Ships of Discovery
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Introduction People often settle along rivers, lakes, and seas where they can find fresh water, nutrient-rich soil, and bountiful fishing.
导言 人们经常沿着河流、湖泊和海洋定居,在那里可以找到淡水、富营养的土壤和丰收的捕鱼。
Long ago, people who lived near large bodies of water were curious about what might exist beyond the horizon.
很久以前,生活在大水体附近的人们对地平线之外可能存在的东西感到好奇.
They also speculated that traveling over water might be easier than traveling over land.
他们还推测在水上行走可能比在陆地上行走容易。
They noticed that particular materials, such as wood, reeds, or skins full of air, were buoyant.
他们注意到,木材、芦苇或充满空气的皮肤等特定材料具有浮力。
These thoughts led to the construction of the first simple boat.
这些想法导致建造了第一艘简单的船.
As boats and ships became more practical, people were able to travel farther from home.
随着船只和船只变得更加实用,人们能够离家更远地旅行。
Advancing technology created new types of boats that were often safer, faster, more comfortable, and able to carry more cargo.
技术进步创造了新型船只,这些船只往往更安全、更快、更舒适并能够运载更多的货物。
Boats became important tools for commerce, exploration, and defense.
船只成为了商业、勘探和防御的重要工具。
Let’s examine how boats were used to explore the world and how they have changed over time.
让我们看看船只是如何用来探索世界的,
Early Y ears The oldest record of sea travel comes from Egypt.
早期的Y耳朵 关于出海旅行的最古老的记录来自埃及.
People might have been sailing the seas before them, but the Egyptians were the first to leave us records of their journeys.
人们可能在他们之前出海航行,但埃及人首先留下了他们的旅程记录.
More than 6,000 years ago, the Egyptians took to the water and carved images of themselves doing so in stone.
6000多年前,埃及人走入了水中并用石头雕刻出自己这样做的图像.
Since the mighty Nile River dictated much of ancient Egyptian life, it’s not surprising that Egyptians mastered the art of traveling by water.
埃及人掌握了水上旅行的艺术,
Originally, they built simple boats by carving out the trunks of trees.
最初,他们建造了简单的小船 挖出树干
But the Egyptians were not the only people to make boats from trees.
但埃及人并非是唯一从树上造船的人.
Far away in America, indigenous people were also building dugout canoes by hollowing out tree trunks.
在远离美国的地方,土著人民还用空心挖出树干来建造挖出的小舟。
These were sturdy boats, but they couldn’t carry much.
这些船很坚固,
Egyptian boat Over time, people wanted to transport larger cargoes over waterways.
埃及船 随着时间推移,人们希望通过水道运输更大的货物.
It became necessary to construct boats that could carry many people for long voyages, as well as food, animals, and other items to trade.
有必要建造能运载许多人进行长途航行的船只以及食品、动物和其他贸易用品。
Canoes carved from a single oak tree and steered with a pole were adequate boats for crossing a lake or going down a river.
从一棵橡树上划出并用杆子行驶的独木舟是渡过一湖或下河的合适船只.
However, they didn’t work well for carrying bulky objects.
不过,
Imagine trying to row a narrow canoe across a wide lake with six sheep crammed around you.
想象一下,试图划出一条狭长的独木舟 穿过一个宽阔的湖,周围挤满了六只羊。
The space just wasn’t sufficient.
空间不够,
Humans have always strived to perfect and upgrade their inventions.
人类始终努力完善并提升他们的发明.
So it was natural that ancient people searched for methods to build bigger, faster, and safer boats.
因此,古人自然会寻找方法 建造更大,更快,更安全的船。
People realized that they needed better boats if they were going to explore places far from their homeland.
人们意识到,如果他们要探索远离家园的地方,他们需要更好的船。
Soon, the Greeks, Phoenicians, and other peoples around the Mediterranean Sea were building large boats powered by sails.
很快,希腊人,腓尼基人,以及地中海周围的其他民族正在建造由帆船提供动力的大型船只.
About 3,000 years ago, sailing ships were built with two masts, each one holding a sail.
大约3000年前,有两根桅杆建造出帆船,每根桅杆都悬挂起帆.
