Julius Caesar
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Creator of the Roman Empire.
内容 罗马帝国造物主列表.
4 The World in the Time of Caesar.
4 凯撒时代的世界.
5 The Commander in Gaul.
5 在高卢的指挥官。
8 The First Triumvirate.
8 第一部"三国演义".
10 Civil War.
10国共内战.
12 Caesar’s Legacy.
12"凯撒遗事".
14 Glossary.
14 词汇表。
16 At the time of Caesar’s birth, Rome was in a period of rapid expansion.
第 16 条 凯撒诞生时,罗马正处于快速扩张的时期.
The growth would cause turmoil among Romans.
增长会给罗马人带来动荡。
MEDITERRANEAN SEA BLACK SEA ATLANTIC OCEAN GAUL (FRANCE) SPAIN GREECE MACEDONIA ASIA (TURKEY) AFRICA Rome Roman Republic 200–100 bc Republic in 100 bc Republic in 200 bc Creator of the Roman Empire Julius Caesar was born into a troubled world.
地中海-大西洋-大西洋(法国) (土耳其) 非洲 罗马共和国 200-100 bc 共和国 100 bc 共和国 200 bc 罗马帝国创造者 朱利叶斯 凯撒诞生于一个动荡的世界.
The vast and powerful Roman Republic spread over many miles and contained many provinces, but it suffered from widespread corruption.
辽阔而强大的罗马共和国绵延了多英里,并囊括了多省,但深受腐败所苦.
The republic had been embroiled in civil war and unrest for years.
共和国多年来陷入内战和动乱之中。
Dangers also existed at home in Rome—especially for those engaged in politics.
在罗马的家中也存在着危险,特别是对那些从事政治活动的人。
Thrust into this world, Caesar dominated both the military and political arenas in his relatively short life.
迈入了这个世界,凯撒在相对较短的生平中主导了军事和政治舞台.
A brilliant man of enormous energy, he accomplished more than perhaps any world leader in history.
他是一位有巨大能量的杰出人物,他的成就可能超过历史上任何一位世界领袖.
Many languages and cultures, and some governments, connect to ancient Rome, and one of its greatest leaders—Caesar.
许多语言和文化,以及一些政府,连接了古罗马,也是其最伟大的领导人之一-凯撒.
The World in the Time of Caesar Rome began as a city-state—a political entity composed of a city and the surrounding countryside that supported it.
凯撒罗马时代的世界开始是一个城市国家——一个由城市和周围乡村组成的支持它的政治实体.
Rome’s neighboring city-states largely shared the same language, culture, and religion, but they were often at war with one another.
罗马相邻的城邦基本上都有着相同的语言,文化和宗教,但他们经常相互交战.
By 250 bc, the dominant city-state of Rome controlled all of the Italian Peninsula.
到250 bc时,占统治地位的罗马城邦控制了整个意大利半岛.
At that time, Rome was ruled by kings.
当时罗马由国王统治.
According to legend, in 509 bc, the Roman people rose up and expelled their last king, and the Roman Republic was born.
根据传说,在509 bc中,罗马人起而驱逐了他们最后的国王,罗马共和国诞生了.
The people wanted no more kings.
人民不再想要国王
The Roman Republic’s hatred of monarchy proved a very important part of the history of the Roman Empire.
罗马共和国对君主制的仇恨证明了罗马帝国历史上非常重要的一部分.
In the republic, citizens elected their own leaders, called consuls.
在共和国,公民选举自己的领袖,称为领事.
Two consuls were elected every year to govern Rome, with help from a legislative body called the Senate.
每年选出两名执政官 罗马,在一个名为参议院的立法机构的帮助下.
In the Roman Republic, the wealthy landowners, known as the patricians, and the lesser landowners and poorer people known as plebeians often argued.
在罗马共和国,富裕的地主,被称作帕特里克人,而较小的地主和被称作多比人更贫穷的人经常争论.
