Jonas Salk
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Summer Terror.
内容列表 夏季恐怖.
4 How to Make a Difference.
4 如何作出改变。
5 Doing Things His Way.
5 进行 东西 他的方式。 他的方法。
7 Dead or Alive?
死了还是活着?
9 The First Tests.
9 "初试".
10 The Trial.
10 审判。
12 What Went Wrong.
12 出了什么问题。
14 New Challenges.
14 新挑战。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Summer Terror In the spring of 1953, parents in the United States braced for another season of terror.
16 夏季恐怖事件 1953年春,美国父母为另一个恐怖季节准备了准备.
Poliomyelitis, or polio, had sickened nearly fifty- seven thousand people the previous summer.
去年夏天,脊髓灰质炎或脊髓灰质炎使近57,000人生病。
The disease had left twenty thousand people, mostly children, crippled and another three thousand dead.
这一疾病使2万人,其中大多数是儿童,致残,另有3 000人死亡。
In most cases, the poliovirus caused cold-like symptoms, but in some cases the virus paralyzed the arms and legs.
在大多数情况下,脊髓灰质炎病毒引起类似寒冷的症状,但在某些情况下,病毒使手臂和腿瘫痪.
In the worst cases, it paralyzed the chest muscles so people could not breathe.
在最坏的情况下,它会使胸肌瘫痪,使人们无法呼吸.
People avoided large crowds, and police quarantined homes and took sick children to hospitals, where they stayed for months— even years.
人们避开了大批人群,警察对住宅进行隔离,将生病的儿童送往医院,他们在那里呆了几个月,甚至几年。
There was one hope.
有一个希望。
Dr.
医生
Jonas Salk told the nation that a vaccine for polio was on the way.
乔纳斯·萨尔克告诉全国,脊髓灰质炎疫苗即将到来.
Signs warned people to stay away from areas stricken by polio.
标志警告人们远离被小儿麻痹症所感染的地区。
How to Make a Difference Jonas Salk, born in New York in 1914, was a good student who entered Townsend Harris Hall, a high school for gifted students, when he was twelve.
1914年生于纽约的乔纳斯·萨尔克(How to Make a Difference Jonas Salk)是一个好学生,他12岁时进入了有天赋学生的高中汤森德·哈里斯·霍尔.
Salk then went on to City College of New York by age sixteen.
萨尔克随后在16岁之前进入了纽约市立学院.
He wanted to do something to help humanity, and he wanted to become a medical researcher to fight diseases.
他想做一些帮助人类的事情,他想成为一名医学研究者来对抗疾病.
Salk finished his studies just as the United States entered World War II.
正当美国进入二战时,萨尔克完成了学业.
The military needed a vaccine to protect soldiers from influenza (flu) and other respiratory illnesses because a flu epidemic had killed more than forty thousand U.
军方需要疫苗来保护士兵免受流感(flu)和其他呼吸道疾病,因为一场流感疫情已经杀死了4万多U.
S.
师曰.
soldiers during World War I.
第一次世界大战期间的士兵。
Dr.
医生
Thomas Francis at the University of Michigan received money for research to develop a flu vaccine and hired Salk to work in his lab.
密歇根大学的托马斯·弗朗西斯(Thomas Francis)收到了用于研发流感疫苗的研究资金并聘请了萨尔克去他的实验室工作.
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
Army began influenza vaccinations in 1943.
陆军从1943年开始进行流感疫苗接种.
When exposed to a virus, the body protects itself by producing special proteins called antibodies.
当被病毒所暴露时,身体通过生产被称作抗体的特殊蛋白来保护自己.
These antibodies bind with the viruses and bacteria to help the body fight illnesses.
这些抗体与病毒和细菌结合,帮助身体对抗疾病.
A vaccine causes the body to produce antibodies, in most cases without giving it the disease.
疫苗会使身体产生抗体,在大多数情况下不会给它带来这种疾病.
Salk developed a test to count the number of antibodies in the blood, which allowed researchers to tell how well a vaccine worked without having to wait for someone to get sick.
萨尔克发展出一个测试,以计算出血液中的抗体数量,这使得研究人员能够分辨出疫苗的疗效如何,而不必等别人生病.
