John Muir
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents A Passion for Nature.
内容列表 A Passion for Natural.
4 Early Life.
4"早生" (中文(简体) ).
5 Freedom and Wild Places.
5"自由与荒野之地".
7 The High Sierra.
7高铁.
10 Nature Writer and Activist.
10 自然作家与活动家.
12 Muir’s Legacy.
12 缪尔的遗产.
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 A Passion for Nature Long ago when people in the United States were settling the West, many spoke about conquering nature.
16 早在美国人们定居西方时,许多人谈到征服自然。
They wanted to clear land and use natural resources without restraint for houses, food, clothing, and other needs.
他们希望清理土地,不受限制地利用自然资源来满足住房、食物、衣服和其他需要。
John Muir instead spoke about honoring nature.
而约翰·缪尔则谈到尊重大自然。
Muir’s passion for the natural world lured him away from civilization to live for years in remote cabins.
Muir对自然世界的热情引诱他远离文明,在遥远的小屋里生活了多年。
It drew him to explore—on foot— vast areas of California as well as travel to many other parts of the world.
它吸引他徒步探索加利福尼亚的广大地区,并前往世界其他地区。
Muir’s deep devotion to nature helped expand public awareness of the environment.
Muir对大自然的深切奉献有助于扩大公众对环境的认识。
He was an avid champion of wild places, an eloquent writer and speaker, and the founder of a key environmental organization.
他是野地的活泼冠军,雄辩的作家和演说家,以及关键环境组织的创始人.
His words persuaded many people to become involved in the effort to preserve wilderness, including his beloved Yosemite Valley.
他的话说服了许多人参与保护荒野的努力,包括他所爱的约塞米蒂谷.
John Muir explored nature as a way of becoming closer to what he considered “the heart of the world.”
John Muir将自然作为接近他所认为的“世界心脏”的一种方法来探索。 “
Early Life John Muir was born on April 21, 1838, in Dunbar, Scotland.
早生约翰 缪尔于1838年4月21日生于苏格兰敦巴尔.
His father, Daniel, was a businessman and former soldier.
他的父亲丹尼尔是商人和前士兵.
His mother, Anne, was a homemaker who enjoyed painting, poetry, and nature.
他的母亲, 安妮是一位家庭主妇,他喜欢绘画、诗歌和自然。
John was the oldest son in a family with eight children.
约翰是一个家庭中有八个孩子的长子.
In 1849, when John was eleven, the family moved to Wisconsin, in the United States, so Daniel could start a farm and earn more money.
1849年,约翰十一岁时,全家搬到了美国威斯康辛州,因此丹尼尔可以开办农场并赚取更多的钱.
Daniel was a strict disciplinarian who forced John and his siblings to work long hours doing farm labor and only allowed them one small meal a day.
丹尼尔是一个严格的纪律主义者,他强迫约翰和他的兄弟姐妹长时间工作做农活,只允许他们每天吃一顿小饭.
The children’s health suffered as a result.
儿童的健康因此受到影响。
John Muir’s birthplace in Scotland is now a museum dedicated to his life and work.
约翰·缪尔(John Muir)在苏格兰的出生地现在是一个纪念他生活和工作的博物馆.
John received no formal education during those years, yet he had a deep thirst for knowledge.
约翰在那些年没有接受过任何正规教育,然而他对知识却非常渴求.
His father grudgingly allowed him to awaken early to have time to read.
他的父亲粗鲁地让他早起,有时间读书.
John rose at 1:00 a.
约翰在一点钟升起。
m.
（字母m）
each morning, thrilled to have five extra hours each day to pursue his interests.
每天早上, 很高兴每天额外有5个小时 来追求他的利益。
He studied literature, philosophy, mathematics, and geometry on his own.
他独自学习了文学,哲学,数学和几何学.
Any free daylight hours were spent exploring the woods and fields around the family farm.
任何免费的日出时间都在探索家庭农场周围的树林和田地。
During John’s teen years, he became an accomplished inventor.
在约翰十多岁时,他成为了一位成就卓著的发明家.
He spent some of his early-morning time on his inventions, which included water wheels and weather instruments.
他把一些早起的时间花在他的发明上,其中包括了水轮和气象仪器.
A later invention—a makeshift “alarm clock”—pushed him out of bed at a designated time.
后来的发明——即临时的 " 警报钟 " ——在指定的时间把他从床上拉出。
John Muir’s “alarm clock” was a combination desk and clock that attached to a collapsing bed.
约翰·穆尔的 " 警报钟 " 是紧接在倒塌的床上的一桌一钟。
At the appointed time, the invention lit a lamp and gently deposited John on the floor.
