(Other Than Dinosaurs)

美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习

Table of Contents What Giants Lived Long Ago?

内容表 什么巨人活了长相?

4 Giant Invertebrates.

4 巨无脊椎动物.

5 Giant Fish and Amphibians.

5"巨鱼"和"两栖".

7 Giant Reptiles.

7"巨型爬行动物".

9 Giant Birds.

九巨鸟.

11 Giant Mammals.

11个巨型哺乳动物.

12 A World Without Giants?

十二个没有巨人的世界?

15 Glossary.

15 词汇。

16 What Giants Lived Long Ago?

16 什么巨人活了长相?

Many prehistoric animals other than dinosaurs were giants.

除恐龙外,许多史前动物都是巨人.

There were other giant reptiles as well as giant species of shellfish, insects, centipedes, fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals.

还有其他巨型爬行动物以及巨型种类的贝类,昆虫,百花鱼,鱼类,两栖动物,鸟类和哺乳动物.

There was even a giant ape, almost like King Kong!

甚至还有一只巨猿,几乎像金刚!

Scientists called paleontologists learn about prehistoric animals from fossils (remains or traces of animals, such as bones).

被称作古生物学家的科学家从化石(骨骼等动物的残骸或痕迹)中学习出史前动物.

Paleontologists can use a fossil to learn when and where an animal lived, how big it was, what kind of food it ate, and how it moved.

古生物学家可以使用化石来了解动物生活的时间和地点,体积有多大,食用何种食物,如何移动.

Scientists divide Earth’s history into several different periods of time.

科学家将地球历史分为几个不同的时期.

These periods are grouped into different eras.

这些时期分为不同的时代.

The chart on page 15 shows in what periods and eras the animals in this book lived.

第15页的图表显示了本书中动物生活的时期和时代.

Get ready to jump into your imaginary time machine and enjoy your prehistoric journey with giants!

准备好跳入你想象中的时间机器 享受你和巨人的史前旅程!

Do You Know?

你知道吗?

Species have changed over and over again throughout Earth’s history, with old species becoming extinct and new ones appearing.

在整个地球历史上,物种不断发生变化,老物种已经灭绝并出现了新的物种。

More than 99 percent of all animal species that have ever lived are now extinct.

超过99%的动物物种 曾经生存过,现在已经灭绝。

Giant Invertebrates Set your time machine for the Paleozoic (pay- lee-ah-ZO-ik) era to see some giant invertebrates (animals without backbones).

巨无脊椎动物 设定您的时间机器为帕列奥佐克(pay-lee-ah-ZO-ik)时代,以看到一些巨大的无脊椎动物(动物没有骨干).

Some fly through the air, and others swim in the oceans.

有的在空中飞行,有的在海洋中游泳.

Cameroceras —Scariest Shellfish It is 470 million to 440 million years ago, and all animals live in the ocean.

卡梅罗塞拉斯-最可怕的壳鱼 它在4.7亿到4.4亿年前,所有动物都生活在海洋中.

You see Cameroceras (cam-er-ah-SAIR-us), a giant squidlike shellfish.

看到卡美罗塞拉斯(英语:Cam-er-ah-SAIR-us),是一种巨型鱿鱼类贝类.

Its head and eight tentacles stick out of a cone-shaped shell, which might grow as long as 36 feet (11 m).

它的头部和8个触角从锥形外壳上伸出来,可能长到36英尺(11米).

Cameroceras hunts sea animals by grabbing them with its tentacles and using its sharp beak to tear them to pieces.

卡梅罗塞拉斯捕食海生动物的方式是用触手抓住它们并用它的尖嘴将它们撕成碎片.

Do You Know?

你知道吗?

People used to think the fossil shells of small relatives of Cameroceras were the horns of unicorns.

人们曾认为卡美罗塞拉斯小亲戚的化石壳是独角兽的角.