To make the vaccine, the researchers had to kill the flu virus carefully.
为了制造出疫苗,研究人员不得不谨慎地杀死了流感病毒.
If the outside shape of the virus was damaged, the body would not recognize the virus and make antibodies.
如果病毒外形被破坏,尸体就不会识别出病毒并制造出抗体.
The team was successful in producing a killed-virus flu vaccine that saved thousands of lives.
团队成功出产了致命病毒流感疫苗,挽救了上千人的生命.
Now thirty-two years old, Salk went to work as the head of the Virus Research Laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh.
现在32岁了 萨尔克去匹兹堡大学病毒研究实验室担任主任.
How Antibodies Work Antibody Virus Virus binding site Antibodies bind with viruses to stop the viruses from infecting the body.
抗体如何工作 病毒 病毒捆绑地 抗体与病毒相接 阻止病毒感染人体
Once the viruses bind with the antibodies, they cannot break off and bind with other healthy cells.
一旦病毒与抗体结合,它们就不能与其他健康的细胞分解并结合.
Doing Things His Way The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP), which raised money for polio survivors, wanted to fund research on a polio vaccine.
做点什么 他为脊髓灰质炎幸存者募集了资金的国家婴儿瘫痪症基金(NFIP)想资助脊髓灰质炎疫苗的研究。
Basil O’Connor, head of the foundation, was impressed with Salk’s eagerness to get things done and gave Salk money for research.
基金会负责人巴西尔·奥康纳(Basil O-Connor)对萨尔克热衷于把事情办好并给予萨尔克研究资金印象深刻.
The first step to a polio vaccine was to discover how many types of poliovirus existed.
脊髓灰质炎疫苗的第一步是发现存在多少种脊髓灰质炎病毒。
If there were dozens of types, as there are with the common cold virus, a single vaccine would not protect people.
如果有几十种,像常见的寒冷病毒一样,单一的疫苗不会保护人.
Poliovirus was hard to work with.
小儿麻痹症病毒很难治疗。
Only humans get polio naturally, but monkeys can be infected with it in a laboratory.
只有人类会自然地得到脊髓灰质炎,但猴子可以在实验室被感染.
Traditionally, finding out how many strains of a virus there were required months or years of work.
传统上,要找出需要工作几个月或几年的病毒菌株.
Researchers infected monkeys with one type of polio and then waited months to see if the monkeys got sick or recovered before infecting them with new strains.
研究人员感染了一类脊髓灰质炎的猴子,然后等了好几个月才看猴子是否生病或恢复后才能感染到新菌株.
Polio in the United States through the Years Source: www.
资料来源:www.org。
cdc.
(中文(简体) ).
gov Salk wanted to try something new.
戈夫・萨尔克想尝试一些新的。
He wanted to give a monkey a light dose of an unknown strain of polio.
他想给一头猴子轻剂量的脊髓灰质炎病毒
The monkey wouldn’t get sick but would produce antibodies against that type of polio.
这只猴子不会生病,
Then, when given a known type of polio, its blood would flood with antibodies if the monkey was immune.
然后,当赋予已知的脊髓灰质炎类型时,它的血液会被抗体所淹没,如果猴子免疫的话.
If the virus grew, it meant the strain was another type.
如果病毒增加,意味着菌株是另一种类型.
Most of the scientists at the NFIP conference that year, including Dr.
该年NFIP会议上的大多数科学家,包括Dr.
Albert Sabin, a well- known and vocal polio researcher, scoffed at the new idea, and the NFIP decided to fund the traditional typing method.
阿尔伯特·萨宾(Albert Sabin)是一位有名有声的脊髓灰质炎研究者,他嘲笑了这个新想法,NFIP决定资助传统的打字方法.
Back in his lab, Salk worked overtime to try both methods.
回到他的实验室,萨尔克加班尝试这两种方法.
He found that the new method worked, was faster, and required far fewer monkeys.
他发现新法有效,速度快,需要的猴子要少得多.
He then successfully tested for antibodies in tissue cultures, which are living material grown outside the body.
随后他成功在组织培养中检测出抗体,这些抗体是生长于身体外活出的物质.
