Jamestown
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Truth or Fiction?
内容真实还是虚构?
4 Who Was Pocahontas?
宝佳康蒂是谁?
5 Newcomers.
5 新来者。
7 Kidnapped.
7人被绑架。
12 Love, Peace, and Prosperity.
12 爱、和平与繁荣。
15 In London’s Society.
15 伦敦学会。
17 A Mysterious and Legendary Life.
17"神秘与传奇人生".
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
24 Truth or Fiction?
24 真理还是虚构?
Captain John Smith was one of the leaders of the new colony called Jamestown, which was founded in 1607 on the coast of what is now the state of Virginia.
约翰·史密斯船长是新殖民地"詹姆斯敦"(Jamestown)的领导人之一,该殖民地于1607年在现在的弗吉尼亚州的海岸上建立.
Years after he had returned to England, Capt.
多年后他回到了英国,队长.
Smith liked to tell stories about what life had been like in Jamestown.
史密斯喜欢讲述詹姆斯敦生活的故事.
In one of his stories, he claimed to have been captured by a group of local warriors, led by Chief Powhatan, the chief of all the tribes in the Chesapeake Bay region.
在他的一个故事中,他声称被一群由切萨皮克湾地区所有部落首领波沃坦酋长所领导的当地勇士所俘.
As the warriors stood all around him, with their clubs raised, Smith was sure he was about to be killed.
当勇士们站在他周围,他们的俱乐部纷纷起立时,史密斯确信他即将被杀死.
Just then, a little Indian princess named Pocahontas ran in and knelt alongside Smith.
刚才,一个名叫宝佳康蒂的印度小公主跑进来,并和史密斯并肩跪倒.
She begged the Chief, her father, to spare the life of this stranger.
她恳求酋长,她的父亲 饶了这个陌生人一命
Her plea saved Smith’s life.
她的恳求拯救了史密斯的生命.
The only problem with this dramatic story is that it does not seem to be true.
这个戏剧故事的唯一问题是,它似乎不是真的。
Experts disagree about whether Smith’s life would have been threatened—or wonder if he made up the whole story.
专家不同意史密斯的生命是否会受到威胁,
He may have made up the story, but Pocahontas was a real person.
他可能编造了这个故事,但宝佳康蒂是一个真实的人.
Who Was Pocahontas?
宝佳康蒂是谁?
Pocahontas was a young woman who lived more than 400 years ago, but people are still fascinated by her today.
宝佳康蒂是一位四百多年前就已经活了下来的年轻女子,但人们今天仍然对她着迷.
Pocahontas didn’t write about her feelings or thoughts so we know little about her everyday life.
宝佳康蒂没有写她的感受或想法,
What we do know about her we’ve learned from word-of- mouth retellings of stories and the written records of historical events that took place around her at the time.
我们从口述故事以及当时围绕她发生的历史事件的书面记录中得知,
Some of those stories and records have been changed by people who wanted certain events to sound more exciting.
其中一些故事和记录被一些希望某些事件听起来更令人兴奋的人所改变.
These changes mean that many movies, poems, and stories about Pocahontas are fictional and contradict each other.
这些变化意味着许多电影,诗歌,和关于宝佳康蒂的故事都是虚构的并相互矛盾.
The real Pocahontas was born around 1595.
真正的宝佳康蒂生于1595年左右.
She was the daughter of Powhatan, the powerful chief of the Powhatan Confederacy, a large group of Algonquian tribes.
她是波沃坦的女儿,波沃坦邦联的强大首领,阿尔贡基安一大批部落.
These member tribes had lived in the low- lying coastal regions of modern-day Virginia for hundreds of years.
这些成员部落在现代弗吉尼亚州的低地沿海地区生活了数百年。
There were once more than thirty tribes and around 25,000 members in the Powhatan Confederacy.
波沃坦邦联中曾有30多个部落和约25,000名成员.