How Meganeura Compares with Giant Insects of Today Meganeura—Dangerous Dragonfly If you travel more than 100 million years forward in time, you will probably end up in a swampy forest, about 311 million to 282 million years ago.

梅根乌拉如何与"今日的巨虫"相提并论 梅根乌拉-恐龙飞. 如果你在时间上向前行走超过一亿多年, 你可能最终会生活在沼泽的森林里, 大概是3.11亿到2.82亿年前。

A giant dragonfly swoops down.

一只巨龙飞来飞去

Meganeura (meh-guh-NYUR-uh) is bigger than most birds you know.

Meganeura (meh-guh-NYUR-uh) 比大多数你认识的鸟都大.

It has a wingspan of 2.

它的翼展为 2.

5 feet (76 cm), making it the largest insect ever known.

5英尺(76厘米),成为史上已知最大的昆虫.

The air is heavier than you’re used to because there is more oxygen in it.

空气比以前更重,因为空气中氧气更多。

This heavy air helps support the weight of the giant flyer.

这种沉重的空气帮助支撑了巨大的飞行器的重量.

The extra oxygen also allows Meganeura and other animals to grow to a giant size.

额外的氧气还使梅根乌拉等动物能长出巨大的体型.

Arthropleura —Biggest Bug Crawling toward you along the forest floor is Arthropleura (AHR-throw-PLOOR-ah), the largest land arthropod ever.

Arthropleura — Biggest Bug Crawling 沿着森林地底朝你走来,是有史以来最大的地节肢动物Arthropleura(AHR-throw-BROOR-ah)。

It looks like a 60-legged centipede, and it can grow longer than 8 feet (2.

其外观为60足的百分形,可长于8英尺(2.

5 m).

(5米长)

It lives in swampy forests between 340 million and 280 million years ago.

它生活在3.4亿至2.8亿年前的沼泽地森林中.

It also grows so large because the air is heavy with oxygen.

也因为空气中含氧量很重而生长出如此之大.

Giant Fish and Amphibians Next you’ll see some giants that live during different periods of the Mesozoic (MEZ-uh-ZO-ik) era.

巨鱼和两栖动物 接下来你会看到一些巨头生活在美索佐克时代的不同时期。

You might want to bring your snorkel as you head out to sea.

你可能想带上你的潜水艇去海边

Leedsichthys —Largest Fish Leedsichthys (leeds-ICK-thiss) is the largest fish that ever lived.

活鱼(学名:Leedsichthys-Largest fish Leedsichthys)(leeds-ICK-this)为 lived科活鱼属的鱼类,是曾经生存过的最大鱼类.

It can grow almost 55 feet (16.

它能长出近55英尺(16.

8 m) long in the seas of 165 million to 155 million years ago.

8米)长于1.65亿到1.55亿年前的出海口.

Leedsichthys gulps in huge mouthfuls of water as it swims.

利德西希斯在游泳时会把口袋放入水中

At the back of the fish’s mouth are more than 40,000 long, thin teeth.

在鱼口后部有4万多根长而薄的牙齿.

These teeth act like a screen to hold shrimp, jellyfish, and other small animals when Leedsichthys blows the water out.

这些牙齿在利德西希斯将水吹出时,表现为屏风来牵住虾,水母等小动物.

This is called filter feeding; many whales eat this way back in your time.

这叫做过滤喂食,很多鲸鱼都这样在你的时代吃。

Leedsichthys will eventually become extinct.

利德西克西斯最终会灭绝.

One possible reason is because seas become lower and smaller.

一个可能的原因是海洋越来越小。

Smaller seas will mean less food for the giant fish to eat.

更小的海洋意味着巨鱼的食物会减少.

Do You Know?

你知道吗?

In May 2005, fishermen in Thailand caught a Mekong giant catfish almost 9 feet (2.

2005年5月,泰国渔民捕获了一条近9英尺(2英尺)的湄公河巨鱼.

7 m) long.

7米)长.