The addition of a second mast made a ship much easier to steer and also made it much faster.
添加了第二桅杆,使一艘船更能更方便地驾驶,同时也使其更快.
Five hundred years later, the Greeks developed a ship with four sails.
五百年后,希腊人开发出一艘有四道帆船.
This ship was safe enough to leave the Mediterranean Sea and travel down the west African coast.
这艘船足够安全,可以离开地中海并沿着西非海岸出行.
Some of the fastest ships at the time were built for battle.
一些当时最快的舰只被建造用于战斗.
These warships often had as many as three levels of rowers on each side of the ship.
这些战舰在舰只的两侧往往有多达三级的划艇.
Arranging the rowers above each other on separate tiers provided a great deal of power in a small amount of space.
将相上划取的划船排列在相上相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相相去相去相去相相去相相相相相相去相相相相去相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相
Greek ships with three tiers of rowers were called triremes.
希腊有三级划船的船被称作"三相".
These larger ships allowed people to travel to and explore distant places.
这些更大型的舰只使得人们可以前往并探索遥远的地方.
During this period, exploration and trade moved beyond the Mediterranean Sea.
在此期间,勘探和贸易已经超越了地中海.
Although ocean travel still had its dangers, it had become safe enough that some brave explorers and traders dared to risk it.
虽然出海旅行仍有其危险,但已经变得足够安全,以至于一些勇敢的探险家和商人敢于冒险.
The next evolution in boat building was the use of wooden beams to make a frame.
接下来的造船进化是用木梁来做相框.
The frame was covered with wooden planks or bark from trees.
框架被木板或树皮所覆盖。
Some cultures even used animal skins stretched over the frame to create a hull (the outer shell of a boat).
一些文化甚至会用动物皮被伸到框架上来制造出船体(船外壳).
These boats were bigger than previous designs, but were also more streamlined and able to hold more cargo.
这些船只比以前的设计要大,但也更加精简并能够多持货.
People also developed paddles and oars to move in deep water, where poles could not reach the bottom.
人们还开发出桨和桨来在深水中行走,在那里杆子无法到达底部.
The Egyptians were the first people to cover wooden frames with long, flat pieces of wood to create hulls.
埃及人最早用长而平平的木头来覆盖木框来制造船体.
Some of their boats measured as much as 21.
他们的一些船只测得多达21艘.
3 meters (70 ft) long.
长3米(70英尺).
The Egyptians were also the first to use sails to harness the power of the wind.
埃及人也率先用起帆来利用风力.
The use of sails eliminated or reduced the need for people to row the boats.
使用帆船消除了或减少了人们划船的需要.
Some boats used both rowers and sails.
有些船只既用划船也用帆.
The Polynesians In the South Pacific, groups of Pacific Island peoples were building boats that could sail in the open ocean.
南太平洋的波利尼西亚人,一群太平洋岛屿人正在建造可以在公海上航行的船只。
Over 3,500 years ago, these people were traveling east, well beyond the archipelago of islands where they lived.
3500多年前,这些人正在向东行走,远走于他们居住的群岛之外。
They also explored areas off the Asian mainland.
他们还探索了亚洲大陆以外的地区.
More than a thousand years ago, these people made journeys of thousands of miles in open boats.
一千多年前,这些人在开阔的船上行了数千英里之多.
These Polynesian sailors built a type of boat that was an early version of the modern catamaran.
这些波利尼西亚水手所建造的船型是现代克塔马兰的早期版本.
They took two canoes and connected them using large wooden poles.
他们取走两只独木舟并用大木杆将它们连接起来.
A deck was then built to span the poles.
之后又建造了一座甲板来横跨柱子.
These boats usually measured about 15 to 18 meters (50–60 ft) long.
这些船只通常测得约15至18米(50至60英尺)长.
The central deck held masts for sails and had enough space for several people and their supplies for the duration of a lengthy voyage.
中央甲板为帆起桅杆并有足够的空间供几个人及其补给进行漫长的航行.
Polynesian catamaran These early boats provided safe travel from one island to another.
