Groundwater

美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习

Table of Contents When the Water Runs Out.

水流出时目录。

4 What and Where Is Groundwater?

4 地下水在哪里?

5 Too Many Straws.

5 太多的草丛。

7 Water Fights.

7水战.

9 Staying Out of Trouble.

9"远离麻烦".

11 Farming Smarter.

11"养殖智能".

12 Future Focus.

12"未来焦点".

14 Glossary.

14 词汇表。

16 When the Water Runs Out Picture getting up one morning, turning on the faucet, and getting nothing but a gurgle.

16,当"出水"的图片起来一天早上,打开了水龙头, 得到的任何东西,只是一个gurgle。

This happened in 2014 in a part of California famous for producing fruits and vegetables.

这发生在2014年的加利福尼亚州以生产水果和蔬菜而出名的部分地区.

Years of drought there meant little rainfall, so to irrigate their crops, farmers pumped massive amounts of groundwater from under the land.

多年的干旱意味着降雨量很少,因此为了灌溉作物,农民从地底下抽取了大量的地下水。

The result?

结果?

Some two thousand dry wells.

约二千口干井.

In response, the county government set up centers where people could get drinking water and take showers.

作为回应,县政府设立了一些中心,人们可以在那里得到饮用水和淋浴.

Even with rain, though, experts warn the shortage of groundwater there will not end soon.

然而,即使下雨,专家们警告说,那里的地下水短缺不会很快结束。

Unfortunately, California isn’t the only place with a water crisis.

加州并非唯一有水危机的地方。

Groundwater fills the spaces and cracks between rocks, sand, and soil underground.

地下水填充了地上岩石,沙地和地上土壤之间的空间和裂缝.

What and Where Is Groundwater?

地下水在哪里?

Many of us glance at a globe and are fooled into thinking the planet holds plenty of water for all our needs.

我们许多人看一看全球,被愚弄,以为这个星球有足够的水满足我们的所有需要。

However, 97 percent of Earth’s water is in our oceans, and its salt content makes it undrinkable and useless for watering crops.

然而,地球97%的水都在我们的海洋中,其含盐量使其无法饮用,对取水作物毫无用处。

Freshwater keeps us alive by quenching our thirst and allowing us to grow food.

淡水通过消渴并允许我们种植食物来维持我们的生命.

Less than 3 percent of Earth’s water is freshwater.

地球不到3%的水是淡水。

Of that small percentage, polar ice caps and glaciers lock up almost 70 percent.

在这个小比例中,极地冰盖和冰川几乎锁定了70%。

Although surface water—the freshwater in our rivers, lakes, and ponds—is often the most visible, it makes up just 0.

虽然地表水——我们的河流、湖泊和池塘中的淡水——往往是最明显的,但只有0.

3 percent of our freshwater supply.

我们淡水供应的3%。

Scientists estimate that a whopping 99 percent of Earth’s usable water is groundwater.

科学家估计99%的可用水是地下水。

All water on Earth Usable 1% Unusable 99% Water We Can Use Source: U.

地球上所有可用水 1% 无法使用 99% 可用水来源: U.

师曰.

Geological Survey Surface water 0.

地质调查局地表水 0.

3% Ground ice and permafrost 0.

3%地冰和永久冻土0.

7% Groundwater 99% Groundwater is freshwater that flows slowly underground.

7%的地下水 99%的地下水是缓慢地流入地下的淡水.

Most of it is stored beneath land in aquifers, underground layers of rock, gravel, and sand that retain groundwater like colossal sponges.

大部分储存在地下的地下蓄水层、地下地层岩石、砾石和沙地中,这些地层保留着巨大的地表等地下水。

Rain and melting snow, called recharge water, percolate very slowly into the surface soil and rock.

雨水和融雪被称作补给水,在地表土壤和岩石中渗透得非常缓慢.

This water feeds the aquifers, which can reach down thousands of feet and extend for thousands of miles.

这片水为蓄水层提供食物,蓄水层可达上千英尺并延伸上千英里。

Aquifers in turn feed our rivers, lakes, and wetlands.

