of da Vinci
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents A Class Clown Without a Class.
内容表A类 小丑无类.
4 Growing Up.
4"成长".
6 Multitalented.
6多相会.
9 Questioning, Studying, Inventing.
9 问所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出.
14 Knowing How to See.
十四能知所见.
18 Lost Notebooks.
18"丢失的笔记本".
20 Glossary.
20 词汇表。
24 A Class Clown Without a Class Leonardo, born in 1452 in the small Italian village of Vinci, was a prankster.
24 A Class Clown Without a Class Leonardo,1452年生于意大利小村庄芬奇,是恶作剧.
Leonardo’s curiosity would often lead him on adventures, even as a young child.
Leonardo的好奇心往往会让他冒险,
One time, he made bizarre creatures out of soft wax, filled them with air, and released them into a garden full of surprised and frightened people.
有一次,他用软蜡制作出怪异的生物,给它们充斥了空气,然后放入了充满出人意料和被吓倒的花园.
Another time, Leonardo painted a monster on a wooden shield and put it in a darkened room to scare his father.
又一次,莱昂纳多将一怪兽画在了木盾上,放入了暗暗的房间来吓唬他的父亲.
When his father walked in and light from the window shone only on the monster, he thought the monster was real so he ran away.
当他父亲从窗户走入并放出光芒时,他只向怪物发光,他觉得怪物是真的,于是逃跑了.
Leonardo was very different from other children his age.
莱昂纳多与他这个年龄的其他孩子有很大不同.
He had charm.
他有魅力,他很聪明
He was gentle, handsome, and loved animals.
他很温和,英俊,爱动物
In fact, he loved animals so much that he refused to eat meat.
事实上,他非常喜欢动物,以至于拒绝吃肉.
Vegetarians were very rare during that time, and people thought it strange that Leonardo refused to eat meat.
这期间蔬菜非常罕见,人们觉得莱昂纳多拒绝吃肉是很奇怪的.
Leonardo was different in other ways, too.
莱昂纳多在其它方面也不同
He understood math concepts well beyond his years.
他对数学概念的理解远超过他的岁月.
His talents as a musician and as an artist, even as a young child, had adult qualities.
他作为音乐家和艺术家的才华,甚至年幼时的才华,都有成人特质.
Growing Up As a child, Leonardo lived with his grand- parents and uncle.
成长 小时候,莱昂纳多和外公-父母和叔叔一起生活.
His father, Ser Piero, was an ambitious businessman and spent most of his time 40 miles away in the city of Florence, Italy.
他的父亲皮耶罗爵士是一位野心勃勃的商人,他的大部分时间都花在了40英里外的意大利佛罗伦萨市.
Leonardo’s father made rare and short trips to the family’s home near Vinci, Italy.
莱昂纳多的父亲在意大利芬奇附近的家中进行了罕见而短暂的旅行.
Since his father wasn’t around much, Leonardo spent much of his time with his father’s brother, Francesco.
因为父亲不在, 莱昂纳多花了很多时间和父亲的弟弟弗朗切斯科在一起。
His uncle allowed him to explore the fields and woods near his farm.
他的叔叔允许他去探索他农场附近的田地和树林.
Uncle Francesco was patient and always tried to answer Leonardo’s questions.
弗朗切斯科叔叔很耐心,一直试图回答莱昂纳多的问题.
He taught him the names and uses of plants and herbs, the signs of approaching weather, and the habits of local wildlife.
他教他植物和草药的名称和用途,接近天气的迹象,以及当地野生动物的习惯.
The village priest taught Leonardo reading, writing, and basic math.
村祭司教授了莱昂纳多的阅读,写作,以及基本的数学.
All these experiences gave Leonardo a thirst for more knowledge.
所有这些经历让莱昂纳多渴求更多的知识.
This is one of da Vinci’s self- portraits.
这是达芬奇的自画像之一。
He lived to be 67 years old.
他活了67岁。
When Leonardo was a teenager, he moved to Florence to be near his father, who was newly married.
莱昂纳多少年时,他搬到了佛罗伦萨去接近他刚结婚的父亲.
Florence played a major role in Europe’s rebirth, called the Renaissance, which took place in the sixteenth century (1485–1603).
佛罗伦萨在十六世纪(1485-1603年)发生的被称作"文艺复兴"的欧洲再生中扮演了重要角色.
Artisans, sculptors, poets, and musicians lived and worked throughout the city.
艺术家,雕塑家,诗人,和音乐家在全市生活和工作.
