyone became popular.
在1700年代,可以适合任何人的假发变得很受欢迎.
These wigs had a ribbon at the edge of the cap that could be tightened to secure it to the wearer’s head.
这些假发上有条丝带,
Because these wigs could fit many different sizes of heads, the prices dropped and more people could afford them.
因为这些假发可以适应许多不同大小的头部,所以价格下跌了,更多的人可以买得起.
The tool used to weave wigs is called a ventilating needle.
用来编织假发的工具被称作通气针.
The needle secures hair to the wig’s base by pulling the hair through the base’s holes and then knotting the strands.
针头将头发拉入了假发的底部,
The First Wigs The oldest-known wigs date back to 1400 bc in Egypt.
头一维 最出名的假发可以追溯到埃及的1400bc.
Many people in Egypt wore wigs to look like their gods—and to cover bald spots, which were considered unattractive.
埃及许多人戴假发,
A full head of hair meant that a person was strong and healthy.
满头的发型意味着一个人是强健而健康的.
The Egyptians believed that their gods had fancy, thick, braided hair, so they made wigs in a similar style.
埃及人相信他们的神有花俏,厚而有辫子的发型,因此他们用相类似的风格来制作假发.
Even back then, the lengths varied.
即使在那时,长度也各不相同.
Some wigs were neck length, some shoulder length, and others fell to the waist, but all of them were thick, with curls and braids.
有的假发为颈长相,有的为肩长相,有的倒到腰上,但都很厚,有卷发和辫子.
Some people added extensions to their wigs to make them even fuller.
一些人还增加了假发的外延,使假发更加完整.
The hair of all these wigs was often set with a light coating of beeswax, much like modern hairspray, so it would hold its shape.
所有这些假发的发型经常被放入有轻度涂装的蜂蜡上,很像现代发泡,因此会保持其外形.
Intricate wigs are depicted in both ancient Egyptian tomb art and sculpture.
在古埃及的墓道艺术和雕塑中都描绘出入室假发.
In Egypt, people at every level of society wore wigs.
在埃及,社会各阶层的人都戴着假发。
The king and his family wore wigs made of human hair and decorated with ivory and silver ornaments.
国王和家人穿戴由人发所制成的假发并装饰有象牙和银饰.
They had hairstylists who maintained their wigs.
他们的发型师维持了自己的假发。
The wealthy classes could afford wigs made from wool or goat hair, while poor people could only afford straw wigs.
富裕阶层可以买得起由羊毛或山羊毛制成的假发,而穷人只能买得起稻草假发.
Wigs in Asia People in Asian cultures have rarely worn wigs in daily life.
亚洲文化中的维格人很少在日常生活中穿戴假发.
However, wigs have been an important part of costumes in Japanese and Chinese theater for many centuries.
然而,多世纪以来,假发一直是日本和中国剧院服装的重要组成部分.
In the film Cleopatra, Elizabeth Taylor had many different hairstyles, each requiring three wigs.
在电影"克利奥帕特拉"(Cleopatra)中,伊丽莎白·泰勒有着许多不同的发型,每个发型都需要三个假发.
Banishing Baldness in Greece and Rome Wealthy people in two later world empires also wore false hair.
在后来两个世界帝国中被放逐的希腊和罗马富人也穿了假发.
The noblewomen of ancient Greece and Rome wore complicated wigs with multiple braids and curls pinned on top of their heads.
古希腊和罗马的贵族女性穿了复杂的假发,上面有多条辫子和被钉在头上的卷发.
To keep larger curls in place, the women used hairpins.
为了保持更大的卷发,妇女们使用了发夹.
The more braids and more ornate the style, the higher their social status.
辫子越多,风格越优雅,他们的社会地位就越高.
The hairstyles of Greek goddesses, such as Aphrodite (left), may have influenced the elaborate wigs of Greek women of the times (right).
希腊女神的发型,如Aphrodite(左)等,可能已经影响了当时希腊女性(右)精心设计的假发.
To achieve volume, women wore wigs made of human hair, and some used extensions to create even more volume.
为了实现体积,女性穿戴由人发所制成的假发,有的还用外延来创造出更多的体积.
The preferred hair colors were blond and red.
喜欢的发色是金发和红色.
Some of the Roman elite even kept blond and red-haired Germanic slaves on hand in order to have a ready supply of hair for their wigs and extensions.
一些罗马精英甚至把金发和红发的德意志奴隶放在手边,以备他们假发和外接的发型随时供应.
The wealthy men and women of Rome wore wigs to hide their bald spots, which were considered unattractive.
罗马的富裕男女都穿了假发来掩盖他们的秃发斑点,这些被视作没有吸引力.
On rare occasions, a few Roman emperors wore wigs to disguise their appearance so they could go outside the palace and mingle with people on the street without being recognized.
少数罗马皇帝偶尔会穿假发来伪装外表,这样他们就可以出宫出走后与街上的人通情达理而得不到承认.
Their disguises helped them get an idea of what everyday people really thought of them.