Several English colonists wrote about the Powhatans.
一些英国殖民者写道了"波沃丹人".
They described strong, tall people who were uneasy with the newcomers but who also wanted to trade with them.
他们描述了那些对新来者不放心但又想与他们进行交易的强壮而高大的人。
The Powhatans built wooden homes, carved canoes from local trees, and used rock and bone to make tools.
波沃坦人建造了木屋,从当地树木上雕出独木舟,并用石头和骨头来做工具.
The men hunted and fished, and the women farmed.
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Pocahontas as imagined for the 1995 Disney animated movie.
1995年迪士尼动画电影所想象的宝佳康蒂.
This detailed map, drawn by Capt.
这个由Capt绘制的详细地图.
John Smith in 1606, shows the location of Jamestown and the territory of each of the Powhatan Confederacy tribes.
1606年约翰·史密斯(John Smith),展示了詹姆斯敦的位置和波沃坦邦联各部落的领土.
Pocahontas had several names.
宝佳康蒂有几个名字
“Pocahontas,” a nickname that means “playful one,” gives us a hint as to her personality.
“宝佳康蒂”这个绰号,意思是“玩弄她的人”,给我们暗示她的个性。
Newcomers Pocahontas was 11 or 12 on May 14, 1607, when the original group of 104 English men and boys arrived in the area and created the settlement called Jamestown.
1607年5月14日,由104名英国男子和男孩组成的原始团体抵达该地区并创建了名为"詹姆斯敦"的定居点. Newcomers Pocahontas是11或12.
It was the first permanent English colony in America.
它是美国第一个永久的英国殖民地.
Jamestown was named for King James I of England, who granted a charter to the Virginia Company of London in 1606.
詹姆斯敦被命名为英格兰国王詹姆斯一世,后者于1606年授予了伦敦弗吉尼亚公司的特许状.
The charter gave the company the right to explore and settle anywhere from modern-day New York State to North Carolina.
章程赋予了公司从现代纽约州到北卡罗来纳州的任何地方探索和定居的权利.
The company’s investors hoped to find gold and silver in the New World.
公司投资者希望在"新世界"中找到金银.
They also hoped to find a shortcut river route to the Pacific Ocean in order to trade more easily with the countries of Asia.
他们还希望找到一条通向太平洋的捷径河道,以更方便地同亚洲国家进行贸易.
The site chosen for the Jamestown colony was on a peninsula in the James River.
为詹姆斯敦殖民地所选择的遗址位于詹姆斯河上的一个半岛上.
Today, this peninsula has become an island.
如今,这个半岛已经成为一个岛屿.
The settlers chose this site to build their settlement for several reasons: it was close to deep water for easy access to supply ships, no one lived on it, and its shape made it easy to defend.
定居者选择这个地点建造定居点有几个原因:它靠近深水,可以方便地进入补给船,没有人住在该地上,其形状使其易于防御。
However, the confident colonists came to regret their choice.
然而,自信的殖民者却来后悔他们的选择.
The land was marshy and the water they drank from the river was muddy and salty.
土地多沼泽,他们从河中喝出的水又多泥又多咸.
A section of the recreated Jamestown fort, showing the well and typical houses.
重建后詹姆斯敦要塞的一部分,展示了井和典型的房屋.
Inset: a drawing of the original triangular shape of the fort.
Inset:一幅由堡垒原三角形状所绘.
Before Jamestown, the English had not successfully established colonies in North America.
在詹姆斯敦之前,英国人还没有在北美成功建立殖民地.
Spain had already founded many colonies in the Americas.
西班牙已经在美洲建立了许多殖民地.
The English settlers in Jamestown knew they were in danger from the Spanish navy.
詹姆斯敦的英国定居者知道他们从西班牙海军那里处于危险之中.
They feared the Spanish king might order their settlement destroyed if he learned of it.
他们担心西班牙国王得知后会下令摧毁他们的定居点.