The Republic of Rome expanded, and as it did, it set up provinces run by governors.
罗马共和国扩大,和它一样,设立了由总督管理的行省.
A provincial governor could become very rich providing food and slaves for Rome.
一个省长可能变得非常富有 为罗马提供食物和奴隶。
Unfortunately, corruption in provincial government was rampant.
不幸的是,省政府的腐败猖獗。
Under this system, the upper-class patricians benefited far more than the plebeian citizens.
在这种制度下,上等贵族比普通公民受益多得多。
The economy in Rome was in ruins.
罗马的经济一片废墟.
When the tension between rich and poor became too great, a bloody civil war began.
当贫富之间的紧张关系变得太严重后,一场血腥的内战就开始了.
Caesar was born in the midst of this turmoil, on July 12 or 13, 100 bc, to an established and upper- class, yet not particularly wealthy or important family.
凯撒生于这场动乱中,于100bc的7月12日或13日被一个已成名的上等阶级所取出,但并不特别富裕或重要的家庭.
Caesar’s parents educated him well and probably prepared him for a career in politics.
凯撒的父母对他进行了良好的教育,并可能为他从政的事业做准备.
When Caesar was sixteen, his father died abruptly.
凯撒16岁时,他父亲突然去世.
In that same year, Caesar married Cornelia, the daughter of an important plebeian politician.
同年,凯撒与一位重要的普尔比亚政治家的女儿科妮莉亚结婚.
Soon after, a man named Sulla rose to power in Rome.
不久后,一个叫苏拉的人在罗马上台.
Sulla, a patrician, ordered the young Caesar to divorce Cornelia.
帕特里克人苏拉命令年轻的凯撒与科妮莉娅离婚.
Caesar refused, and by refusing he made his plebeian leanings clear.
凯撒拒绝了,通过拒绝,他让自己的多比亚人倾斜清晰.
A statue of Caesar stands where the Roman Senate once met.
一座凯撒雕像矗立着罗马元老院曾经相遇的地方.
There are hundreds of statues of Caesar throughout Europe.
整个欧洲有上百个凯撒活像.
Caesar behaved honorably, but dangerously.
凯撒表现得光荣,但很危险
Disobeying Sulla could result in arrest or even execution.
不遵守Sulla可能导致逮捕甚至处决。
To escape the threats of Rome, he joined the army and went off to fight in the provinces.
为了躲避罗马的威胁,他加入了军队并去各省作战.
Because he came from a patrician family, Caesar’s superiors made him an officer in the army.
由于他来自一个帕特里克人家庭,凯撒的上司使他成为了军队中的军官.
His early military experience was positive; he liked the men he commanded, and they admired and respected him.
他早期的军事经验是积极的;他喜欢他所指挥的人,他们崇拜并尊敬他.
When he heard that Sulla died in 78 bc, Caesar returned to Rome and resumed working in politics.
当他听说苏拉死于78bc后,凯撒回到了罗马并恢复了从政工作.
Caesar excelled at negotiating Rome’s treacherous political world, and he advanced rapidly.
凯撒在谈判罗马的险恶政治世界方面表现得非常出色,他迅速进步.
He allied himself with a popular military hero and politician named Pompey the Great.
他与一位受欢迎的军事英雄和政治家结盟,取名"庞培大帝".
When Cornelia died in 69 bc, Caesar married Pompey’s daughter, Pompeia.
当科妮莉娅于69bc去世后,凯撒与庞培的女儿庞培亚结婚.
Caesar continued to flourish.
凯撒继续蓬勃发展.
In 63 bc, Romans elected him Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the Roman religion.
63 bc中,罗马人选举他为罗马宗教的大祭司Pontifex Maximus.
Two years later, he became the governor of a large Roman province in present-day Spain.
两年后,他成为了当今西班牙一个大罗马行省的总督.
