India
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Where Is It?
内容表在哪里?
............................... 4 People.................................... 6 Land..................................... 8 Celebrations.............................. 10 History.................................. 11 Animals................................. 12 Conclusion............................... 14 Glossary................................. 16 Where Is It?
页:1 4 人. . 6 地. 8 庆典. 10 历史. 11 动物. 12 结论。 14 词汇表. 16号在哪里?
The capital of India is New Delhi (DEL-ee), which is part of Delhi. Delhi is a very old city, but New Delhi was built in the early 1900s. At the time New Delhi was built, India was part of the British Empire, and the city was constructed to be the capital of British India. Delhi is a complex maze of small streets with crowded bazaars, while New Delhi has spacious avenues and modern shopping centers. Delhi is a huge city of more than twenty million people, and New Delhi is only a small part of this large urban area. Delhi and another large city in India, Mumbai, are racing each other for the title of the country’s largest city. The populations of both cities are very close in size, and the numbers continue to rise each year. Mumbai was known as Bombay for many years, but in 1995 the name was changed to reflect the native language of the region. Mumbai has been called the Gateway of India because of its large port, and the city actually has a monument by the same name. This monument was built at the entrance to the harbor in 1911 to celebrate the first visit to India by a British king and queen. At that time, India was a British colony. About forty years later, when India gained its freedom, the lead British government official left by that same gate. Mumbai lies on an island in the Arabian Sea just off the west coast of mainland India. People With more than 1.2 billion people, India ranks second only to China in population, and India’s population continues to grow. Most people live in small towns and villages in the countryside, even though India does have some large cities. Most rural homes do not have indoor plumbing, and about half do not have electricity. Indian society used to be divided into classes that made up the caste system. In this system, people had to follow strict rules depending on their social group. Each group had its own traditional foods, customs, and ways of making a living. Some castes were treated badly by other castes. Today, the caste system is illegal, but some people still maintain these traditions. Many people in rural India get water from wells because most homes do not have indoor plumbing.
印度首都为新德里(DEL-ee),是德里的一部分. 德里是一个非常古老的城市,但新德里建于1900年代初. 新德里建成后,印度是大英帝国的一部分,而该城市被建为英属印度的首都. 德里是一个复杂的迷宫,由小街道和拥挤的集市组成,而新德里则有宽敞的通道和现代化的购物中心. 德里是一个有两千多万人的庞大城市,而新德里只是这个大城市地区的一小部分. 德里和印度另一个大城市孟买竞相争夺该国最大城市的称号. 这两个城市的人口规模相去甚远,每年的人口数量继续上升. 孟买曾被誉为"孟买"(Bombay)多年,但在1995年更名,以反映该地区的本土语言. 孟买因其大港口被称作"印度出入口",而该市实际上也有一个同名的纪念碑. 这座纪念碑建于1911年于港口口,以庆祝一位英国国王和女王首次出访印度. 当时印度是英国殖民地. 大约40年后,当印度获得自由后,英国政府主要官员从同道口离开. 孟买位于印度大陆西海岸附近的阿拉伯海中的一个岛屿上. 人员 印度人口超过12亿,在人口上排在中国前列,印度人口持续增长. 大部分人生活在农村的小城镇和村庄中,尽管印度确实有一些大城市. 大多数农村家庭没有室内管道,大约一半没有供电。 印度社会曾经被划分为构成种姓制度的阶级. 在这个体系中,人们必须根据其社会群体遵守严格的规则. 每个群体都有自己的传统食物、习俗和谋生方式。 一些种姓受到其他种姓的粗暴对待. 今天,种姓制度是非法的,但有些人仍然维持这些传统. 印度农村地区许多人从水井取来水,因为大多数家庭没有室内管道。
Half of the people in India make their living from agriculture. They raise cattle, water buffalo, and other animals; however, Indian people do not raise cattle to eat, because most Indians belong to the Hindu religion. For Hindus, cows are sacred. Other animals such as sheep, goats, and chickens are raised for meat. Indian cities are extremely crowded. Most people live in apartment buildings along very narrow streets. Many shopkeepers live above or in the back of their shops. Because India has such a large population, it has been hard for the country’s electricity supply to keep up with the demand. Power outages and power rationing, or the limited use of power at certain times, are very common in cities. In addition, average incomes are among the world’s lowest, and many of the country’s people live in poverty. At the same time, however, many people in India are highly educated and work in science and technology industries. Land The Himalayas form India’s northern border. These mountains are the highest in the world and act as a barrier that separates India from the rest of Asia. Thus, India is often called a subcontinent. A low-lying plain called the Indo-Gangetic Plain stretches across northern India. This rich land was formed long ago as rivers continuously flooded and left sediment behind. Many streets in India’s cities are crowded with shops and people, such as this street in Old Delhi.