Before scientists could study this giant fish, however, the fishermen and their friends ate it!

然而,在科学家能够研究这只巨型鱼之前,渔民们和他们的朋友就吃了它!

Koolasuchus —Slimy Giant Skip ahead between 40 million and 60 million years further into the Mesozoic to see Koolasuchus (KOOL-ah-SOOK-us).

Koolasuchus — Slimy Giant在4 000万至6 000万年之间向前跳入中索索克以看到Koolasuchus(KOOL-ah-SOOK-us)。

It’s a slimy giant salamander—about 17 feet (5 m) long with a wide, flat head—that lives in swampy forests 137 million to 112 million years ago.

大约有17英尺(5米)长, 头部宽而平平,

Its big head holds more than 100 long teeth, which it uses to capture fish, crabs, turtles, and other prey.

它的大头有100多颗长齿,用来捕取鱼,螃蟹,龟等猎物.

Koolasuchus has eyes on top of its head.

克奥拉修斯头顶有眼睛

This allows it to bury itself in muddy water while keeping watch for prey.

这使得它可以将自己埋入泥水中,同时守护猎物.

Koolasuchus and other giant amphibians will disappear.

克奥拉修斯和其他巨型两栖动物将会消失.

A change in climate will cause them to become extinct.

气候变化将导致它们灭绝。

Elasmosaurus —Long-Necked Hunter If you go swimming between 85 million and 65 million years ago, you might not even notice Elasmosaurus (eh-LAZ-mo-SAWR-us), even though it grows as long as 49 feet (15 m).

Elasmosaurus——长颈猎人 如果你在8500万到6500万年前去游泳,你甚至可能不会注意到"Elasmosaurus"(eh-LAZ-mo-SAWR-us),尽管它长到49英尺(15米).

Most of that length is in its neck and tail.

大部分长度都在它的颈和尾部.

Elasmosaurus can keep most of its body far away from the fish it hunts.

埃拉斯莫龙可以将其大部分身体远离所猎取的鱼.

Its long neck allows it to sneak up under a school of fish without the fish knowing there is a giant under them!

它的长颈可以让它偷偷跑到鱼群下 而鱼却不知道下面有巨人

Ornithocheirus —Flying Reptile In the sky, you see Ornithocheirus (or-NITH-oh- KY-rus), a flying reptile that lives near sea coasts and lakes from 140 million to 70 million years ago.

Ornithocheirus——飞行回转 在天空中,你可以看到Ornithocheirus(或作-NITH-oh-KY-rus),是一款生活在1.4亿到7000万年前的海岸和湖泊附近的飞行爬行动物.

Ornithocheirus has a wingspan up to 40 feet (12.

Ornithocheirus的翅膀可长达40英尺(12.

2 m) and a body about 11.

2米)和一具尸体约11.

5 feet (3.

5英尺(3个).

5 m) long.

5米)长.

Although it is gigantic, it probably weighs only about as much as you do.

虽然它很大,但可能只跟你一样重。

That’s because its bones are hollow, which helps it fly easily.

因为它的骨头是空的,

Large groups of these giant flyers build nests on cliff tops.

这些巨型传单的大群在悬崖顶上筑巢.

Elasmosaurus swam with its long neck straight out.

埃拉斯莫龙用它的长颈直出而游.

The reptile also had four diamond-shaped flippers.

爬行动物还拥有4个菱形的翻石.

Giant Reptiles During the Mesozoic era, while dinosaurs walk the Earth, other giant reptiles swim in the ocean.

巨型爬行动物 在美索索克时代,当恐龙行走地球时,其他巨型爬行动物会游入海洋.

They are just as gigantic as some dinosaurs—and just as deadly.

它们和恐龙一样巨大 也一样致命

Cymbospondylus —Fishlike Reptile Cymbospondylus (sim-bow-SPON-di-lus) lives 240 million to 210 million years ago, when it is one of the largest animals in the sea, at 33 feet (10 m) long.