他们的伪装帮助他们得到一个想法 每天人们真正的想法。
The Bald and Mighty Julius Caesar Julius Caesar, emperor of Rome (100–44 bc) was losing his hair and was not happy about it.
鲍德和强大的尤利乌斯·凯撒·凯撒,罗马皇帝(100–44 bc)正在失去发型,对此不高兴.
First he tried growing it longer in the back and brushing it over his scalp, but that didn’t work.
首先,他试图在后方种植更长的时间,并在头皮上刷一刷,但这行不通。
Then his girlfriend, Cleopatra (the last pharaoh of Egypt), suggested a recipe for hair loss that included ingredients such as ground-up mice, horse teeth, and bear grease.
之后他的女友克利奥帕特拉(埃及最后一位法老)建议了一种失发配方,包括地上小鼠,马牙,熊脂等成分.
Unfortunately for Caesar, this potion didn’t work, either.
这药也没有用。
He decided that wearing a laurel wreath was easier and more effective.
他决定穿戴一花圈更容易和更有效.
Not only did the wreath symbolize victory in battle, but it also proved to be a pretty good cover-up for his baldness.
花圈不仅象征了战斗中的胜利,而且也被证明是对他的秃发的相当好的掩盖.
Fashionable French Hair From the end of the Roman Empire through the next several centuries, wig use fell out of fashion.
时尚法国发型 从罗马帝国灭亡到接下来的几个世纪,假发的使用逐渐脱离了时尚.
Then, in the early seventeenth century, King Louis XIII, ruler of France, brought wigs back into fashion when he began to lose his hair.
后来在17世纪早期,法兰西国王路易十三在开始发作时将假发带回了时尚.
Only twenty-three years old, he worried that people in the royal court would not respect him if they thought he was going bald.
年仅二十三岁,他担心皇家朝廷中的人,如果以为他秃了会不尊重他.
To hide his hair loss, he wore wigs that looked like his natural hairstyle.
为了掩盖发型失落,他戴着看起来像他天然发型的假发.
They had a part in the middle and well-groomed hair smoothed over the scalp and falling to the shoulders in soft waves.
他们的头发在中间有一部分,布置精良,在头皮上平滑并被软波倒入肩膀.
Many noblemen wanted to look like their king in order to be considered fashionable, so they began to wear wigs in similar styles.
许多贵族都想打扮出自己的国王来被看做时尚,于是他们开始用相类似的风格来穿假发.
During this time period, it was mainly men who wore full wigs.
在此期间,主要是男性穿满了假发。
Some men added extensions to their wigs to make them even fuller and thicker.
部分男子还增加了假发的外延,使假发更更更更更完整更厚.
Some women who were losing their hair also wore wigs.
一些失去发型的妇女也戴了假发.
Women who had a full head of hair wore extensions to embellish their hairstyles, known as coiffures (kwah-FYURS).
头发有整头的妇女穿了外衣来装饰发型,被称作"发型"(kwah-FYURS).
King Louis XIII of France Wigs Go Over-the-Top As clothing fashions at the royal courts became more and more elaborate, the need for fancier hairstyles also grew, which meant an increased demand for wigs and extensions.
法国国王路易十三 随着皇家宫廷的服饰时尚越来越细腻,对花花相花发型的需求也越来越大,这意味着对假发和外延的需求会增加.
Women would style their hair, both real and false, over a frame or pillow on their head to create shapes.
女人会把真假的发型 画出头顶的相框或枕头来造型
Then the style was set with lard (pig fat), and the whole thing was powdered with starch to set the style.
后以"猪脂"(pig fat)为样式设定,整作以"淀粉"来设定样式.
The starch was sometimes scented with lavender or orange blossom.
淀粉有时会以薰衣草或橙花为味.
Certain styles were three feet (0.
某些风格有3英尺(0.
91 m) tall, even before hats and ornaments were added!
91米)高,甚至在帽子和饰品被添加之前!
Some women had elaborate model ships mounted into their hairstyles.
一些妇女有精心设计的模型船被装入发型。
These styles were so complicated to create that women would leave them in for up to three months without combing or washing their hair.
这些风格非常复杂,以至于妇女会离开她们长达三个月的时间,而不梳理或洗发.
A 1778 cartoon shows an example of the crazy wigs popular in women’s fashion in France.
一部1778年的漫画展示了法国女性时尚流行的疯狂假发的例子.
The lard used to set these hairstyles would become rancid over time and attract cockroaches, mice, and, in some cases, rats that would build nests in the hair.
用来摆放这些发型的猪笼草会随着时间推移而变得野生,并会吸引蟑螂,小鼠,在某些情况下,会吸引老鼠在发型上筑巢.
Women carried a long stick with a claw on the end so they could scratch inside their hair without disturbing the hairstyle.
女人带着一根长长的棍子,端部有爪子,这样她们就可以在发型上刮去头发而不会被打扰.
By the eighteenth century, wigs were used by almost everyone in Western Europe—at least everyone who was involved with the royal courts and certain professions.