含水层反过来为我们的河流、湖泊和湿地提供食物。

They also irrigate the best farming regions in the world.

他们还灌溉了世界上最好的农业地区。

For more than a century, people have been pumping billions of gallons of water from underground to drink, grow crops, and meet other needs.

一个多世纪以来,人们从地下抽取了数十亿加仑的水来饮用,种植农作物,并满足了其他需要.

Even during droughts, communities and farms located above aquifers can draw groundwater to survive and thrive.

即使在干旱期间,位于含水层上方的社区和农场也能抽取地下水来生存和繁荣。

This water source keeps much of humanity from going hungry and thirsty.

这种水源使人类大部分人不会挨饿和口渴。

The trouble is that people are pumping water much faster than nature can replace it, and researchers are tracking an alarming trend: groundwater levels are falling fast.

问题在于人们抽取水的速度远快于大自然能够取而代之,研究人员正在追踪一个令人震惊的趋势:地下水水平正在迅速下降。

Water crises threaten food supplies and peace.

水危机威胁到粮食供应与和平。

Worldwide, experts are warning about the dangers of exhausting this life-giving resource.

在世界范围内,专家们警告说,消耗这种维持生命的资源是危险的。

Too Many Straws Research now shows people are using up groundwater at unsustainable rates.

草条太多了研究表明人们正在以不可持续的速度使用地下水。

According to the U.

根据U.

师曰.

Geological Survey, water levels have declined in almost two-thirds of the wells across the United States since 1995.

地质调查局,自1995年以来,全美国近三分之二的水井的水位已经下降。

Experts predict that the Ogallala Aquifer, below the Great Plains, could be 70 percent depleted by the year 2060.

专家预测,到2060年,大平原以下的奥加拉含水层可能耗尽70%.

The Ogallala (a.

奥加拉拉人(a.

(单位:千美元)

High Plains) Aquifer waters the wheat fields of America— but that water can’t last forever.

(高平原) 水淹没了美国的麦田,

This map shows state-by-state changes in the water level of the Ogallala Aquifer over a span of about sixty years.

这张地图显示奥加拉拉含水层水位在大约60年内逐州变化。

In some places, water levels are largely unchanged today; in others, they have declined dramatically.

在有些地方,水位今天基本没有变化;在另一些地方,水位急剧下降。

Wyoming -0.

怀俄明-0 (英语).

4 ft.

4英尺长

Nebraska -0.

内布拉斯加州-0.

9 ft (-.

9英尺(-.

027 m) S.

027米) (中文(简体) ). 师曰.

Dakota 0 ft.

达科他0英尺.

(0 m) New Mexico -15.

(0米) 新墨西哥 - 15.

1 ft.

1英尺长.

Ground level 0 140Feet underground Colorado -13.

0地平面140Feet地下科罗拉多 -13.

2 ft.

2英尺长.

Kansas -22.

堪萨斯22分

8 ft.

8英尺长.

95 m) Texas -36.

95米)德克萨斯州-36.

7 ft.

7英尺长.

19 m) Oklahoma -12.

19米) (中文(简体) ). 俄克拉荷马州 - 12。

3 ft.

3英尺长

75 m) Water-level changes in the aquifer, 1950 to 2010 Source: U.

(单位:千美元) 1950至2010年含水层水位变化资料来源:U。

师曰.

Geological Survey The water level in one Texas well has plunged more than 120 feet (36.

地质调查局. 德克萨斯州一口井的水位已跌出120多英尺(36.

6 m).

(单位:千米)

Ups and (Mostly) Downs: The Ogallala Aquifer Competition for groundwater is causing conflict in some farming areas.

上下 (最多) 下: 奥加拉拉含水层地下水竞争正在一些农地造成冲突。

In Northern California, for example, winemakers grow acres of grapes.

例如在北加州,酿酒者会种植出一亩葡萄.

Grapes require large amounts of water to grow.

葡萄需要大量水来生长.

Many of these growers have drilled deep wells to make sure they can get the groundwater they need.

许多这些种植者已经钻取了深井,以确保能得到所需的地下水.

Without it, they might go out of business.