在指定的时间,发明点燃了一盏灯并轻轻地将约翰放倒在地上.
Freedom and Wild Places By the time Muir was a young adult, he was restless to follow his passions and escape from the farm.
自由与荒野 到了穆尔还年轻的时候,他沉迷于追随自己的激情并逃离了农场.
An irresistible opportunity presented itself when he was twenty-two.
22岁时出现了不可抗拒的机会.
A neighbor suggested that Muir show his inventions at the 1860 Wisconsin State Agriculture Fair in Madison.
一位邻居建议穆尔在麦迪逊1860年威斯康星州农业博览会展示他的发明.
The inventions, particularly Muir’s alarm clock, were a huge hit.
这些发明,特别是Muir的闹钟,是一个巨大的打击。
Jeanne Carr, one of the judges and Muir’s future mentor, awarded him a cash prize.
法官之一和穆尔的未来导师珍妮·卡尔(Jeanne Carr)向他颁发了现金奖.
As a result, he had some independence for the first time in his life.
因此,他第一次获得了一些独立.
Instead of returning home, he decided to stay in Madison and attend college.
他没有回家,而是决定留在麦迪逊并上大学.
Jeanne Carr, a writer and amateur botanist, and Ezra Carr, a geology professor, became friends and teachers of Muir’s.
编剧兼业余植物学家Jeanne Carr和地质学教授Ezra Carr成为了Muir的朋友和老师.
That fall, Muir flourished in his new life, studying botany —the science of plants —which, as he later wrote, “sent [him] flying to the woods and meadows in wild enthusiasm.”
那次秋天,穆尔在他的新生活中蓬勃发展,学习植物学——植物学——正如他后来所写道的,“他怀着野生的热情飞到树林和草地去。 “
Muir also studied geology and chemistry but did not complete a degree program.
缪尔还研究了地理学和化学,但没有完成学位课程.
In 1863, he left Madison to attend what he called the “University of the Wilderness.”
1863年,他离开麦迪逊去参加他所谓的"荒野大学". “
He traveled on foot around Canada and parts of the northern Midwest, closely observing nature and taking odd jobs to pay his way.
他徒步走过加拿大和中西部北部部分地区,密切地观察了自然,并找了个零工来支付他的方式.
In 1866, Muir took a job working as a mechanic in Indianapolis, Indiana.
1866年,缪尔在印第安纳州印第安纳波利斯从事机械师工作.
The following year, he suffered a work-related eye injury that temporarily blinded him.
次年,他因工作而眼睛受了伤,暂时失明.
Although he feared that he would permanently lose his vision, it returned over a period of a month.
虽然他担心自己会永久地失去视力,但是在一个月的时间里它又回来了.
Able to see again, Muir suddenly realized that his interest in inventions kept him from what he loved most.
能够再次看到,穆尔突然意识到他对发明的兴趣使他远离他最爱的东西.
He left his job and vowed to spend the rest of his life in nature.
他辞去工作,发誓在自然界度过余生.
Muir took off on September 1, 1867, hiking about 1,000 miles (1,609 km) to Florida along the “wildest, leafiest, and least trodden way,” he recalled in his writings.
Muir于1867年9月1日起飞,沿着"最荒凉,最叶地,最不费吹灰之力"的路向佛罗里达州徒步约1000英里(1,609公里),他在著作中回忆道.
He covered at least 20 miles (32 km) a day and took detailed botanical notes during the trip.
他每天覆盖至少20英里(32公里),并在出行期间收取了详细的植物学笔记.
Muir reached the Gulf Coast in just over seven weeks but fell seriously ill just days later.
Muir在7个多星期后到达了海湾海岸,但就在几天后病倒了。
He had contracted malaria while crossing Florida’s swampland.
他在穿越佛罗里达沼泽地时感染了疟疾。
The following January, partially recovered but still in poor health, Muir boarded a ship to Cuba.
翌年1月,穆尔部分恢复,但健康状况仍然不佳,他登上一艘船去古巴。
He hoped to eventually travel to the Amazon to study the native plants but instead went to San Francisco.
他希望能最终去亚马逊去研究原生植物,而是去旧金山.
Arriving on March 28, 1868, he asked someone to show him the closest way out of town.
1868年3月28日抵达,他请人给他指示出城最近的路.
When the man asked where he wanted to go, Muir replied, “To any place that is wild.”
当该男子问他要去哪儿时,Muir回答说,“到任何野地去。 “
Muir’s 1867 Trip to Florida ATl An Ti C O Ce An Tennessee Gul F OF Mexi CO Indiana Kentucky Indianapolis North Carolina Georgia South Carolina Alabama Florida West Virginia Virginia Ohio Cedar Keys by train by foot by boat The High Sierra Traveling on foot, Muir headed for California’s Sierra Nevada mountains.