These first settlers had little practical experience with farming, food storage, and organized labor.
这些最初的定居者在耕作、粮食储存和有组织劳动方面几乎没有实际经验。
Most of the adult men were business leaders—not workers.
大多数成年男子是商界领袖,而不是工人。
The unskilled group did not collect and store enough food.
非熟练人员没有收集和储存足够的食物。
In August 1607, bad drinking water, disease- carrying mosquitoes, and lack of food caused the settlers to become sick.
1607年8月,糟糕的饮用水,疾病携带的蚊子和缺乏食物导致定居者生病.
Many died.
许多人已经死亡。
At times, there were only 5 men well enough to bury the dead.
有时只有五个人能安葬死者
By the end of the first year, only 38 of the original 104 settlers had survived.
到第一年末,在最初的104名定居者中只有38名幸存.
Gradually, the English colonists and the tribes began to trade with each other.
逐渐地,英国殖民者和部落开始互相贸易.
The Powhatans offered food in exchange for the settlers’ tools and other goods.
Powatans人提供食物以换取定居者的工具和其他货物。
Their relationship was an uneasy one.
他们的关系很不好
Although the Powhatans sometimes offered gifts of food, they also sometimes attacked colonists found outside the fort.
虽然波沃丹人有时会提供食物礼物,但他们有时也会攻击堡垒外发现的殖民者.
Some experts believe Pocahontas first met Captain John Smith in December 1607, when Chief Powhatan’s men captured him.
一些专家认为宝佳康蒂于1607年12月首次与船长约翰·史密斯相遇,当时波沃坦酋长的手下抓获他.
Did Pocahontas save Smith’s life?
宝佳康蒂救了史密斯一命吗?
Experts today doubt it.
今日有专家怀疑.
Many believe that the ceremony Smith later described was a traditional one to welcome a newcomer to the tribe—and that Smith’s life was never in danger.
许多人认为,史密斯后来描述的仪式是传统仪式来欢迎新人来到部落——史密斯的生命从未有危险.
If this is true, Pocahontas’s actions may have been an expected part of the ceremony.
如果情况属实,宝佳康蒂的行为可能是仪式的预期部分.
Other experts think that, because Smith did not describe Pocahontas as his rescuer until 1624, he might have made up the story.
其他专家认为,由于史密斯直到1624年才将宝佳康蒂描述为他的救星,他可能编造了这个故事.
In 1608, Capt.
1608年,出为上尉.
Smith wrote a letter that told of meeting Powhatan but he did not mention Pocahontas.
Smith写了一封信 说要见Powhatan 但他没有提到宝佳康蒂
Whatever the truth might have been, Powhatan and Smith eventually established a friendly relationship.
无论真相如何,波沃扬和史密斯最终建立了友好关系.
At some point, Pocahontas became a familiar face in the settlement and became Smith’s friend.
在某个时候,宝佳康蒂成为定居地上一个熟悉的面孔并成为史密斯的朋友.
She sometimes brought gifts of food from her father to the colonists.
她有时会给殖民者带来她父亲送来的食物礼物.
One time, Chief Powhatan sent her to Jamestown to ask the English to release Native American captives.
有一次,波沃丹酋长派她去詹姆斯敦要求英国人释放美洲原住民被俘.
When John Smith wrote of this incident later, he made it sound as if it were his idea to release the captives to Pocahontas.
当约翰·史密斯后来写下这个事件时,他把事情听起来好像他把俘虏释放给宝佳康蒂的想法一样.
However, this period of friendly trading didn’t last.
然而,这一时期的友好贸易并没有持续.
The struggling, unhealthy English colonists were desperate for food.
挣扎不已,不健康的英国殖民者渴望食物.
They wanted corn, but a terrible drought had reduced Powhatan crops, and the tribes had nothing extra to trade.
他们想要玉米,但一场可怕的干旱减少了波沃丹的收成,而部落们没有多余的交易.