波利尼西亚卡塔马兰 这些早期船只提供了从一个岛屿到另一个岛屿的安全旅行。
The Polynesians settled many new islands they discovered.
波利尼西亚人定居了许多他们发现的新岛屿.
By ad 1000, they lived on nearly every habitable island they could find in the Pacific Ocean.
到1 000号广告时,它们生活在几乎每一个在太平洋可以找到的可居住岛屿上。
Their new homes included Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island.
他们的新家园包括夏威夷,新西兰和复活节岛.
The Polynesians were accomplished sailors.
波利尼西亚人就是水手
They became so familiar with the ocean that they could determine their location by the size and shape of the waves.
他们对海洋变得非常熟悉,可以根据波浪的大小和形状来决定它们的位置.
They also knew how to navigate using the stars.
他们也知道如何利用星星导航
They could easily travel great distances by going from island to island.
他们可以轻松地从一个岛到另一个岛去旅行。
The Polynesians grew to accept sea travel as a way of life.
波利尼西亚人逐渐接受海上旅行作为一种生活方式.
At that time, most sailors did not like to lose sight of the coast, but the Vikings were fearless in their explorations.
当时,大多数水手都不喜欢忽视海岸,但维京人却在探索中无所畏惧.
They used a wooden dial called a sun compass to help them navigate.
他们用一个叫"太阳指南针"的木拨来帮助他们导航.
Viking explorers were willing to travel into the unknown to claim new lands and seek adventure.
维京探险家们愿意走入未知之地,要求得到新地并寻求冒险.
They were also the first Europeans to visit North America.
他们也是第一批访问北美的欧洲人.
The Vikings also built warships known as longships.
维京人还建造了被称作"长舰"的军舰.
It often was difficult to tell if a longship was coming or going because they looked the same in the front and in the back.
往往很难分辨长船是来还是去,因为前面和后面看起来都是一样的.
Because of the design of their longships, Viking attackers could easily change direction.
由于其长舰的设计,维京攻击者可以轻松地改变方向.
Longships were able to travel as fast as 15 knots.
长舰能跑得快到15节
(A knot is a way to measure speed on water.
(一结是测量水上速度的一种方法.
One knot is a little faster than one mile per hour.)
1节比每小时快一英里。 )
Some of the larger longships carried as many as 200 warriors.
一些较大的长相舰载着多达200名战士.
The combination of large, speedy, easy-to-handle ships and a fierce fighting spirit made the Vikings tough to defeat.
由大型,快速,易于操作的舰只和激烈的战斗精神所混合而成,使维京人难以被打败.
The Vikings ruled the ocean for nearly three centuries.
维京人统治了海洋近三个世纪.
However, they did not improve on the design of the longship, and other nations eventually developed mightier ships.
然而,它们并没有改进长舰的设计,而其他国家最终发展出更强大的舰只.
The Vikings More than 1,300 years ago, another group of people in another part of the world began to build larger boats.
1300多年前,世界另一地的另一群人开始建造更大的船只.
These people were the Vikings.
这些人是维京人
They lived in the northern part of Europe.
他们居住在欧洲北部.
The Vikings were well known as warriors and conquerors.
维京人被誉为"战士"和"征服者".
They were accustomed to traveling over water.
他们习惯过水路
By the year 700, they were sailing boats that were superior to any others on the ocean.
到了700年,他们航行的船只比其他海洋船只都优越。
The boats they built, called knarrs (kuh-NARS), were used primarily for trading.
他们建造的称为 " knarrs " (kuh-NARS)的船只主要用于贸易。
These boats were up to 16.
这些船只多达16艘.
5 meters (54 ft) long and 4.
5米(54英尺)长和4.
5 meters (15 ft) wide.
宽5米(15英尺).
Because they were flat bottomed, the knarr boats could carry extremely heavy loads, and they were wide enough to carry a large amount of cargo.
由于它们被平地地打入了船底,克纳尔号的船可以运载极其重的负载,而且它们宽到可以运载大量货物.
They were also very stable and could travel safely across the open ocean.
它们也非常稳定,可以安全地穿越公海。
Age of Discovery Until the 1400s, most sea explorers remained close to their home waters.