圆柱花 ——Fishlike Reptile Cymbospondylus (sim-bow-SPON-di-lus)活于2.4亿到2.10亿年前,当时是海中最大的动物之一,体长为33英尺(10米).

Cymbospondylus has a huge head with a long, pointed snout.

Cymbospondylus有一个巨大的头 有长而尖的鼻孔。

Its jaws contain many rows of small teeth used for catching and holding fish and other animals that it hunts in deep waters.

其下颚中含有多行用于捕捉和牵取鱼类和在深水中猎取的其他动物的小齿.

Liopleurodon —T.

(原始内容存档于2018-10-21). Liopleurodon-T.

rex of the Seas Travel forward in time but stay in the ocean— if you dare.

(笑声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声)

The reptile Liopleurodon (LIE-oh- PLOOR-oh-don) swims in these salty waters.

爬行动物"利奥普莱罗登"(LIE-oh-BOLOR-oh-don)会游入这些咸水中.

Liopleurodon can use its large, powerful jaws to kill any animal in the sea.

Liopleurodon可以使用它的大而强大的下颚来杀死海中的任何动物.

Short-necked Liopleurodon lives 160 million to 155 million years ago.

短颈柳普勒罗登活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活

It can grow up to 49 feet (15 m) long.

它可长至49英尺(15米)长.

Giant Mammals After the extinction of the giant reptiles, giant mammals began to rule the world.

巨型哺乳动物 巨型爬行动物灭绝后,巨型哺乳动物开始统治世界.

Many scientists believe terror birds went extinct later in the Cenozoic era because mammals were better hunters—they ate all the food!

许多科学家认为恐怖鸟在Cenozoic时代的后期灭绝,因为哺乳动物是更好的猎人——他们吃掉了所有的食物!

The giant mammals you are about to meet are herbivores, meaning they eat only plants.

你即将遇到的巨型哺乳动物是食草动物, 也就是说它们只吃植物.

Indricotherium —Dino-Sized Rhino Climb a tree to get a good look at Indricotherium (IN-drik-oh-THEER-ee-um), a relative of today’s rhinoceros.

Indricotherium — Dino-Sized Rhino 爬上一棵树来取出Indricotherium(英语:IN-drik-oh-THER-e-um),是当今犀牛的亲戚.

This giant mammal uses its long neck as a giraffe does—to eat leaves and branches at the tops of trees.

这个巨型哺乳动物用长颈鹿的长颈鹿 吃树顶的树叶和树枝

Living from 30 million to 25 million years ago, Indricotherium is at least 15 feet (4.

活于3000万到2500万年前,Indricotherium有至少15英尺(4.

5 m) tall—bigger than a one-story house—and it weighs 16 tons (15 metric tons).

5米)高-比一层楼的房子高-重16吨(15公吨).

Indricotherium is one of the largest mammals.

Indricotherium是最大的哺乳动物之一.

Giant Birds You can easily spot the huge flightless creatures known as terror birds.

巨鸟 你可以很容易地发现 巨大的无飞行的生物 被称为恐怖鸟。

Gastornis —A T on of Terror In the forests and swamps of 56 million to 41 million years ago, you will find Gastornis (gas-TOR-nis), a bird about 7 feet (2.

Gastornis——5600万到4100万年前的森林和沼泽中恐怖的T上,你会发现Gastornis(gas-TOR-nis),一只大约7英尺(2英尺)的鸟.

1 m) tall.

1米)高处.

It is possibly one of the top predators in North America and Europe since dinosaurs are extinct in its time.

由于恐龙在其时代已经灭绝,它可能是北美和欧洲最顶尖的捕食者之一.

Modern scientists are not sure what this terror bird eats, but its sharp, powerful beak could easily rip the flesh and crush the bones of small animals—if it can catch them.

现代科学家并不知道这只恐怖鸟吃了什么,但是它的尖锐而强大的喙可以轻易地撕裂小动物的肉并粉碎它们的骨头——如果它能抓住它们的话.