穆尔1867年去佛罗里达州 ATl An C O Ce An Tennias Gul F OF Mexi CO 印第安纳州 肯塔基州 印第安纳州 北卡罗来纳州 乔治亚州 南卡罗来纳州 阿拉巴马州 西弗吉尼亚州 俄亥俄州锡达凯斯乘火车徒步乘船"高山"(The High Sierra Traveling)徒步出行,缪尔驶向了加州的内华达山区.
The natural beauty of the area filled him with awe.
这片地段的自然美景使他充满了敬畏.
Although Muir was lonely without human connection, he was ecstatic to be in a wilderness area.
虽然穆尔在没有人类联系的情况下很孤独,但他对在旷野一带感到欣喜.
When he faced a choice between people and nature, the call of nature generally won out.
当他面对人和自然之间的选择时,自然的呼唤一般都取得了胜利.
Muir’s first trip to the High Sierra was short, but he returned the following year.
穆尔第一次去高山的行程很短,但他于次年返回.
He worked briefly as a shepherd and then took a job running a sawmill near Yosemite Falls.
他短暂地做牧羊人,然后在约塞米特瀑布附近从事了经营锯木厂的工作.
Muir spent his free time exploring the land and celebrating nature.
穆尔花了大量时间去探索这片地并庆祝自然.
He drew inspiration from the writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, a famous writer and lecturer who often wrote about the importance of connecting with nature.
他从著名作家和讲师拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生(英语:Ralph Waldo Emerson)的著作中汲取了灵感,他经常写出与自然联系的重要性.
In the early 1870s, Muir proposed a controversial theory that the movement of glaciers had carved Yosemite Valley.
1870年代初,缪尔提出了一个有争议的理论,认为冰川运动已刻出约塞米特谷.
At the time, the accepted theory was that Yosemite had formed as a result of an enormous earthquake.
当时被接受的理论是:约塞米特是一次大地震所形成的.
Muir was so fascinated with glaciers that he journeyed deeper into the mountains to search for evidence.
穆尔对冰川充满了迷恋,他更深入地走入了山脉去寻找证据.
In October 1871, his efforts paid off: after tracking the paths of ancient, long-melted glaciers to mountain peaks, he finally found an actual glacier.
1871年10月,他的努力得到回报:在跟踪了古老,长熔化的冰川通向山峰的路径后,他终于发现了一个实际的冰川.
That winter, Muir’s article about glaciers forming Yosemite—his first publication—was printed in the New York Tribune.
当年冬天,穆尔关于冰川形成Yosemite(他的第一份出版物)的文章被刊登在纽约论坛报上。
His theory was confirmed over time.
他的理论随着时间的推移得到了确认.
People were beginning to take notice of Muir and his nature observations.
人们开始注意到穆尔和他的自然观察。
Other naturalists went out to his cabin in Yosemite to meet with him, including Emerson in 1871.
其他的自然主义者出门到他在约塞米蒂的小屋去见他,包括1871年的爱默生.
El Capitan and Yosemite Falls are two features of Yosemite Valley.
埃尔卡皮坦和约塞米特瀑布是约塞米特谷的两个特征.
Nature Writer and Activist After getting to know Yosemite so thoroughly, Muir began to devote more time to writing about his experiences.
自然作家和活动家 在如此透彻地了解了约塞米蒂之后,缪尔开始花更多的时间来写他的经历.
In 1873, he moved to Oakland, California, and started writing magazine articles that made him famous throughout the United States.
1873年,他搬到了加利福尼亚州的奥克兰,并开始撰写杂志文章,使他在美国各地出名.
Muir wrote on behalf of nature, both to call attention to its beauty and to urge people to protect it from destruction.
缪尔代表自然写作,既呼吁注意它的美丽,又敦促人们保护它不受破坏.
In April 1880, Muir married Louisa (Louie) Strentzel and moved to Martinez, California, where her family owned a fruit ranch.
1880年4月,缪尔与路易莎(英语:Louisa (Louie) Strentzel)结婚并搬到了加州的马丁内斯,她的家人在那里拥有一个水果牧场.
Just a few months later, he left on a trip to Alaska that lasted over a year.
仅仅几个月后,他离开了阿拉斯加,行程长达一年多.
After returning, he limited his travels for seven years and worked on the ranch.
回国后,他限制出行了7年,并在牧场工作.
Although Muir was a dedicated husband, he was unhappy with his responsibilities on the ranch, and his health suffered.
虽然穆尔是一个忠于职守的丈夫,但他对自己在牧场上的责任感到不快,他的健康也受到损害.