Caesar wearing a crown of laurel leaves The Commander in Gaul When he returned from Spain, Caesar ran for the government position of consul.
凯撒穿戴一顶荣耀之冠离开高卢的指挥官从西班牙返回后,凯撒竞选了执政官的政府职位.
In 59 bc, Romans elected him to that important office, much to the frustration of the patrician senators.
59 bc中,罗马人选举他出任这一重要职务,这在很大程度上引起了帕特里克参议员的挫折.
He served for a year and was appointed governor of Gaul for a five-year term.
他任职了一年并被任命为高卢总督,任期为五年.
In present-day northern Italy and France, Gaul gave Caesar a place to enlarge the military and plan expansion of the Roman Republic.
在当今的意大利北部和法国,高卢给予凯撒一个地方来扩大罗马共和国的军事并计划扩张.
Beyond Gaul, a wild and untamed frontier stretched as far as any Roman knew.
在高卢以外,一个野外和未受侵扰的疆域,被任何罗马人所知所伸展.
Caesar knew little of that land, yet the Gallic and Germanic tribes who occupied it loomed large in the Roman imagination.
凯撒对这块地知之甚少,然而占领了这块地的加尔人和日耳曼人部落却在罗马的想象中笼罩了一大片地.
The famous Roman legionnaires, or soldiers, respected and feared them as fearless, masterful warriors.
著名的罗马军团,或称士兵,尊敬并敬畏他们为无所畏惧,高超的战士.
Others before Caesar had led armies beyond the frontier, but with little success.
其他人在凯撒带领军队出征之前,虽然没有取得什么成功.
Some had even suffered terrible defeats when northern tribes invaded Roman territory.
在北方部落入侵罗马领土时,有些人甚至遭受了可怕的失败。
While the northern tribes were daunting, the Roman legions had far better organization.
虽然北方部落令人生畏,但罗马军团的组织却要好得多.
Their chain of command and communications enabled them to maneuver rapidly and effectively.
他们的指挥和通信系统使他们能够迅速而有效地运作。
The better-equipped Roman army in Gaul had another big advantage over its enemies—Caesar.
装备更精良的高卢罗马军队对其敌人——凯撒拥有又一巨大优势.
In a painting by Lionel Royer, a Gallic commander surrenders to Caesar.
在莱昂内尔·罗伊尔所画的一幅画中,一位高利克指挥官向凯撒投降.
While in Gaul, Caesar managed and sharpened a fighting army such as the world had never seen.
在高卢期间,凯撒管理和磨练出一股世界从未见过的战斗军队.
Many provincial governors treated their legions poorly and broke promises they made.
许多省长对待他们的军团不善并违背了他们作出的承诺。
Caesar never did so, and his men loved and respected him for it.
凯撒从来没有这样做,他的部下因此爱戴并尊敬他.
Caesar fought side by side with his soldiers, and he ordered his other generals to do the same.
凯撒与他的士兵并肩作战,他命令他的其他将领也这样做.
A great orator, Caesar encouraged his sometimes outnumbered and terrified troops, inspiring them to new heights of bravery.
一个伟大的演说家,凯撒鼓励他有时寡不敌众,害怕的军队,激励他们达到新的高地勇敢.
Caesar’s armies triumphed, and they and their leader became popular heroes in Rome.
凯撒的军队取得了胜利,他们和他们的领袖在罗马成为了受欢迎的英雄.
Three outcomes indicate Caesar’s success in Gaul.
三个结果表明凯撒在高卢的成功.
First, he united all of Gaul under Roman control.
首先,他将高卢全境统一在罗马的控制下.
Monetary systems, government, and engineering greatly affected how Europe would grow.
货币制度、政府和工程学极大地影响了欧洲的增长。
Second, he won the undying loyalty of his legions.
第二,他赢得了军团不朽的忠诚.
Finally, all of his campaigning and success in Gaul made Caesar wealthy.