Using these new methods, Salk’s team determined that there were only three types of polio in one year instead of the expected three years.
萨尔克的团队使用这些新方法,确定一年内只有三种类型的小儿麻痹症,而不是预期的三年.
Scientists grow virus samples in glass plates called petri dishes, which fit under microscopes.
科学家在玻璃板上会长出病毒样本,称为"Petri"菜肴,这些菜肴能放入显微镜下.
Dead or Alive?
死了还是活着?
In 1950, most scientists believed that only a live-virus vaccine could give people long-lasting protection from polio.
1950年,大多数科学家认为,只有活病毒疫苗才能为人们提供长期防脊髓灰质炎的保护.
A live-virus vaccine involves scientists developing a weak virus to put in a vaccine.
活病毒疫苗涉及科学家研发出一种能放入疫苗的弱病毒.
When injected, the weak virus causes the body to produce antibodies, in most cases without causing the disease.
注射后,弱病毒会使身体产生抗体,在大多数情况下不会引起疾病.
Salk believed that a killed-virus vaccine, like the one he and Francis had produced for the flu, would work just as well—plus, it was safer.
萨尔克认为,一种致命病毒疫苗,就像他和弗朗西斯为流感所生产的疫苗一样,会同样有效——此外,它更安全。
A killed virus could never give someone polio.
一个被杀死的病毒 永远不会给人小儿麻痹症。
The NFIP decided to fund both methods.
NFIP决定为这两种方法提供资金.
With a team of fifty researchers, Salk went to work, but it was not an easy task to kill the poliovirus without damaging it.
与由50名研究人员组成的团队一起,萨尔克去工作了,但是在不破坏脊髓灰质炎病毒的情况下杀死它并不容易.
They used the same chemical used to kill the flu virus, experimenting with different temperatures and strengths to kill the poliovirus.
他们使用同一种用于杀死流感病毒的化学物质,用不同的温度和强度实验来杀死脊髓灰质炎病毒.
They had to make sure the method was perfect.
他们必须确保方法完美
Viruses are tiny—a million of them can line up in one inch.
病毒是微小的,其中一百万可以排成一英寸。
Just one live poliovirus in the vaccine could cause the deadly disease.
疫苗中只有一种活的脊髓灰质炎病毒 会导致致命的疾病。
As Salk’s team worked, the beds in the hospital above the lab filled with sick children.
在萨尔克的团队工作时,实验室上方的医院的床位充满了生病的儿童.
The First Tests By 1952, Salk had a vaccine that worked on monkeys, but did he dare try it on children?
初试 到了1952年,萨尔克有疫苗对猴子起作用,但他有敢于用儿童来尝试吗?
Attempts at polio vaccines in the 1930s had devastating effects: vaccinated children developed polio.
1930年代试图接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗,产生了破坏性影响:接种疫苗的儿童患上脊髓灰质炎。
Salk first tested the vaccine on children who had survived polio because these children could not get the disease again.
萨尔克首先对在脊髓灰质炎中幸存的儿童进行了疫苗测试,因为这些儿童无法再得到这种疾病.
It worked.
已经成功了
The vaccinated children showed an increase of antibodies in their blood.
接种疫苗的儿童血液中的抗体有所增加。
Next, he vaccinated children who had not had polio.
接着,他为没有小儿麻痹症的儿童接种了疫苗。
They developed antibodies to protect them from the disease, and they had no ill effects.
他们研制出抗体来保护他们免受这种疾病的影响,并且没有不良的影响.
He prepared to present his results at the next NFIP meeting.
他准备在NFIP的下次会议上介绍他的结果.
Jonas Salk evaluated hundreds of vials of vaccine in his lab at the University of Pittsburgh.
乔纳斯·萨尔克(Jonas Salk)在匹兹堡大学的实验室评价了上百个疫苗瓶.
Word leaked out about Salk’s work, and people started visiting the lab to get more information.
关于萨尔克工作的消息泄露出,人们开始去实验室取取更多信息.
The interruptions made it hard to concentrate, so O’Connor urged Salk to explain the project on the radio one time instead of giving many interviews.