Always restless to be in wilderness, he resumed his travels with Louie’s encouragement.
在Louie的鼓励下,
Muir’s trip to Yosemite in 1889 resulted in the publication of two widely read articles about the area’s beauty and the importance of protecting it.
1889年穆尔出道于约塞米特,发表了两篇被广泛阅读的关于该地区的美貌和保护它的重要性的文章.
Other people helped Muir by persuading Congress to protect Yosemite.
其他人帮忙 说服国会保护约塞米蒂
These efforts to build public support on behalf of conservation were successful.
这些为养护争取公众支持的努力是成功的。
The following year, Yosemite became the third U.
次年,约塞米蒂成为了第三个U.
S.
师曰.
national park, after Yellowstone and Sequoia.
国家公园,在黄石公园和塞夸亚公园之后
It was clear to Muir and other conservationists that an organization was needed to keep Yosemite and other parts of the Sierra Nevada protected.
穆尔和其他保护主义者清楚地知道,需要有一个组织来保护约塞米特和内华达山脉的其他地方。
Muir helped found the Sierra Club in 1892 and became its first president.
1892年缪尔帮助找到了塞拉俱乐部并出任首任会长.
The club’s purpose now includes protecting nature areas and wildlife throughout the United States as well as finding solutions to global climate problems.
俱乐部现在的宗旨包括保护全美的自然区和野生动物,以及寻找全球气候问题的解决办法.
In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt asked to meet with Muir to better understand the needs of wilderness areas in the West.
1903年,西奥多·罗斯福总统要求会见缪尔,以更好地理解西方荒野地区的需要.
Honored, Muir took him on a camping trip into Yosemite.
很荣幸,穆尔带他去约塞米特野营
Muir used the opportunity to advocate for setting aside wilderness areas as protected parks.
Muir利用这一机会倡导将荒野地区作为受保护的公园。
As a result of that trip, more areas of Yosemite became part of the national park.
由于这次出行,更多的约塞米蒂地区成为了国家公园的一部分.
Roosevelt also set aside many other wilderness areas for protection, including Crater Lake and Wind Cave National Parks.
罗斯福还预留了许多其他荒地进行保护,包括克赖特湖和风洞国家公园.
In his later years, Muir spent more time writing about his travels.
在他后期的岁月里,缪尔花费了更多的时间来写他的旅行.
He was awarded honorary degrees from four universities.
曾被授予四所大学荣誉学位.
Muir also led a twelve-year fight to protect Yosemite’s Hetch Hetchy Valley from being flooded by a proposed dam.
Muir还领导了为期12年的战斗来保护约塞米特的Hetch Hitchy山谷不被拟议大坝淹没.
Despite efforts to stop the project, including a letter Muir wrote to Congress, it was approved in 1913.
尽管努力阻止了这个项目,包括缪尔写给国会的一封信,但在1913年获得批准.
However, the fight raised public awareness about the protection of wild places.
然而,这场斗争提高了公众对野地保护的认识.
It also contributed to the 1916 creation of the National Park Service, which established stronger protections for all U.
它也为1916年创立了"国家公园服务"(National Park Service)做出了贡献,为全U建立了更强大的保护.
S.
师曰.
national parks.
国家公园。
John Muir died on December 24, 1914.
约翰·缪尔于1914年12月24日去世.
Although he did not live to see the founding of the National Park Service, his efforts helped make it a reality.
尽管他没有活着看到国家公园服务局的成立,他的努力帮助它成为现实.
Muir’s Legacy John Muir was one of the first people to call for practical action on behalf of preserving wild places.
Muir的遗产约翰 缪尔是最早呼吁采取实际行动保护野外场所的人之一.
As a founding father of the conservation movement, he devoted much of his life to protecting wilderness areas for future generations.
作为保护运动的开国之父,他毕生将大部分时间用于为后世保护荒野地区.
John Muir came from humble beginnings and struggled for years to find his true path in life.
约翰·缪尔(John Muir)从谦卑的起步而来,为寻找自己人生中的真正道路而奋斗了多年.
Yet the natural world always called to him, inviting him to know it better and witness more of its wonders.
然而,自然世界总是召唤他,请他更了解它,并见证它的奇妙之处。
As he did, his purpose became clear.
和他一样,他的目的变得很清楚.
Muir’s contributions to environmental conservation have earned him a place of honor in American history.
穆尔对环境保护的贡献使他在美国历史上获得了荣誉.
Many nature areas and establishments, such as Muir Woods National Monument (right), bear John Muir’s name.
许多自然区和机构,例如Muir Woods国家纪念碑(右),都以John Muir为名。