The angry colonists began threatening the Powhatans.
愤怒的殖民者开始威胁波沃坦人.
Kidnapped After the summer of 1608, Jamestown settlers and Powhatans were more like enemies than friends.
被绑架 1608年夏天后,詹姆斯敦定居者和波沃坦人比朋友更像敌人.
Chief Powhatan had moved away from the area and Pocahontas rarely visited the settlement.
Powhatan酋长离开该地区,宝佳康蒂很少访问该定居点。
Some experts believe she may have saved the lives of colonists in a trading party in January 1609 when she warned them of an ambush planned by her father.
一些专家认为她可能在1609年1月的一个交易会中拯救了殖民者的生命,当时她警告他们她父亲计划了埋伏.
The arrival of new officers and additional colonists who were also inexperienced and also required food and shelter caused further conflicts.
新军官和更多的殖民者的到来,他们也缺乏经验,也需要食物和住所,这造成了进一步的冲突。
By October 1609, Capt.
至1609年10月,出为开府仪同三司.
Smith had lost his leadership role, been injured, and returned home to England for treatment.
史密斯已经失去了领导角色,被打伤了,回到了英国接受治疗.
After Smith left, Jamestown settlers became increasingly discouraged.
史密斯出走后,詹姆斯敦定居者变得日益灰心.
By 1610, they had had enough of illness, hunger, and death—and those who remained decided to go home to England.
到了1610年,他们已经受够了疾病,饥饿和死亡——那些留下来的人决定回家去英国.
However, as they were sailing away from the coast, they met a supply ship carrying the colony’s new governor, Baron De La Warr.
然而,当他们驶出海岸时,他们遇到了一艘载有殖民地新总督德拉沃尔男爵的补给船.
The weary settlers returned to Jamestown.
疲惫的定居者返回了詹姆斯敦.
Baron De La Warr brought life-saving supplies to the colony.
德·拉·沃尔男爵给殖民地带来了救生用品.
The state of Delaware is named after him.
特拉华州以他命名.
Under their new leadership, the expanding group of English settlers began to establish more colonies beyond Jamestown—which increased tensions with the Powhatans.
在他们的新领导下,正在扩大的英格兰定居者群体开始在詹姆斯敦以外建立更多的殖民地——这加剧了与波沃坦人之间的紧张关系.
An Englishman named Captain Samuel Argall learned that Pocahontas was visiting a nearby town.
一个叫Samuel Argall上尉的英国人得知宝佳康蒂正在访问附近的一个城镇.
Argall decided to kidnap Pocahontas and use her to trade for the release of English prisoners held by Chief Powhatan.
阿尔格尔决定绑架宝佳康蒂并用她换取释放被酋长波沃丹关押的英国囚犯.
Capt.
队长
Argall persuaded a local chief to join forces with him against Powhatan.
阿尔加尔劝说当地一位酋长与他联手对抗波沃丹.
This chief and his wives managed to lure Pocahontas onto Argall’s ship.
这位酋长和妻子设法把宝佳康塔斯引上阿尔加尔的船.
Argall then sailed to Jamestown, where he sent word to Powhatan that he had captured Pocahontas.
阿尔格尔随后出海去詹姆斯敦,在那里他向波沃丹发了消息,说他已经抓住了宝嘉康蒂.
Argall said he would set her free if Powhatan would release English prisoners and also return English weapons and tools that Powhatan’s warriors had taken.
Argall说,如果波沃坦释放出英国囚犯,还归还波沃坦的战士所夺取的英国武器和工具,他会放她自由.
At first, Argall’s plan seemed to work.
起初,阿尔加尔的计划似乎奏效了.
After Powhatan heard of the kidnapping and Argall’s ransom demand, the chief freed seven English prisoners.
Powhatan听说了绑架事件和Argall的赎金要求后,酋长释放了7名英国囚犯.
However, he didn’t return the stolen weapons and tools.