Leonardo wanted to be an artist, so his father agreed to let him work as an apprentice, or assistant, to a local artist.
莱昂纳多想成为一名艺术家,所以他的父亲同意让他在当地艺术家的学徒,或助理工作.
At the workshop of the master artist, Andrea del Verrocchio, Leonardo learned many techniques for painting and sculpting—he even learned to make his own paints using pigments and egg whites.
在大师Andrea del Verrocchio的研讨会上,Leonardo学习了许多绘画和雕塑技术——他甚至学会了用颜料和蛋白来制作自己的绘画.
Soon, Leonardo worked his way up to head assistant, and not long after, his painting skills surpassed Andrea’s, making Leonardo a well-respected artist.
不久后,莱昂纳多一直努力担任助手,不久后,他的绘画技巧就超过了安德烈亚,使莱昂纳多成为一位受人尊敬的艺术家.
Leonardo liked painting, and he received many commissions, or requests, from the people of Florence who wanted him to paint their portraits.
莱昂纳多喜欢绘画,他得到了佛罗伦萨人民的许多委托,或请求,他们希望他画出他们的肖像.
However, some people complained that Leonardo didn’t take the work seriously.
但有些人抱怨说,
They said he couldn’t focus on one task long enough to complete the job.
他们表示,
Many of the customers became upset waiting for their paintings.
许多顾客在等待他们的画作时变得心烦意乱.
Leonardo did not care.
莱昂纳多不在乎
He was busy thinking up new projects.
他忙着想新项目
Multitalented Leonardo wasn’t just an artist, he was a talented problem-solver.
多才多艺的莱昂纳多不仅是艺术家,
He learned from his Uncle Francesco that one should ask questions and seek answers; and if a problem should arise, one should look for a solution.
他从他叔叔弗朗切斯科那里得知,一个人应该问问题并寻求答案;如果出现问题,就应该寻找解决办法.
Leonardo followed this advice and began solving some of the problems he found while painting.
莱昂纳多遵循了这个建议并开始解决他画作时发现的一些问题.
For example, doing his work by the dim light of his candles and oil lamps proved difficult.
例如,用他蜡烛和油灯的暗光来做他的工作证明是困难的。
So, Leonardo created a new lamp that used water to magnify the flame, making light glow across the entire room.
于是,莱昂纳多创造了一盏用水放大火焰的新灯,使整个房间的光发光.
Straining his eyes to paint precise details took a toll on his eyesight.
磨练他的眼睛去画精确的细节,使他的视力受到很大损失.
So he improved his eyeglasses to make his vision better.
于是他改进了眼镜来取景.
Leonardo invented many other things to help him solve some of his problems.
莱昂纳多发明了许多其他东西来帮助他解决他的一些难题.
He created pliers and a wrench to help tighten and loosen the parts of some of his larger projects—neither of these tools had ever been seen before his time.
他制造了钳子和扳手,帮助收紧和放松他一些较大项目的部分内容——在他之前从未见过这些工具。
He designed a new clock that would tell minutes as well as hours to keep him on time.
他设计出新的时钟,可以分出分数和小时来让他准时.
Always a prankster, Leonardo also developed a very funny alarm clock.
莱昂纳多总是恶作剧,也开发出非常有趣的闹钟.
Here’s how it worked: Someone would tie a rope to a sleeping person’s ankles, and then, on the other end, suspend a bucket from the ceiling, which would gradually fill with water overnight.
以下是如何运作: 有人会把绳子绑在睡觉者的脚踝上,然后在另一边从天花板上吊起一桶水,在一夜之间,天花板将逐渐充满出水.
When the bucket was full, the weight of it would pull the person’s legs straight up into the air.
桶装满后,其重量会把人的腿直接拉入空中。
This certainly succeeded in waking the person up!
这当然成功地唤醒了那个人!
Often the things Leonardo created were written, described, and sketched in notebooks.
通常莱昂纳多所创造的东西都是用笔记本来书写,描述和素描的.
These notebooks are windows into how Leonardo thought and problem-solved.
这些笔记本是进入莱昂纳多的想法和解决问题的窗口。
Leonardo was a great problem-solver.
莱昂纳多是一个伟大的问题解决者。
What enabled him to be so great was his own curiosity.
他之所以如此伟大 是因为他自己好奇
He never lost his childhood desire to explore, just as he had done in the fields and woods near his uncle’s farm.
他从未失去童年探索的欲望,就像他在他叔叔农场附近的田地和树林里所做的那样。
He loved studying things.
他喜欢研究东西。
One time he wanted to know how old a tree was.