到18世纪,西欧几乎每个人都使用假发,至少是参与皇家法院和某些职业的每一个人。
Wigs became an integral part of a uniform signifying that the wearer was a doctor, barrister (lawyer), judge, or a member of the clergy or nobility.
Wigs成为制服的组成部分,表明穿戴者是医生、大律师(律师)、法官或神职人员或贵族。
The wigs were often made from horsehair, which was stiff and thick but was also cheaper than human hair.
假发往往由马发所制出,马发坚硬而厚重,也比人发更便宜.
Even when large, curled, powdered wigs fell out of fashion, people in these professions continued to wear them in public.
即使在大,卷发,粉状假发出时尚时尚时尚时尚时尚时尚时尚,这些职业的人会继续公开佩戴.
To this day, judges and barristers in the United Kingdom court system wear wigs as part of their uniforms.
迄今为止,联合王国法院系统的法官和大律师都穿着假发,作为其制服的一部分。
Then and now: (left) a depiction of the English court in the eighteenth century; (right) judges attending a meeting at Westminster Abbey Toupees came into fashion during the eighteenth century, too.
后来和现在: (左)描绘了18世纪的英国宫廷; (右)出席威斯敏斯特修道院(Westminster Abbey Toupees)一会的法官也在18世纪入时.
While still ornately curled and powdered, they had one major advantage— they were much cooler and lighter.
虽然它们最终仍然卷起并被粉末所粉碎,但它们有一个主要优势——它们更凉爽更轻.
Full wigs were extremely hot to wear as well as quite heavy.
假发穿得非常热 也非常重
In 1795, the English government imposed a tax on both wigs and wig powder.
1795年,英国政府对假发和假发粉都征税.
The tax only lasted a few years, but raised a lot of money for the government.
税收只持续了几年,但为政府筹集了大笔资金.
However, the tax also caused the end of the wig-wearing trend in Britain.
然而,该税也导致了英国假发穿戴趋势的结束.
By the 1850s, many people in Europe had stopped wearing wigs.
到1850年代,欧洲的许多人已经停止了戴假发.
Common people often saw them as an unnecessary luxury that only the aristocracy could afford.
普通人往往认为,他们是一种不必要的奢侈品,只有贵族才能负担。
Some enterprising people collected old wigs and sold them in the streets for small sums of money.
一些有志气的人收起旧假发后在街上卖出,取出小钱.
People bought them to use as floor mops and polishing rags.
人们买来用作地板拖把和打磨布.
Bigwig The earliest known use of the word bigwig, meaning an important person, was in a 1703 English journal called English Spy.
大维 最早已知的"大维"一词的用法,意为"重要人物",见于1703年的英文期刊"英语间谍".
The richest and most influential people at that time wore the biggest and fanciest wigs.
当时最富有和最有影响力的人都戴着最大和最幻想的假发.
Sir Edward Willes, an English judge in eighteenth-century Britain, is someone who might be referred to as a bigwig.
爱德华·威利斯爵士(英語:Edward Willes)是18世纪英国的一位英国法官,他可能被称为"大人物".
Hair Today, Gone Tomorrow?
今天发型,明天就不见了?
As technology improved in the twentieth century, people began to create wigs out of nylon threads, which resembled real human hair but cost quite a bit less.
随着技术在20世纪的改进,人们开始用尼龙线来制造假发,这种假发与真人发型相仿,但成本要低得多.
Nylon also allowed for a larger color selection—wigs could be any color of the rainbow, which gave people access to an even greater variety of looks and locks.
Nylon还允许更大的颜色选择——树枝可以是彩虹的任何颜色,这使人们能够接触更多的外观和锁。
Today, people continue to wear wigs for many reasons.
今天,人们继续戴假发,原因很多.
They wear them to appear fashionable and stylish or simply to change their appearance.
它们穿来显得时尚和时髦,或者只是改变外观.
People who are bald or losing their hair wear wigs to boost self-esteem.
秃发或失发的人会戴假发来提升自尊.
Performers such as clowns or actors might wear wigs as part of their costumes.
表演者如小丑或演员可能会将假发作为自己服装的一部分.
Styles have changed, depending on the fashion of the time, but whether they are long or short, fancy or plain, wigs have played an important role in human history.
风格发生了变化,这取决于时代的时尚,但无论是长相还是短相,花哨还是平凡相貌,假发在人类历史上都发挥了重要作用.
Who knows what the next great fashionable hairstyle will be?
谁知道下一个时尚发型会是什么?
Hair Donation Some illnesses or their treatments can cause hair loss.
捐出头发 有些疾病或治疗会导致发型丢失。
Many doctors prescribe wigs for these patients.
许多医生给这些病人开假发。
Wigs may help patients feel more positive and respond better to treatment.
wigs 可能会帮助患者感觉更积极,对治疗反应更好.
Today, some people donate their long hair to nonprofit organizations like Locks of Love, which makes wigs for children who have lost their hair.
今天,有些人将长发捐给诸如"爱之锁"(Locks of Love)等非营利组织,这为失去发型的儿童制造了假发.