印度有一半的人口靠农业为生. 他们饲养牛,水牛等动物;然而,印度人不饲养牛来吃,因为大多数印度人属于印度教. 对于印度教徒来说,牛是神圣的. 其他动物如羊,山羊和鸡被饲养为肉类. 印度城市极为拥挤. 大多数人住在非常狭窄的街道上的公寓楼. 许多店主住在店面上或店后. 由于印度人口如此之多,该国的电力供应难以跟上需求. 断电和配电,或在特定时间有限使用电力,在城市中非常常见. 此外,平均收入是世界上最低的,该国许多人生活在贫困中。 然而,与此同时,印度的许多人都受过高等教育并从事科技工业. 土地 喜马拉雅山脉构成了印度的北部边界. 这些山脉是世界上最高的山脉,并起到隔开印度和亚洲其他地区的屏障的作用. 因此,印度常被称作次大陆. 一个被称作"印度-干戈特平原"的地势低洼平原横跨了印度北部. 这片富饶的土地是早在河流被持续淹没并留下沉积物时形成的. 印度许多城市的街道挤满了商店和人,例如老德里的这条街道.
India’s Landforms New Delhi Mount Everest Indo-Gangetic Plain Western Ghats Mtns.
印度地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地貌地
Eastern Ghats Mtns.
东迦特山.
Deccan Plateau Thar Desert Indus River Sundarban Himalayan Mtns.
德克坎高原 塔尔沙漠 印度河 Sundarban Himalayan Mtns.
The Ganges River lies in the northern part of India. In Hinduism, the Ganges is a sacred river. Hindus from all over India travel to the river to enter its waters. South of the Indo-Gangetic Plain lies the Deccan Plateau. This raised land takes up more than half of India and includes low hills as well as coastal areas. Many people live on the Deccan Plateau because it has rich soil and a climate just right for growing crops. Toward the western part of India, the land becomes drier to form the Thar Desert. The sand dunes of this region constantly shift. Most of India has three seasons: hot and dry, hot and wet, and cool and dry. The hot and dry season lasts from March until May or June and brings high temperatures, strong winds, and dust storms. The hot and wet season is known as the monsoon season. Beginning in May or June, strong winds from the south bring very heavy rains that fall in the afternoon on most days. About three-fourths of India’s yearly precipitation usually falls during this season. In some years, the monsoon season brings flooding to many parts of the country. By late October, the rains stop, and the weather becomes cool and dry. Celebrations People in India celebrate many special days. On October 2, people celebrate the birthday of Mohandas Gandhi, a famous leader who led Indians to independence from the British. People attend prayer services and ceremonies to honor the “Father of the Nation.” Diwali (dih-WAH-lee), also known as the festival of lights, lasts for five days in autumn each year. During this time, people light small candles, shoot firecrackers, and give sweets to friends and family. Holi (HOH-lee) is a spring Hindu celebration known as the festival of colors. During Holi, people celebrate the end of winter by throwing colored water and powder on each other. People also sing, dance, and enjoy special foods. Holi festivities can be messy, but at the end of the day, everyone bathes and puts on clean white clothes. August 15 is India’s Independence Day. On this day, the Indian people celebrate their independence from Great Britain in 1947. People often fly colorful kites that symbolize freedom. The Thar Desert covers about 200,000 square kilometers (77,000 sq.