有一次他想知道一棵树多大
He studied it and figured out that by counting the rings on a tree’s trunk anyone could determine its age.
他研究了它,并发现通过统计树干上的戒指,任何人都可以确定它的年代。
Another time, he wanted to know if he could create solar power, and so, using concave mirrors to reflect the sunlight, he heated water.
另一回,他想知道他是否能够创造出太阳能,因此,利用凸出镜来反射出阳光,热水.
Leonardo also had a lifelong curiosity with the concept of flight.
莱昂纳多对飞行的概念也有着毕生的好奇心.
One of his favorite subjects to study and sketch in his notebooks was the bird.
他最喜欢的学科之一 研究和草图在他的笔记本 是鸟。
Leonardo thought that if he could understand how a bird flew, he would be able to use that knowledge to create a machine that would allow a person to fly.
莱昂纳多认为,如果他能理解一只鸟的飞行方式,他就能利用这种知识来创造出一种允许一个人飞行的机器.
This idea led to sketches and designs for an early helicopter that were based on a child’s toy, a bird-like machine that would have been much too heavy to fly.
这个想法导致了早期直升机的草图和设计,该直升机以孩子的玩具为基础,一种像鸟类的机器本来会太重而不能飞行.
He also sketched a parachute and his most successful flight design, a hang glider, in his books!
他还在书中描绘了降落伞和他最成功的飞行设计,悬吊滑翔机!
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
It is thought that Leonardo may have actually tested one of his flying machines on January 2, 1496, four hundred years before the Wright brothers’ first flight.
人们认为莱昂纳多可能在1496年1月2日,也就是莱特兄弟第一次出航的四百年前,实际测试了他的一款飞行机.
Leonardo didn’t build all of his inventions, but he carefully sketched his ideas into his notebooks and wrote very precise details and instructions for each one.
Leonardo并没有把所有的发明都建立起来,但他仔细地将自己的想法画入了自己的笔记本,并为每一个都写出非常精确的细节和指示.
Leonardo believed drawing was the most complete way to understand something.
莱昂纳多相信绘画是理解事物的最完整的方法.
Therefore, he drew the objects he studied from many different angles to show their forms and functions.
因此,他从许多不同角度绘制出他所研究的物体,以显示其形式和功能.
Many of his sketches were so detailed and beautiful that they are used as examples in books today.
他的许多素描都非常详细而美丽,以至于今天被用为书中的例子.
Learning was a never-ending passion for Leonardo.
学习对莱昂纳多来说是永恒的激情
He read and studied every book he could.
他阅读和研究了所有他能读的书.
He borrowed books and spent hours in libraries.
他借书,在图书馆呆了几个小时.
While he read, Leonardo wrote down any words he didn’t know, so he could learn them later.
Leonardo在阅读时写下他不知道的任何文字,
One of his notebooks contained over nine thousand words, written in his unique backwards “mirror” writing.
他的一本笔记本有9 000多字,用他独特的倒行逆施的“讽刺”来写。
An early sketch of da Vinci’s hang glider Some experts think that he may have written backward to keep his ink from smearing, because he was left-handed.
一些专家认为,他可能写得落后,以免被涂抹,因为他是左撇子。
Since he didn’t have a teacher to force him to write with his other hand, the way some left-handed people did, Leonardo simply wrote in the way that was most comfortable for him.
由于他没有老师强迫他用他另一只手写作,
Whenever Leonardo studied something, it inevitably led to more questions and more interests.
每当莱昂纳多研究某事,都不可避免地导致更多的问题和更多的兴趣.
For example, when he focused on the study of light and how it helps a person see, it led him to study the human eye, and then the human body.
例如,当他专注于研究光线以及它如何帮助一个人看见时,它引导他研究了人眼,然后研究了人体.
The study of birds led him to the study of flight, mathematics led to mechanics, and his interest in air and water currents led him to study power and energy.
对鸟类的研究使他研究了飞行,数学导致了力学,他对空气和水流的兴趣使他研究了动力和能量.
The more he learned, the more he wanted to know.
他学得越多,就越想知道.
“Why” or “how” were some of his favorite questions to ask when he finished reading because it got him thinking and pursuing new interests.
“为什么”或“如何”是他在读完之后最想问的一些问题,因为这使他思考并追求新的利益。
His notebooks are studied today.
他的笔记本今天被研究。
Several prototypes, or models, have been built in modern times using the notes in his notebooks.
一些原型,或称模型,是在现代使用他笔记本中的笔记来建造的.
Many of the prototypes actually work!
许多原型机确实有效!