中断使得注意力难以集中,因此奥康纳敦促萨尔克一次在收音机上解释这个项目,而不是进行许多采访.
People were so excited that a vaccine was close that Salk became famous overnight.
人们非常兴奋,以至于疫苗接近,以至于萨尔克一夜之间出名.
Sabin and other researchers were furious.
萨宾和其他研究者非常愤怒.
Salk had mentioned other research in his interview, but they thought he was trying to take all the credit.
萨尔克在接受采访时曾提到过其他研究,但他们认为他试图接受所有的功劳.
They claimed that real scientists presented their research at formal scientific meetings—not on the radio!
他们声称,真正的科学家在正式的科学会议上,而不是在电台上介绍了他们的研究成果!
Salk ignored them and went back to work as polio sickened another thirty-five thousand people in 1953.
萨尔克对他们置之不理并回去工作,1953年又使35,000人染上小儿麻痹症。
Albert Sabin worked with his staff at the University of Cincinnati.
阿尔伯特·萨宾在辛辛那提大学与他的工作人员合作.
The Trial When Salk was sure he had a safe vaccine, he vaccinated himself, his family, and workers in the lab.
审判时萨尔克确信他有安全的疫苗,他为自己,家人和实验室的工人接种了疫苗.
O’Connor pushed for a huge field trial of the vaccine before the next summer, which meant vaccinating hundreds of thousands of children.
奥康纳在下个夏天前对疫苗进行了大规模的实地试验,这意味着对数十万儿童进行疫苗接种。
Salk agreed.
萨尔克同意.
If they delayed, thousands more children were likely to get polio.
如果推迟,还有上千名儿童可能患上小儿麻痹症。
O’Connor went to work finding children to take the vaccine, organizing thousands of health- care workers, and raising money.
奥康纳去寻找孩子接种疫苗,组织上千名医护人员,并筹款.
Salk’s lab could not make enough vaccine in time for the trial.
Salk的实验室无法及时制造足够的疫苗,
He taught large drug manufacturers the precise method of killing the virus so they could produce the vaccine.
他向大型药品制造商传授了杀活病毒的精确方法,以便他们能够生产出疫苗.
The process was so difficult that only two of the five manufacturers succeeded in time to make vaccine for the start of the trial.
这一过程十分困难,以至于五个制造商中只有两个及时成功地为开始试验而制造出疫苗.
Almost two million children were involved in the trial.
将近200万儿童参与了审判。
Some received the vaccine, some a placebo, and the rest were tracked as a control Children lined up for the polio trials in 1954.
有些人得到了疫苗,有些是安慰剂,其余被追踪到1954年脊髓灰质炎试验中的控制儿童队。
was about to become a national hero—or a villain.
即将成为国家英雄或反派。
On April 12, 1955, millions of people listened to the radio and on department store speakers.
1955年4月12日,上百万人收听了收音机和百货商店的扬声器.
Francis announced at the NFIP meeting, “The vaccine works.
Francis在NFIP会议上宣布,“疫苗有效。
It is safe, effective, and potent.”
它安全、有效和有力。 “
Reporters ran to announce the news, church bells rang, and people cheered in the streets.
记者跑去宣布新闻,教堂钟声响起,人们在街上欢呼.
Salk rose quietly to give his speech.
萨尔克悄悄地起身发表演讲.
He thanked past polio researchers, the volunteers, and those who had donated money.
他感谢过去脊髓灰质炎研究者、志愿者和捐款者。
However, he forgot to mention the names of his team members.
然而,他忘记提及他的队员姓名.
Forgetting to give credit to his team members angered many other scientists; some never forgave him.
忘记为他的团队成员授以荣誉,激怒了许多其他科学家;有些人从未原谅他.
But Salk was a hero to most people.
但萨尔克是大多数人的英雄.
He was interviewed on the radio and for newspapers.
他接受了电台和报纸的采访。
People sent him money and gifts.
人们送他钱和礼物
He gave everything to the NFIP and returned to his lab to improve the vaccine.
他把一切都交给了NFIP,并回到了自己的实验室来改进疫苗.
Thomas Francis spoke for an hour and forty minutes before announcing that Salk’s vaccine worked.