发现时代到1400年代,大多数出海探险家仍然与家乡水域相近.
But with the coming of the Age of Discovery, things changed dramatically.
但随着"发现"时代的到来,事情发生了巨大的变化.
Every European sailing nation wanted to find new lands.
每个欧洲航海国都想找到新的地盘
The race was on, and the Americas were the prize.
比赛开始了,美洲是大奖
Shipbuilders searched for ways to build faster and safer ships.
造船商寻找建造更快更安全船只的方法.
In the 1400s and 1500s, Christopher Columbus and other explorers used small, swift, sturdy ships known as caravels.
在1400年代和1500年代,克里斯多夫·哥伦布等探险家使用被称作"卡拉维尔"(caravels)的小而快而坚固的船只.
These ships had three masts to hold sails.
这些舰只有三根桅杆来起帆.
This design made the ships faster and easier to steer.
这种设计使得舰只的航向更快更方便.
Caravels had square sails on the fore and main masts, and a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen, on the mast at the rear of the ship.
卡拉维尔斯前桅和主桅有正方形起帆,后桅有三角形起帆,称为"后桅".
Caravel The Santa Maria was the largest of Columbus’s ships at 27.
卡拉维尔 圣玛利亚号是哥伦布27级舰只中最大的.
4 meters (90 ft) long and 9.
长4米(90英尺)和9.
1 meters (30 ft) wide.
1米(30英尺)宽.
Compared to modern ocean liners and cargo ships, these ships were tiny.
相较于现代的远洋班轮和货船,这些船都很小.
They didn’t even have cabins where the crew could sleep at night.
他们甚至没有船舱,
Sailors just had to lie down on the deck or in the hold.
水手们只好躺到甲板上或船舱里
But even though caravels were quite small, the famous explorer Ferdinand Magellan set out to sail five of these ships around the world with a crew of 260 sailors.
但尽管卡拉维尔相当小,出名的探险家斐迪南·麦哲伦(英语:Ferdinand Magellan)也出动了由260名水手组成的船员组成的五艘这些舰艇出航到世界各地.
Almost three years after they began the trip, Magellan’s crew returned.
在他们开始出行近三年后,麦哲伦的船员返回了.
Only one of the ships and eighteen of the sailors made it around the world.
只有一艘船和一十八名水手环游世界
The other ships were lost at sea, and the other sailors died.
其他舰只被海上所失,而其他水手也因此丧生.
Magellan was not one of the survivors.
麦哲伦不是幸存者之一。
He was killed somewhere in the Philippine Islands.
他在菲律宾群岛某地被杀死。
The Chinese While European explorers were sailing the world, the Chinese had also taken to the sea in another part of the world.
在欧洲探险家出海出海的同时,中国人也曾在世界另一地出海出海.
By the 1400s, they were skilled sailors.
到1400年代,他们是熟练的水手.
Chinese people had long since invented the magnetic compass.
中国人民早就发明了磁性指南针。
They also invented the rudder a thousand years before Westerners.
他们还发明了比西方人早千年的舵.
They used rectangular sails reinforced with strips of bamboo called battens.
他们用长方形帆来强化被取出被称作"蝙蝠"的竹条.
The battens made the sails sturdier and easier to furl and unfurl, and sailors could even climb them like ladders!
蝙蝠使出出更坚固的帆,更能轻而易举地起毛和取出起毛来,而水手甚至可以像梯子一样爬上来!
From 1405 to 1443, the most famous Chinese explorer, Zheng He, traveled on seven long voyages with a fleet of sixty-two treasure ships.
从1405年到1443年,最出名的中国探险家郑贺以由62艘珍宝船组成的分舰队出行了7次长航.
The Chinese called these ships “junks.”
中国人称这些船只为 " 垃圾 " 。 “
Inside the hull, the ship was divided into many sections, partitioned off with watertight walls or bulkheads to minimize potential damage.
在船体内部,舰只被分出多段,用紧水墙或散头隔开以尽量减少可能的损害.
If the hull were breached, the leak could only flood a small section of the ship, rather than sinking the entire ship.