One of da Vinci’s cathedral designs If you were to tour a museum that featured Leonardo’s work, you might find a prototype of his clock, a miniature replica of his design for a cathedral, a small model of his helicopter, or representations of the many hydraulic, or water- powered, machines that he sketched carefully and faithfully into his notebooks.
达芬奇的大教堂设计之一 如果你要参观一个展示莱昂纳多作品的博物馆,你可能会找到一个他的钟表原型,一个他设计大教堂的微型复制品,一个他的直升机的小型模型,或者他仔细和忠实地将许多液压或水能的机器刻入他的笔记本中。
In 1993, and subsequently, groups of scholars have gotten together and tested Leonardo’s hang glider designs.
1993年,随后,一些学者聚集在一起,测试了莱昂纳多的吊式滑翔机设计.
The prototypes have worked beautifully, especially when modern lightweight materials were used.
原型机的工作效果优美,特别是在使用现代轻量级材料时.
Many of Leonardo’s inventions were unlike anything that people living in the 1400s could even imagine.
许多莱昂纳多的发明与生活在1400年代的人甚至可以想象的事物不同.
In modern times, it’s commonplace to have doors open for you automatically, but if you lived in the fifteenth century, a door that was suddenly pulled open with ropes and weights, as in one of Leonardo’s designs, was a novelty.
在现代,自动为您打开门是司空见惯的,但是如果你活在十五世纪,就像莱昂纳多的设计一样,一个被绳子和重量突然拉开的门就是一种新奇之作。
It might have even seemed a little scary.
它甚至可能看起来有点吓人。
Leonardo’s ability to project images of an object onto a wall by using a box, a small lens, and a candle also amazed people.
Leonardo使用盒子、小镜头和蜡烛将物体的图像投射到墙上的能力也让人吃惊。
His camera obscura was a creation that allowed images to be captured on paper.
他的相机相机相机(obscura)是一种允许图像被纸上捕获的创作.
For these types of amazing feats, Leonardo was accused of witchcraft by some of his own students.
对于这几类惊人的功绩,莱昂纳多被他自己的一些学生指控为巫术.
His ideas were so unfamiliar that his work became controversial.
他的想法非常陌生,以至于他的作品变得充满了争议.
It was probably because of this that the pope in Rome refused to commission work from Leonardo.
罗马的教皇可能正是因为这个而拒绝委托莱昂纳多的工作.
Knowing H ow to See When Leonardo became a master craftsman, he registered with the guild and began training his own apprentices.
认识了How去见Leonardo成为了工匠大师后,他向行会注册,并开始训练自己的学徒.
Leonardo’s students often completed his unfinished paintings.
莱昂纳多的学生经常完成他未完成的绘画.
This was a good arrangement for Leonardo, who preferred creating and improving gadgets, or studying the things he felt passionate about rather than painting portraits of people all the time.
这对莱昂纳多来说是一个很好的安排,他更喜欢创造和改进小道具,或者研究他所感受到的对人物的热情,而不是刻画人们的肖像.
When he wasn’t painting or inventing, Leonardo was observing or watching.
当他不画画或发明时,
He watched birds, water, people, and anything else that interested him.
他看着鸟儿、水、人 以及他感兴趣的其他东西
He believed that knowledge is gained from “knowing how to see.”
他认为,知识来自“了解如何看到”。 “
His thoughts and ideas were not always correct, but his extensive observation of how the world worked allowed for creations and discoveries that were astoundingly accurate for his time.
他的思想和想法并不总是正确的,但他对世界工作方式的广泛观察使他能够创造出对他时代来说惊人准确的发现.
Leonardo also sketched the animals in his imagination.
莱昂纳多还在其想象中描绘出动物.
Lost Notebooks One of his dedicated students, Count Giovanni Francesco Melzi, inherited Leonardo’s notebooks and documents along with many of his other belongings.
丢失的笔记本 他献身的学生之一乔瓦尼·弗朗切斯科·梅尔齐伯爵继承了莱昂纳多的笔记本和文件以及他的其他许多物品.
Melzi tried to compile and organize the thousands of documents into the books his master dreamed of, but he was only able to put together one book.
梅尔齐曾想将上千个文件汇编并整理入他主人所梦想的书籍中,但他只能整理出一出书.
That book, called A Treatise on Painting, focused on Leonardo’s thoughts and beliefs about art and the artist.
这本名为《绘画》的书, 专注于莱昂纳多对艺术和艺术家的想法和信念。
The book was published many years after Leonardo died.
该书在莱昂纳多逝世后多年才出版.