然而,他没有归还被窃取的武器和工具。
After time passed without a solution, Powhatan finally refused to negotiate anymore.
在时间流逝,没有解决办法后,波沃坦最终拒绝再谈判.
In March 1614, the English finally demanded that Powhatan pay the ransom, but by that time everything had changed in Pocahontas’s life.
1614年3月,英国人终于要求波沃坦支付赎金,但到那时,宝佳康蒂的生活一切都发生了变化.
During the long negotiations between Argall and Powhatan, Pocahontas stayed at an English settlement called Henricus.
在阿尔加尔与波沃坦的漫长谈判期间,宝嘉康蒂留在了名为亨里克斯(Henricus)的英国定居点.
According to English writers, she was treated with respect, although she remained a prisoner.
据英国作家说,她受到尊重,尽管她仍然是一名囚犯。
While there, she was taught her captors’ religion.
在那里,她被教会了绑架者的宗教。
The Anglican Church baptized Pocahontas and gave her the baptismal name “Rebecca.”
英国圣公会洗礼了宝嘉康蒂并给她取了"Rebecca"的洗礼名. “
Love, Peace, Prosperity As the many months passed, Pocahontas fell in love with an English man.
爱情、和平、繁荣 随着多月的过去,宝佳康蒂爱上了一位英国人.
John Rolfe was a 28-year-old planter who was well thought of in the colony.
约翰·罗尔夫(John Rolfe)是一位28岁的植树人,在殖民地中被人们深思熟虑.
Rolfe had begun to raise tobacco as a major crop in 1611.
罗尔夫于1611年开始将烟草作为主要作物来种植.
His farming and storage methods were quite successful, and Jamestown finally became profitable.
他的耕作和收储方法相当成功,詹姆斯敦最终获得了盈利.
More settlers, including many English women, arrived to create new businesses, start families, and expand the colonies.
更多的定居者,包括许多英国妇女,前来创建新企业,起家并扩展殖民地.
When Rolfe asked Pocahontas to marry him, Virginia governor Thomas Dale and Chief Powhatan both agreed to their marriage.
当罗尔夫向宝佳康蒂求婚后,弗吉尼亚州长托马斯·戴尔和酋长波沃坦都同意了他们的婚姻.
One of Pocahontas’s uncles was a witness at their wedding, which took place in the Jamestown church around April 5, 1614.
宝佳康蒂的一个叔叔是他们婚礼的目击证人,婚礼于1614年4月5日左右在詹姆斯敦教堂举行.
The following year, Pocahontas gave birth to a son, Thomas.
次年,宝佳康蒂生下儿子托马斯.
There was another very important outcome of the marriage: the “Peace of Pocahontas.”
婚姻的另一个非常重要的结果是“宝佳康蒂的和平”。
The union of the native Powhatan woman and the English man helped to calm the ongoing conflicts between the tribes and the colonists.
当地波沃丹女性和英国男性的结合有助于平息各部落和殖民者之间正在发生的冲突.
People saw Pocahontas as the symbol of these peaceful times.
人们把宝佳康蒂看作是这些和平时代的象征.
The Virginia Company in London saw the marriage as an opportunity to promote their business.
伦敦的弗吉尼亚公司将这段婚姻视为促进他们生意的机会.
The company had once paid for the settling of Jamestown.
公司曾经为詹姆斯敦的定居付款.
Now, they hoped to raise more money by using Rebecca Rolfe as a symbol of their success.
现在,他们希望通过使用Rebecca Rolfe作为他们成功的象征来筹集更多的资金.
They believed that people in England would be interested in the favorite daughter of a powerful chief, who now belonged to England’s church and had married an English man.
他们相信英格兰人会对一个有权有势的酋长所最喜爱的女儿感兴趣,她现在属于英格兰的教会并嫁给了一位英国人.
In London’s Society The Virginia Company sent a group to England in the spring of 1616 with the goal of raising support for their settlements.