如果船体被突破,漏水只能淹没舰只的一小部分,而不能淹没整个舰只.
Zheng He’s junks were much larger than European ships.
郑 他的垃圾比欧洲船只大得多。
His largest ship was so big that it could have held all three of Columbus’s ships on its deck.
他最大的舰只如此之大,以至于能将哥伦布的所有三艘舰只都扣留在其甲板上.
This massive ship was 121 meters (400 ft) long and 45.
这艘大型舰只有121米(400英尺)长和45.
7 meters (150 ft) wide.
宽7米(150英尺).
In addition to the sixty-two main trading ships, more than a hundred smaller support boats were in the fleet.
除62艘主要贸易船外,舰队中还有一百多艘更小的支援艇.
The Chinese sailed all the way to Africa to trade as well as to show the might of the Chinese empire to the rest of the world.
中国人一路出海到非洲进行贸易,也向世界其他国家展示中华帝国的力量.
Zheng He even carried a giraffe home to the emperor.
郑 他甚至带着长颈鹿去皇帝家
War with their Asian neighbors caused the Chinese to turn their attention away from exploration.
与亚洲邻居的战争使中国人不再关注探索.
The emperor made ocean voyages illegal and had all the treasure ships destroyed.
皇帝将出海航行定为非法,并摧毁了所有的宝船.
If the Chinese had continued their explorations, we might be studying how the Chinese discovered America.
如果中国人继续探索,我们可能会研究中国人是如何发现美国的.
And North and South Americans might be speaking Chinese instead of French, English, Spanish, and Portuguese.
北美和南美人可能会说中文而不是法语、英语、西班牙语和葡萄牙语。
While many previous explorers sailed to make war or find treasure, Cook was interested in knowledge and science.
虽然前作多位探险家出海制造战争或找取宝物,但库克对知识和科学很感兴趣.
He brought three scientists with him when he traveled, one astronomer (a scientist who studies the night sky) and two naturalists (scientists who study plants and animals).
他旅行时带去的有三位科学家,一位天文学家(一位研究夜空的科学家)和两位自然学家(研究动植物的科学家).
He also took many artists to document their discoveries.
他还带上许多艺术家来记录他们的发现.
Cook observed the stars as he sailed, and whenever he came to a new land, he learned as much as he could about its plants and animals.
库克在出航时观察了星星,每当他来到新地上,他都尽可能地了解它的动植物.
His work broadened the European understanding of the world.
他的作品拓宽了欧洲对世界的理解.
Cook kept his crew healthy by making them eat foods such as limes and cabbages.
库克通过让他们吃出石灰和白菜等食物来保持了船员的健康.
Until Cook’s time, up to one-half of the crew on a long voyage would die of scurvy or other diseases.
在库克之前,在长途航行中,多达一半的船员会死于脏病或其他疾病.
Cook knew his success as an explorer depended on keeping his crew in good health.
库克知道他作为探险家的成功取决于他的船员保持良好的健康.
Soon, all British sailors knew that they needed to eat vitamin C to survive.
很快,所有英国水手都知道他们需要吃维他命C来生存.
Sadly, although Cook attempted to remain diplomatic and friendly wherever he went, he was killed in a fight in Hawaii in 1779.
可悲的是,虽然库克无论到哪里都试图保持外交和友好,但他于1779年在夏威夷的一场战斗中被击毙.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
British sailors’ use of limes to prevent scurvy led people of other nations to give them the nickname “limeys.”
英国水手使用石灰来防止污秽, “
Later Y ears As sea exploration continued, the Spanish led the way.
晚点再听 随着出海探索的继续,西班牙人率先出道.
By the 1500s, European shipbuilding had experienced vast improvements.
至1500年代,欧洲造船经历了巨大的改进.
The newest ships, called galleons, were larger, faster, and more comfortable.
最新的舰只,叫"加仑",规模较大,速度快而舒适.
It took two thousand oak trees to build one galleon.
两千棵橡树造了一加仑
These vessels were as long as 42.
这些船只长达42个。
7 meters (140 ft), but were still small compared to the Chinese ships.
7米(140英尺),但与中国舰只相比仍然很小.