Gastornis may weigh more than 1 ton (0.

加斯多尼斯可能体重超过一吨(0.

9 metric tons).

9公吨).

Phorusrhacos —Speedy and Deadly Phorusrhacos (FOR-us-RAH-kus) is a terror bird that stands up to 10 feet (3 m) tall.

Phorusrhacos-Speedy and Deadly Phorusrhacos (FOR-us-RAH-kus)是一只高可达10英尺(3米)的恐怖鸟.

It hunts small animals in plains and woodlands from 27 million to 2.

它在平原和林地中捕猎小动物从2700万到2.

5 million years ago.

五百万多年前的电影.

Phorusrhacos can move much faster than Gastornis because it doesn’t weigh as much as that earlier terror bird.

Phorusrhacos能比Gasdornis快得多, 因为比起更早的恐怖鸟,

Phorusrhacos may be able to run after its prey at 43 miles per hour (69 kmph), faster than a car usually travels down a city street.

Phorusrhacos可能能够以每小时43英里(69kmph)的速度追赶猎物,比一辆车通常在城市街道上行驶的速度快.

Gigantopithecus —The Real King Kong Gigantopithecus (jeye-GANT-o-PIHTH-uh-kuhs) is a real giant ape that lives from about 8 million to 100,000 years ago.

吉冈托皮瑟克斯 ——"活活活活活活活"(英語:Jeye-GANT-o-PIHTH-uh-kuhs)是一只活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活

Some males stand 10 feet (3 m) tall on their hind legs and weigh more than 1,000 pounds (454 kg).

有的雄性在后腿上站出10英尺(3米)高,体重超过1000磅(454公斤).

Females are half this size.

雌性有这种大小的一半.

Gigantopithecus is a gentle giant.

Gigantopithecus是一个温和的巨人。

It eats bamboo, fruit, seeds, and other plant food in tropical rainforests in Asia.

它在亚洲热带雨林中吃竹子,水果,种子等植物食物.

While you’re here, you might even spot an early type of human called Homo erectus, who is living at the same time and in the same places as Gigantopithecus.

你在这里的时候,你甚至可能发现一种早期的人类,叫做"同身之身"(Homo emptus),他和Gigantopithecus同时生活在同一个地方。

Mammuthus—Woolly Mammoth and Its Relatives Time to move forward again to between 4 million and 10,000 years ago, during the last ice age, to catch a glimpse of a woolly mammoth, a species of Mammuthus (MA-muh-thus).

Mammuthus-Woolly Mammoth及其亲属时间在上个冰河时代再次前进到400万到1万年前,以捕捉出一头羊毛毛毛毛,是Mammuthus(英语:MA-muh-thus)的一个物种.

Do You Know?

你知道吗?

Could Gigantopithecus still be alive?

吉根托皮瑟克斯还活着吗?

Hundreds of people have claimed to see a huge, hairy, apelike creature in the northwestern United States and in Canada.

数以百计的人声称在美国西北部和加拿大看到一种巨大的,有毛的,类人猿的生物.

Because of the 16-inch (41 cm) footprints that have been seen in these areas, this creature is often called Bigfoot.

由于在这些地区已经见到了16英寸(41厘米)的足迹,这种生物常被称作"大脚".

In Asia, many people say they have seen a similar creature, which is called a Yeti.

在亚洲,许多人说他们见过类似的生物,这叫"叶蒂".

Most scientists doubt these creatures really exist.

大多数科学家怀疑这些生物真的存在.

It looks like a huge, hairy elephant with long curved tusks.

它看起来像一头大而有毛的大象 有长长的弯曲的长牙.

It uses its tusks to clear paths through snow, probably to search for plant food.

它用它的长牙来清理雪地的路径,可能是为了寻找植物食物.

The woolly mammoth stands almost 12 feet (3.