没有它,他们可能会退出业务。

Many smaller farmers and homeowners nearby, though, are concerned by what they consider “water grabbing.”

然而,附近的许多小农场主和房主对他们认为的“取水”感到关切。 “

They blame these vineyards for sucking up too much of the groundwater they all share, while their shallower wells go dry.

他们责怪这些葡萄园吸取了他们共同分享的太多地下水,而更浅的水井会干涸.

In many cases, these smaller property owners cannot afford to drill deeper wells for themselves.

在许多情况下,这些较小的财产所有者无法为自己钻取更深的水井。

It’s as if everyone has their straws in the same drink, but some farms and businesses can pay for more and longer straws.

但有些农场和企业可以支付更多更长的吸管。

This situation raises big questions: Who owns groundwater?

这一情况提出了大问题: 谁拥有地下水?

How much usage is fair?

多少使用是公平的?

Sonoma Valley in California is famous for its vineyards.

加利福尼亚的索诺马谷以其葡萄园而出名.

India China United States Pakistan Water Fights Halfway around the world, Pakistan’s available water has dropped by almost 75 percent in the last sixty years.

印度、中国、美国、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、印度、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、

Many in Pakistan put the blame on India, their neighbor to the south.

巴基斯坦的许多人都怪罪于印度,

They accuse India of building dams that block river water that would normally flow to them.

他们指责印度建造了拦河堤坝,挡住通常流向他们的河水。

This situation, Pakistani farmers argue, has forced them to pump more groundwater.

巴基斯坦农民认为,这种情况迫使他们抽取更多的地下水。

Indian officials say Pakistan itself is to blame, due to poor management of the water it has.

印度官员说,巴基斯坦自己应该受到指责,因为巴基斯坦的水管理不善。

Today, both countries—longtime rivals that have fought four wars in the past—face water shortages and increasing competition for freshwater.

今天,两国——过去曾打过四次战争的长久对手——都面对缺水和日益增长的淡水竞争。

Top Four Global Water Users 112 km3 year 251 km3/year 1,225 million 1,341 million 310 million 174 million 112 km3 year 65 km3 year Compare China’s population to the United States’.

全球前四大用水用户 112 km3年 251 km3年 12.25亿 13.41亿 3.10亿 1.74亿 112 km3年 65 km3年中国人口与美国人口比较.

Now compare their water use.

现在比较一下他们的用水情况。

Per person, which country is using more water?

每个人,哪个国家使用更多的水?

One cubic kilometer (km3) = 1,000,000,000,000 liters (264,172,052,358 gal.)

1立方千米(平方千米)=1,000,000,000升(264,172,052,358 gal.

That would fill about 400,000 Olympic-size swimming pools.

这将填补约40万个奥运大小游泳池。

KEY Irrigation Domestic use Population Industry Source: Margat, J.

资料来源:Margat,J.。

, and J.

还有J.

van der Gun.

范德刚.

Groundwater around the World.

环绕世界的地下水.

CRC Press/Balkema The United Nations predicts such water crises will only grow worse.

《儿童权利公约》(CRC) 新闻/巴尔克马联合国预测,这种水危机只会加剧。

United Nations officials estimate that if nothing changes, the world will fall 40 percent short of its water needs by the year 2030.

联合国官员估计,如果不发生任何变化,到2030年,世界水需求将下降40%。

Nearly two billion people worldwide could face severe water shortages, leading to food shortages and famine.

全世界近20亿人可能面临严重的缺水问题,导致粮食短缺和饥荒。

Such water crises can contribute to conflict and war, experts warn.

专家警告说,这种水危机会助长冲突和战争。

In some places, lack of water has already forced large numbers of people to leave their homes and lands.

在有些地方,缺水已经迫使许多人离开家园和土地。

In Syria, for example, drought drove rural people into cities.

例如,在叙利亚,干旱将农村人口推入了城市。

Evidence suggests that this movement, in turn, helped start a civil war in 2011 in which many Syrians have died.

有证据表明,这一运动反过来又帮助引发了2011年的内战,许多叙利亚人死亡.