最后,他所有的竞选和高卢的成功使凯撒富有.
Julius Caesar Pompey Crassus Caesar was on good terms with both Crassus and Pompey, and was able to smooth their differences, creating a powerful alliance.
朱利叶斯·凯撒·庞贝·克罗斯·凯撒与克罗斯和庞贝都关系良好,并能够平息分歧,形成了强大的联盟.
The First Triumvirate Caesar was in Gaul for ten years, but all that time he remained a powerful political presence in Rome.
第一任特鲁姆活国凯撒在高卢已经十年了,但一直以来他仍然是罗马强大的政治存在.
He always had people—his allies— working in his interest there.
他总是有人民——他的盟友——为他的利益工作。
For a while, Caesar and Pompey remained close.
一段时间里,凯撒和庞培保持了亲密.
After being elected consul in 59 bc, Caesar married his daughter Julia to Pompey, which further strengthened Caesar and Pompey’s relationship.
在59bc被选为领事后,凯撒将他的女儿朱莉娅嫁给了庞培,这进一步加强了凯撒和庞培的关系.
At the time, Caesar had another political ally named Crassus, who was one of the richest men in all of Rome.
当时凯撒还有一个叫克萨斯的政治盟友,他是全罗马最富有的人之一.
Pompey and Crassus had been political rivals, but Caesar cleverly united them.
庞培和克萨斯曾是政治对手,但凯撒巧妙地团结了他们.
The three men worked as a team and had massive political power in Rome.
这三人作为一个团队工作,在罗马拥有了大规模的政治权力.
They are now known as the First Triumvirate.
它们现在被称为"第一三聚体".
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
One of Caesar’s greatest achievements was reforming the Roman calendar.
凯撒最大的成就之一是改革了罗马历法.
It had been a lunar calendar that accounted for 355 days.
历时355天。
In most modern calendars, there are 365 days in a year.
在大多数现代历法中,一年有365天.
Before Caesar, leaders decided where to add the extra ten days, which let them manipulate important election dates and holidays.
在凯撒之前,领导者们决定了增加十天的时间到哪里,这让他们操纵重要的选举日期和节日.
Caesar worked with astronomers to create a new calendar that was based on Earth’s movements around the Sun.
凯撒与天文学家合作,根据地球围绕太阳的运动,创造了一个新的日历.
Additional days were added to specific months, and the concept of the leap year was introduced.
在具体月份中增加了多出天数,并引入了跳跃年的概念.
The month of July is named after Caesar.
七月以凯撒命名.
As time went on, though, Caesar’s success in Gaul made the other two men jealous, and they saw him as a threat.
然而,随着时间的流逝,凯撒在高卢的成功使另外两人嫉妒,他们视他为威胁.
They managed to maintain their alliance for a time, but when Julia passed away in 54 bc, the family link between Caesar and Pompey was broken.
他们设法维持了一段时间的联盟,但当朱莉娅于54bc去世后,凯撒和庞培之间的家族联系被打破.
When Crassus was killed in battle the next year, the triumvirate was finished.
次年克萨斯在战斗中被击毙后,三元战役结束.
Pompey withdrew from Caesar and made alliances with patrician members of the Senate who also felt threatened by Caesar’s rise.
庞培退出了凯撒,并与同样感到受凯撒崛起所威胁的元老院议员结盟.
Civil War When Caesar’s term was up in Gaul, he returned to Rome to run for consul again.
凯撒在高卢的任期到来时,他回到了罗马再次竞选执政官.
He knew that bringing his armies with him would be considered an act of war, but he feared that if he returned alone, he would be arrested and possibly murdered.
他知道带出军队与他并肩作战将被视为战争行为,但他担心如果他独自返回,他就会被逮捕并可能被谋杀.
Knowing Pompey still had command of his own armies, Caesar was left with no choice.
知道庞培仍然拥有自己的军队指挥权,凯撒就别无选择了.