羊毛毛毛oth站立于近12英尺(3.

6 m) tall, but another Mammuthus species can grow as tall as 14 feet (4.

高6米),但另一个马木图斯物种能长出高达14英尺(4.

3 m).

(3米) (中文(简体) ).

Mammoths will become extinct at the end of the ice age, when the weather becomes too warm for them.

在冰河时代末期,当天气变得太温暖时,哺乳动物会灭绝.

An African elephant (left) stands with the woolly mammoth and three of their closely related ancestors.

一只非洲象(左)与羊毛毛和他们三个密切相关的祖先站在一起。

Megatherium —Giant Ground Sloth Another huge mammal that lives during the last ice age is Megatherium (meg-ah-THEER-ee- um), a giant ground sloth.

高ther-地壳 另一个生活在上个冰河时代的大型哺乳动物是Megatherium (meg-ah-THER-ee-um),一个巨大的地槽.

It lives about 2 million to 8,000 years ago and is almost 20 feet (6 m) long.

它活于约200万到8000年前,有近20英尺(6米)长.

Megatherium is related to the much smaller tree sloths that live in South America today.

巨ther与今天生活在南美洲的更小的树懒有关.

Fossil footprints found in your time show that it could stand and even walk upright.

在你的时间里发现的化石脚印表明,它可以站起,甚至可以向上走.

Time to start heading back.

该回去了

A World Without Giants?

一个没有巨人的世界?

Isn’t it amazing to think that giants such as the ones in this book once walked on Earth and swam in the ocean?

这本书中的巨人曾经在地球上行走并游入海洋,

It’s too bad we can’t see these huge creatures today.

今天我们看不到这些巨大的生物,

However, you can see many other giant animals today.

然而,今天你可以看到许多其他巨型动物.

Unfortunately, many of these animals are threatened with extinction because their populations are so small.

不幸的是,许多这些动物由于种群如此之小而面临灭绝的威胁.

It’s important to protect these animals, mainly by preserving their habitats.

保护这些动物很重要,

That way, we can be sure that we’ll never live in a world without giants.

这样,我们可以肯定,我们永远不会生活在一个没有巨人的世界。

Era Period When Period Began Animals in Period (years ago) Precambrian Time 4.

大纪元时期 当期被孕育出动物期(多年前) Precambrian Time 4.

5 billion * Paleozoic Cambrian 543 million Ordovician 490 million Cameroceras, page 5 Silurian 443 million Devonian 417 million Carboniferous 354 million Arthropleura, page 6 Meganeura, page 6 Permian 290 million Mesozoic Triassic 248 million Cymbospondylus, page 9 Jurassic 206 million Leedsichthys, page 7 Liopleurodon, page 9 Cretaceous 144 million Ornithocheirus, page 10 Koolasuchus, page 8 Elasmosaurus, page 10 Cenozoic Tertiary 65 million Gastornis, page 11 Indricotherium, page 12 Phorusrhacos, page 11 Gigantopithecus, page 13 Quaternary 2 million Mammuthus, page 13 Megatherium, page 14 * The first known animal appeared about 600 million years ago.

50亿* Paleozoic Cambrian 5.43亿 Ordovician 4.9亿卡美罗塞拉斯 第5页 Silurian 4.43亿 Devonian 4.17亿碳活性 3.54亿Arthropleura 第6页 Meganeura 第6页 Mesozoic 2.9亿 Cymbospondylus 第9页 Jurassic 第2.06亿 Leedsichthys 第7页 Liopleurodon 第9页 Cretaceous 1.44亿 Ornithocheirus 第10页 Koolasuchus 第8页 Elasmosaurus 第10页 Cenozoic Tertiary 6500万加斯多尼斯 第11页 Phorusrhacos 第12页 Gorgantopithecus 第13页 Quaternary 200万 Mammuthus 第13页 Mametherium 第14页 * 第1 第1页已知动物约6亿年前出现.