伦敦协会 弗吉尼亚公司于1616年春天派出一个团体去英国,目的是为他们的定居点筹集支持.
Pocahontas and her family were on the ship, along with Virginia Governor Thomas Dale, and some young Powhatan women.
宝佳康蒂和她的家人也一同上船,还有弗吉尼亚州长托马斯·戴尔和一些年轻的波沃坦女性.
Chief Powhatan sent his brother- in-law, Uttamatomakkin, to observe.
首领波沃南派了岳父乌塔马托马克金观察.
After docking in September 1616, the group toured throughout England before finally arriving in London.
在1616年9月停靠后,该组在英格兰各地巡航后才最终抵达伦敦.
The Virginia Company provided the visiting Pocahontas with clothing and lodging during her stay.
弗吉尼亚公司向来访的宝佳康蒂提供她逗留期间的衣物和住宿.
An artist created a portrait of Pocahontas for the Virginia Company to use as publicity for her visit.
一位艺术家为弗吉尼亚公司创作了"宝佳康蒂"(Pocahontes)一幅肖像,作为她的参观宣传.
London society, as well as important investors, met Pocahontas—who enchanted them.
伦敦社会以及重要的投资者都遇到了宝嘉康蒂——他给他们下了魔力.
The ladies and gentlemen of English high society were always hoping to find unique people to entertain them.
英国高级社会的女士们先生们 总是希望找到独特的人来招待他们
Pocahontas caused a great sensation.
宝佳康蒂引起轰动.
After Pocahontas and Uttamatomakkin met King James I, he invited them to attend his Twelfth Night formal costume ball, which was held on the last night of the Christmas holiday season.
在宝佳康蒂和乌塔马托马克金结识了国王詹姆斯一世后,他邀请他们参加他在圣诞节假期最后一晚举行的第十二夜正式服装舞会.
The two guests were seated among the most important members of the audience to watch a play at the king’s ball.
两位来宾坐在观众中最重要的一席之地,在国王的舞会上观看一场比赛.
One of Pocahontas’s old friends lived in England: Captain John Smith.
宝佳康蒂的一位老朋友住在英国: 约翰·史密斯上尉
Smith had never forgotten the courageous Powhatan girl.
史密斯从未忘记那个勇敢的波沃坦女孩
He wrote a letter to Queen Anne, telling her all the things Pocahontas had done to help the Jamestown settlers.
他写了一封信给安妮女王,告诉她宝佳康蒂为了帮助詹姆斯敦定居者所做的一切.
King James I (left) and Queen Anne of England Chief Powhatan asked Uttamatomakkin to tell him about the king of England and whether previous reports he had heard about England were true: that there were almost no trees in England!
詹姆斯一世国王(左翼)和英格兰王后安妮(英语:Queen Anne of England Chief Powingan)要求乌塔马托马克金告诉他有关英格兰国王的情况,以及他之前听到的关于英格兰的报道是否真实:英国几乎没有树木!
An earlier visitor who had only seen London and the Thames River had mistakenly informed Powhatan that the English had no trees.
更早的一位只见过伦敦和泰晤士河的访客错误地告诉波沃丹,英国人没有树木.
But Smith didn’t arrange to visit his former friend until after Pocahontas had already been in England for several months.
但史密斯直到宝佳康蒂已经到英国几个月后才安排前去拜访他的朋友.
When he wrote about the meeting in 1624, he said he’d been too busy to visit her earlier.
他写到1624年的会面,
Evidently Pocahontas was visibly upset when she finally met with Smith again.
显然,宝佳康蒂在最终再次与史密斯相会时,明显感到不快.
It may have been that she believed Smith had died in 1609 when he left Virginia to sail home to England.
可能是她认为史密斯于1609年离开弗吉尼亚出海回英国后去世.
Or she might have questioned why Capt.
或者她可能质疑为什么队长。