Therefore, hoping to fix the broken government in Rome, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River with his armies in 49 bc and marched into the capital.
因此,凯撒希望修复罗马已破碎的政府,于是于49bc与军队一起渡过鲁比孔河并进军首都.
Caesar believed he had the support of the citizens of Rome, but the result of his actions was a terrible civil war.
凯撒相信他得到了罗马公民的支持,但是他的行动结果是一场可怕的内战.
Pompey brought his forces out to meet Caesar, but Caesar’s battle-tested troops quickly dominated and chased them out of Italy.
庞培将他的部队带出去接见凯撒,但凯撒经过战斗考验的部队迅速占据了统治地位并把他们从意大利赶走.
Caesar pursued and destroyed Pompey’s army.
凯撒追击并摧毁了庞贝的军队.
Eventually, Pompey himself was killed.
最终,庞培本人被杀死.
Caesar leads his troops across the Rubicon River into Italy.
凯撒带领他的部队越过鲁比孔河进入意大利.
Caesar’s Murder by German painter Karl Theodor von Piloty Caesar returned to Rome a triumphant hero, but the government remained in crisis, and the Senate named Caesar dictator.
凯撒被德国画家谋杀 卡尔·西奥多·冯·皮洛蒂·凯撒(Karl Theodor von Piloty Caesar)回到了罗马,是一位胜利的英雄,但政府依然处于危机中,参议院将凯撒命名为"独裁者".
Shortly before his death he was named dictator for life.
在他去世前不久,他被封为终身独裁者。
Understandably, this greatly upset his opponents in the Senate.
可以理解的是,这让他在参议院的对手大为不安.
Rome was never supposed to be ruled by a king again, but in the Senate’s eyes, that was what appeared to be happening.
罗马不应该再由国王统治,但是在参议院看来,这似乎是正在发生的事情。
In his short time as head of state, Caesar reformed the taxation system, began great public works, and granted Roman citizenship to many in the provinces.
在担任国家元首的短暂时间里,凯撒改革了税收制度,开始了伟大的公共工程,并授予了许多行省的罗马公民身份.
He was also very forgiving toward the many who had supported Pompey.
他对支持庞培的人也非常宽容。
This, combined with appearing as a king, led to Caesar’s downfall.
这再加上作为国王出现,导致凯撒倒台.
On March 15, 44 bc, the Ides of March, a group of senators assassinated Caesar.
在3月15日,44 bc, 三月的Ides,一群参议员暗杀了凯撒.
A coin dated 44 bc shows Julius Caesar with Venus on the reverse.
一枚日期为44bc的硬币显示朱利叶斯·凯撒与金星相倒.
Caesar’s family claimed to descend from the goddess Venus.
凯撒家族声称从女神维纳斯而来.
This map shows the Roman Republic at the time of Caesar’s death.
这幅地图显示了凯撒去世时的罗马共和国.
MEDITERRANEAN SEA BLACK SEA ATLANTIC OCEAN GAUL (FRANCE) SPAIN GREECE MACEDONIA ASIA (TURKEY) AFRICA Rome Roman Republic 45 bc Caesar’s Legacy Upon his murder, Caesar instantly became a martyr, and in 42 bc he was declared a god.
地中海-大西洋-大西洋(法国) (土耳其) 非洲罗马共和国45 bc凯撒被谋杀后,凯撒立即成为了烈士,42 bc中他被封为神.
The immediate aftermath of his assassination was chaos and, tragically, more civil war ensued.
他被暗杀的立即后果是混乱,可悲的是,随后发生了更多的内战。
When it was finally over, the Roman Empire was born.
最终结束后,罗马帝国诞生.
The Roman Empire that Caesar put into motion carried on for centuries, shaping modern Europe and much of our world today.
凯撒发动的罗马帝国持续了几个世纪, 塑造了现代欧洲和我们当今世界的大部分地区。