托马斯·弗朗西斯在宣布萨尔克的疫苗有效前发言了一小时四十分钟.
What Went Wrong With summer coming, the NFIP began distributing free vaccine from all five manufacturers.
发生什么了? 随着夏季的到来,NFIP开始从所有5个制造商那里免费分发疫苗.
The first signs of trouble came when some children given the vaccine got polio.
当一些儿童接种了小儿麻痹症疫苗时,首先出现了麻烦的迹象。
The vaccine distribution was suspended.
疫苗分发被暂停.
Salk didn’t panic; he knew that the vaccine, if properly prepared, was safe.
萨尔克没有惊慌;他知道疫苗如果准备得当,是安全的.
Investigators soon tracked the problem to one manufacturer that had not properly killed the virus.
调查人员很快将问题追踪到一个没有适当杀死病毒的制造商.
That vaccine was pulled, and the vaccinations continued.
疫苗被拔出,疫苗继续接种。
By 1962, the number of polio cases in the United States dropped to fewer than one thousand.
到1962年,美国脊髓灰质炎病例已降至不足一千起.
Salk’s vaccine worked, but it was expensive to produce.
萨尔克的疫苗有效,但生产费用昂贵。
That year the United States approved Sabin’s live-virus vaccine.
当年美国批准了萨宾活病毒疫苗.
It was cheaper than the killed-virus vaccine.
它比杀毒疫苗便宜
Plus, it was given on a sugar cube instead of in a series of shots.
此外,它被放在一个糖方块上而不是在一系列镜头中.
By 1979, most of the few remaining cases of polio were traced to the live-virus vaccine.
到1979年,剩余的几起小儿麻痹症病例大多被追溯到活病毒疫苗.
After 2000, the United States decided to use only the killed-virus vaccine.
2000年后,美国决定只使用致命病毒疫苗.
Salk had developed the first polio vaccine, and his vaccine finally eliminated the disease in the United States.
萨尔克已经研制出第一种脊髓灰质炎疫苗,他的疫苗最终在美国消灭了这种疾病.
Many children preferred to receive the vaccine on a sugar cube rather than a series of shots.
许多儿童更喜欢用糖方块来接种疫苗,而不是用一连串来注射。
New Challenges Salk went on to tackle new challenges.
新的挑战萨尔克继续应对新的挑战.
In 1960, he founded the Salk Institute as a place for scientists to work for the good of humanity.
1960年,他创立了萨尔克研究所,作为科学家为人类造福而努力的地方.
He researched diseases such as cancer and HIV / AIDS until his death in 1995.
他研究了癌症和艾滋病毒/艾滋病等疾病,直到他于1995年去世.
Today, the Salk Institute does cutting-edge medical research and has produced several Nobel Prize winners.
今天,萨尔克研究所进行尖端医学研究,并产生了几个诺贝尔奖得主.
Salk did not receive a Nobel Prize.
萨尔克没有获得诺贝尔奖.
At the time, many scientists agreed with Sabin when he said that Salk’s work was “pure kitchen chemistry.
当时,许多科学家同意萨宾的说法,认为萨尔克的工作是"纯粹的厨房化学".
He didn’t discover anything.”
他什么也没发现。 “
Salk was the only major polio researcher never elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
萨尔克是唯一没有入选过国家科学院的主要脊髓灰质炎研究者.
Salk received thanks from his country and the world for saving thousands of children from the crippling disease.
萨尔克得到了他的国家和世界的感谢,感谢他拯救了数千名儿童免于这一致命疾病.
Time magazine named him one of the hundred most important people of the twentieth century.
"时代"杂志将他命名为"二十世纪百大人物"之一.
He brought together discoveries from decades of polio research.
他汇集了几十年脊髓灰质炎研究的发现.
He also used new ideas to develop the first polio vaccine.
他还用新思想来研制出第一种小儿麻痹症疫苗.
Salk achieved his goal of making a difference for humanity.
萨尔克实现了为人类带来变化的目标.
Signs sent the message that people were rewarded with lollipops for being vaccinated.
迹象发出的信息是,人们因接种了棒棒糖而得到奖赏。