When Francesco Melzi passed away, Leonardo’s notebooks and documents passed on to Melzi’s son, who didn’t care about them at all.
Francesco Melzi去世后,Leonardo的笔记本和文件传给了Melzi的儿子,他根本不关心这些笔记本和文件。
Leonardo’s work was stored away in the younger Melzi’s attic for years.
莱昂纳多的作品被存放在更年轻的梅尔齐的阁楼多年.
Eventually, he gave away or sold much of it to various collectors and it was scattered across the world.
最终,他向各种收藏家赠出或出售了大部分,并分散在世界各地.
Although Leonardo kept some ideas to himself, such as his designs for a submarine that he feared might be used to kill innocent people, he did share much of his knowledge with others.
尽管莱昂纳多保留了一些想法,比如他设计了一艘他担心可能被用来杀害无辜者的潜艇,但他确实与其他人分享了大部分的知识.
For many years, one of Leonardo’s theories, “nothing is moved, unless it is moved upon,” was known as Leonardo’s law.
许多年来,莱昂纳多的理论之一,“除非有所进展,否则没有什么动静”被称为莱昂纳多的法律。
However, when Sir Isaac Newton worked out a mathematical formula for the principle during the seventeenth century, the law became known as Newton’s first law of motion.
然而,当伊萨克·牛顿爵士在17世纪期间为这一原则制定了数学公式时,法律被称作牛顿的第一个运动定律.
Leonardo intended to publish his writings in the form of an encyclopedia, but he kept himself so busy he never got it published.
莱昂纳多打算以"百科全书"的形式来发表自己的著作,但他一直忙于工作,从未出版过.
He died on May 2, 1519 at age 67.
他于1519年5月2日去世,享年67岁.
For many years, most people knew Leonardo da Vinci only as an artist since he had created such masterpieces as The Last Supper and La Gioconda, better known to Americans as The Mona Lisa.
多年来,大多数人只认识莱昂纳多·达·芬奇,因为他创作了"最后的晚餐"(The Last Supper)和"La Gioconda"(La Gioconda)等杰作,美国人更能称为"蒙娜丽莎"(The Mona Lisa).
They had no reason to think of him as anything other than a wonderful painter, especially since his only published book was on the subject of art.
他们没有理由认为他只是一个出色的画家,尤其是因为他唯一出版的书是关于艺术的.
It wasn’t until the Industrial Revolution in the 1880s that Leonardo’s documents began to resurface, and people learned of his innovative ideas.
直到1880年代的工业革命,莱昂纳多的文件才开始浮出水面,人们才得知他的创新思想.
By then, many of his creations had been reinvented and the credit given to others.
至此,他的许多创作被再造并获得他人的好评.
Many areas of study could have been advanced by Leonardo’s ideas centuries ago, if only half of his 13,000 pages of research and drawings hadn’t been lost.
许多研究领域本可以在几个世纪前由莱昂纳多的思想推进,
Leonardo da Vinci’s art and notebooks have been studied or written about by such famous people as the playwright Oscar Wilde, the poet William Butler Yeats, the psychologist Sigmund Freud, the scientist Albert Einstein, and the artist Andy Warhol.
莱昂纳多·达·芬奇的艺术和笔记本被剧作家奥斯卡·怀德,诗人威廉·巴特勒·叶茨,心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德,科学家阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦,艺术家安迪·沃霍尔等名人所研究或写出.
One of his biographers wrote that Leonardo has always been “more studied than understood,” since he didn’t write much in his journals about his personal life and feelings.
他的一位传记作者写道, 莱昂纳多一直受到“更多的研究,
Leonardo also didn’t date most of his works and notebooks, so there is much confusion about when things occurred in his life and why.
Leonardo也没有与大部分作品和笔记本约会,
Although his biographies contradict one another, the fascination of Leonardo’s life and discoveries continues even today.
虽然他的传记相互矛盾,但即使在今天,对莱昂纳多的生平和发现的迷恋仍在继续.
He created over 1,500 detailed drawings of the human body, which was a great achievement.
他创作了超过1500幅详细的人体图画,这是一个伟大的成就.
His enormous contribution to scientific studies in the area of anatomical illustrations alone is priceless.
他在解剖插图领域的科学研究中所做的巨大贡献是无价的.
He lived his life in pursuit of knowledge and took on the responsibility of solving problems on his own.
他一生追求知识并承担了自己解决问题的责任.
He certainly modeled his life after one of his quotes, “Knowledge of all things is possible.”
他以他的一句话为榜样说:“了解万事是可能的。 “