恒河位于印度北部. 在印度教中,恒河是神圣的河流. 来自印度各地的印度人到河边去入其水域. 印度-干戈地平原以南是德克干高原. 这片高地占据了印度一半以上的土地,包括低地和沿海地区。 许多人生活在德克坎高原上,因为它土壤丰富,气候适宜种植农作物。 在印度西部,土地变得干燥而形成塔尔沙漠. 这一地区的沙丘在不断变化。 印度多有三季:发热干燥;发热干燥;发凉干燥. 炎热干燥季节从3月持续到5月或6月并带来高温,强风和尘暴. 炎热湿润的季节被称为季风季节. 从5月或6月开始,南方的强风带来非常大雨,在多日的下午降下. 大约四分之三的印度年降水量在这个季节通常会下降. 几年来,季风季节给多地带来了洪水. 至十月下旬相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相相去相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相 印度人民庆祝许多特殊的日子。 10月2日,人们庆祝了莫罕达斯·甘地的生日,他是一位著名领袖,他带领印度人从英国独立. 人们参加为“国父”而举行的祈祷会和仪式。 地瓦利 (dih-WAH-lee),又名取光节,每年秋季活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活 在此期间,人们会点起小蜡烛,放出鞭炮,并给朋友和家人以甜食. Holi (HOH-lee)是一个被称作"花色节"的春季印度教庆典. 在"霍利"期间,人们通过向对方投掷有色水和粉末来庆祝冬天的结束. 人们也会唱歌,跳舞,享受特殊的食物. 霍利庆典可能很乱,但到了最后,每个人都会洗澡并穿上干净的白色衣服. 8月15日是印度独立日. 这一天,印度人民在1947年庆祝从大不列颠独立. 人们常常会放出象征自由的多彩风筝. 察尔沙漠面积约20万平方千米(7.7万平方公克.
mi.)
(中文(简体) ).
During Holi, many children use water guns and balloons filled with colored water to spray each other.
在霍利期间,许多儿童使用水枪和充满有色水的气球来相喷.
History India’s civilization is very old. By about 321 bc, people living in the land now known as India were united under one ruler. In the ad 700s, Muslims invaded India and set up a kingdom with Delhi at its center. Muslim rule lasted until the 1600s, and one Muslim ruler, the Shah Jahan, left behind one of India’s most famous landmarks, the Taj Mahal. This beautiful building is a mausoleum built for the Shah’s wife after she died. Also during this time, Europeans began to explore the world. In 1498, the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama sailed to India, and by 1858, India became part of the British Empire. Around 1920, Mohandas Gandhi began urging the Indian people to resist British rule—but not with violence. Gandhi showed that nonviolent protest could make a difference. Independence for India took twenty-seven years, but the country became a free democracy in 1947. Since that time, India has faced wars, poverty, and a growing population. However, it is quickly becoming a modern country, filled with opportunity. In 2007, India elected its first female president. It is the world’s largest democracy. Animals India’s wildlife includes many exotic species, including large cats. In fact, India is the only country in the world with both lions and tigers. It is also the home of two kinds of leopards. While both types of leopards are rare, the snow leopard of the Himalayas is far scarcer. One of India’s most famous reptiles is the cobra, a poisonous snake known for spreading its hood when it feels threatened. Because it hunts mice and rats, which live close to humans, the cobra does sometimes bite people. The king cobra is one of the types of cobras that live in India.
历史 印度的文明非常古老. 到了大约321 bc,生活在现在被称作"印度"地上的人在一个统治下统一了起来. 在广告700年代,穆斯林入侵了印度并建立了一个以德里为中心的王国. 穆斯林统治一直持续到1600年代,一位穆斯林统治者沙阿·贾汉留下了印度最出名的地标之一"泰姬陵". 这座美丽的建筑是一座陵墓,为沙阿的妻子所建. 同样在这一时期,欧洲人开始探索世界. 1498年,葡萄牙探险家瓦斯科·达·加马出海前往印度,到1858年,印度成为了大英帝国的一部分. 在1920年左右,莫罕达斯·甘地开始敦促印度人民反抗英国的统治,但并没有使用暴力. 甘地表示非暴力抗议可以有所作为. 印度独立花了27年时间,但1947年该国成为了自由民主. 从那时起,印度就面临战争、贫穷和人口不断增长。 然而,它正迅速成为一个充满机会的现代化国家。 2007年,印度选出了第一位女总统. 它是世界上最大的民主国家。 动物 印度的野生动物包括许多异地物种,包括大型猫. 事实上,印度是世界上唯一一个兼有狮子和老虎的国家. 它也是两种豹的家. 虽然这两类豹都非常罕见,但喜马拉雅山脉的雪豹却更加稀少. 印度最出名的爬行动物之一是眼镜蛇,它是一种有毒的蛇,在感到被威胁时会散发出头罩而出名. 因为它会猎取与人类相近的老鼠和老鼠,所以眼镜蛇有时会咬人. 国王眼镜蛇(学名:Cycrophus service)是眼镜蛇科眼镜蛇属的一种,生活于印度.
The Jungle Book Rudyard Kipling, a British author who was born in India, wrote many children’s stories about India under British rule.
"丛林书"(The Jungle Book Rudyard Kipling)是一位英国作家,生于印度,他写了许多关于英国统治下的印度的儿童故事.