Many of them had nice, comfortable living quarters, at least for the officers.
他们中许多人有舒适舒适的住所,至少对警官来说是这样。
Galleons were dual-purpose ships that served as both trading vessels and warships.
加莱昂是双用途舰只,既作为贸易船也作为军舰.
Because of their great size, these warships were capable of mounting many cannons, making them dangerous in battle.
因为这些战舰规模巨大,能够架起多门大炮,使其在战斗中变得危险.
In the late 1700s, Captain James Cook began some of the greatest explorations of his time.
1700年代末,詹姆斯·库克船长开始了他时代的一些最伟大的探索.
In his first ship, Endeavour, Cook sailed around the world.
在他的第一艘"奋进"号飞船中,克克环游世界.
Glossary archipelago (n.)
词汇群岛(n.)
a cluster or chain of islands (p.
岛群或岛链(p.
9) bountiful (adj.)
9) 丰润 (adj.
plentiful, abundant (p.
丰收而丰收(p.
4) buoyant (adj.)
4) 有浮力(adj.
able to float (p.
能够浮动(p.
4) commerce (n.)
4) 通商 (n.
the buying and selling of goods; business or trade (p.
(一) 买卖货物;
4) eliminated (v.)
4)已取消(五.
removed or took away (p.
删除或带走(p.
7) habitable (adj.)
7)可居住(adj.
capable of supporting life (p.
能够支撑生命(p.
10) indigenous (adj.)
10) 土著(adj.)
native to a particular place (p.
特定地点的原生地(p.
5) ingenuity (n.)
5) 智取 (n.
cleverness or skill in solving a problem or challenge (p.
解决问题或挑战的聪明或技巧(p.
19) scurvy (n.)
19）坏血病（名词）
a life-threatening illness common to early sailors caused by a lack of vitamin C (p.
由缺乏维生素C(p.
18) speculated (v.)
18)被推测(五.
guessed based on ideas and theories that were not definitely proven (p.
猜测基于一些没有被确定证明的想法和理论(p.
4) streamlined (adj.)
4) 精简(adj.)
designed to move easily through air or water (p.
设计方便地通过空气或水(p.
7) tiers (n.)
7)分级 (n.
rows or levels arranged one above another (p.
相上方排列的行或等 (p.
8) triremes (n.)
8) 三叠纪(n.
ancient galleys equipped with three banks of oars (p.
古老的船坞配备了三道桨(p.
8) Conclusion By the mid-1800s, sailors had explored and mapped most of the world’s coastlines.
8) 结论 到18世纪中叶,水手已经探索并绘制出世界大部分海岸线.
Very fast sailing vessels called clipper ships carried people across oceans in a matter of days.
V快船叫做"剪刀船" 在几天内载人出海
One clipper, Sir Lancelot, set a record by sailing from Australia to England in three months.
一名剪辑员兰斯洛特爵士在三个月后从澳大利亚出航到英国,创下纪录.
Some of these ships had as many as thirty-five sails, and they could travel even in light breezes.
其中一些舰只有多达35只帆船,它们甚至可以在微风下行走.
By the 1870s, however, the steam engine largely replaced wind power.
然而到1870年代,蒸汽机车基本取代了风能.
The industrial revolution swung into full gear, and machines became more significant to everyone.
工业革命卷入了满载的齿轮,而机器对每个人来说都变得更加重要.
Bigger and faster ships than had ever been imagined suddenly became possible.
比想象中的大而快的舰艇突然成为可能.
Today, steam power is outdated, and ships run on different types of engines.
如今,蒸汽动力已经过时,船舶运行在不同类型的发动机上.
Some submarines and aircraft carriers even run on nuclear power!
一些潜艇和航空母舰甚至运行在核电上!
Cruise ships carry thousands of people at a time like floating cities.
游轮每次载着上千人,就像漂浮的城市.
When we look at some of the ships used by early explorers to sail across oceans, we have to admire their courage and their ingenuity.
当我们看一看早期探险家出海出航时,我们必须钦佩他们的勇气和智慧.
Explorers and their ships of discovery helped create the world we live in.
探索者及其发现之船 帮助创造了我们生活的世界