In The Jungle Book, published in 1895, he included many exotic animal characters, such as Shere Khan the Bengal tiger, Baloo the brown bear, Kaa the python, and Rikki-tikki-tavi the mongoose.
在1895年出版的"丛林之书"中,他包含了许多异地动物角色,如孟加拉虎雪儿可汗,棕熊巴洛,蟒蛇卡亚,和巨鹅里克基-提克基-塔维等.
The Indian elephant was once prized for its strength and helped to clear many forests in India. People used elephants to lift logs and to transport crops and people. Today, some Indians still use elephants to help them with their work. Wild elephants are found in most regions of India, but they are threatened by habitat loss. Along the Bay of Bengal, the mangrove forests in the swampy Sundarban provide a unique habitat for many animals. The Sundarban is the home of sea turtles, sharks, and crocodiles. It is also the largest home of Bengal tigers, and the tigers actually swim in the swamp’s waters to catch prey. A male Bengal can grow to 3 meters (10 ft.) in length and weigh as much as 230 kilograms (500 lbs). Conclusion India is a large country filled with many people and exotic animals. The country has been faced with enormous challenges, such as feeding and housing its population while protecting its amazing natural beauty. At the same time, India continues to grow, becoming an important player on the world stage. Some elephants are still used to carry crops and do other work.
印度大象一度被赞誉为"其力量"并帮助印度清理出多处森林. 人们用大象抬起木头并运送农作物和人. 今天,一些印第安人仍然使用大象来帮助他们的工作. 野生大象在印度大多数地区都有发现,但受到栖息地丧失的威胁. 沿着孟加拉湾,沼泽地松达尔班的红树林为许多动物提供了独特的栖息地. 松达尔班是海龟,鲨鱼和鳄鱼的家园. 它也是孟加拉虎最大的栖息地,而老虎实际上会游入沼泽水域来捕取猎物. 雄性孟加拉能长到3米(10英尺),体重可达230公斤(500磅). 印度是一个大国,有很多人和外来动物。 该国一直面临巨大的挑战,如提供食物和住房,同时保护其惊人的自然美貌。 与此同时,印度继续增长,成为世界舞台上的重要角色. 一些大象还被用来搬运农作物并做其他活.
The India Gate in New Delhi is a popular gathering place for many Indians as well as tourists.
新德里的印度门是许多印度人和游客的热门聚会地.
Scientists are working hard to protect India’s endangered Bengal tiger.
科学家们正在努力保护印度濒危的孟加拉虎.
Glossary bazaars (n.)
词汇集市(n.)
markets with rows of small shops (p. 5) caste system (n.)
拥有一行小商店的市场(p. 5)种姓制度 (n.
a rigid system of social position based on birth and profession (p. 6) mangrove (n.)
(第6页)红树林
a tropical tree that grows in swamps or shallow salt water (p. 13) mausoleum (n.)
生长于沼泽地或浅盐水(第13页)陵地(n.
a large tomb, or a structure that contains several tombs (p. 11) monsoon (n.)
大墓,或包含多座墓葬的结构(第11页) 季风 (n.
a seasonal storm that brings heavy rain to an area (p. 9) Muslims (n.)
季节性风暴给一个地区带来暴雨(p. 9) 穆斯林 (n.
people who follow the religion of Islam (p. 11) peninsula (n.)
(第11页)
a long piece of land almost completely surrounded by water (p. 4) precipitation (n.)
一长块地几乎被水(第4页)所包围(n.
water that falls to the ground, such as hail, sleet, rain, or snow (p. 9) sacred (adj.)
倒入地上取出水来,如冰雹,平起地来,有雨,有雪等(p. 9) 神圣 (adj.
related to a religious or spiritual purpose (p. 7) sediment (n.)
与宗教或精神目的有关的沉积物(第7页)
particles of dirt and rock that are carried by water, wind, or ice to another place (p. 8) subcontinent (n.)
被水,风或冰带去别处的泥土和岩石颗粒(p. 8) 次大陆 (n.
a large land area that is a part of a continent (p. 8) Sundarban (n.)
一个大面积的土地面积,是大陆的一部分(p. 8) 孙达班 (n.
a heavily forested swamp area next to the Bay of Bengal in India and Bangladesh (p. 13) Population: 1,236,344,631 Land: 2,973,193 sq km (1,147,956 sq.
印度和孟加拉国孟加拉湾相邻的多林沼泽地(第13页) 人口:1,236,344,631人 土地:2,973,193平方公里(1,147,956平方公里)。
mi.)
(中文(简体) ).