In many places, groundwater is that important—the difference between green farms or dusty fields, a matter of life or death.

在许多地方,地下水是重要的——绿色农场或有尘土的田地之间的区别,生死攸关。

Developing safe, reliable water supplies for as many people as possible needs to be an international priority.

为尽可能多的人发展安全可靠的供水需要成为国际优先事项。

Failing to address the water crisis leads to clashes, violence, and great suffering that threatens to spread as people continue to fight for water resources.

如果不解决水危机,就会导致冲突、暴力和巨大痛苦,随着人们继续为水资源而斗争,这些苦难有可能蔓延。

A Syrian refugee girl arrives in Jordan in 2013.

2013年,一名叙利亚难民女孩抵达约旦。

Staying Out of Trouble There is an old saying: “It is easier to stay out of trouble than get out of trouble.”

远离麻烦有一句老话说: “远离麻烦比摆脱麻烦容易。 “

This is true about the world’s supply of groundwater.

世界地下水的供应情况就是这样。

Dealing with this crisis now will be much easier than dealing with it after aquifers are depleted.

现在处理这场危机要比在含水层枯竭后处理危机容易得多。

Maintaining our groundwater supply requires us to plan ahead, however, while carefully managing how we use water today.

但是,维持地下水供应需要我们提前规划,同时仔细管理我们今天如何使用水。

Many experts predict the challenges will only become more difficult.

许多专家预测,这些挑战只会变得更加困难。

One growing threat to the world’s groundwater supply is climate change.

气候变化是对世界地下水供应的一个日益严重的威胁。

Almost all scientists who study the Earth now agree that its average temperature is rising, with the ten hottest years on record all hitting since the year 2000.

几乎所有研究地球的科学家现在都同意,其平均气温正在上升,自2000年以来,创下10个最热的年份的纪录。

Climate change may also mean large-scale changes in weather patterns.

气候变化还可能意味着天气模式的大规模变化.

For example, climatologists predict regions that rely on regular rainy seasons may see those seasons shift or the amount of precipitation they deliver change.

例如,气候学家预测,依赖定期雨季的地区可能会看到这些季节的变化或降水量的变化。

Major disruptions in water availability would likely result.

供水可能严重中断。

Another huge challenge is population growth.

另一个巨大挑战是人口增长。

Currently, more than seven billion people live on our planet.

目前,70多亿人生活在我们的星球上。

That figure is expected to reach eleven billion by the year 2100.

预计到2100年这一数字将达到110亿。

All of these people will need water to drink and grow food.

这些人都需要水来饮用并种植食物.

We must manage our groundwater now, and we can.

我们现在必须管理地下水,而且我们可以。

Farming Smarter Conservation of water is the best hope for ensuring sustainable water supplies.

更聪明的农民节水是确保可持续供水的最佳希望。

This means developing and practicing ways to reduce water usage and keep more groundwater in the ground.

这意味着制定和采用减少用水和将更多的地下水留在地上的方法。

Improving our farming practices is by far the most important action we can take to conserve groundwater.

改善我们的耕作做法是迄今为止我们为保护地下水能够采取的最重要行动。

According to the U.

根据U.

师曰.

Geological Survey, about 65 percent of the fresh groundwater Americans pump to the surface is used to irrigate crops.

地质调查局,大约65%的美国淡水泵通到地表用于灌溉农作物.

Studies indicate many forms of irrigation are wasteful.

研究表明,许多形式的灌溉是浪费的。

They spray and sprinkle water on the surface, where much of it is lost to evaporation.

他们在地表喷出并喷出水,其中大部分被蒸发所损失.

More farmers now accept that they cannot keep pumping so much groundwater.

更多的农民现在承认,他们无法继续抽取如此多的地下水。

They are adopting new ideas and technologies to make sure every drop counts.

他们正在采用新的想法和技术,以确保每一滴都算数。

For example, some farms now use tensiometers.

例如,一些农场现在使用抗辐射计.

These sensors monitor moisture in the soil and turn the irrigation on and off automatically, wasting less water.

这些传感器监测土壤中的水分,并自动开启和关闭灌溉,减少水的浪费。

Many fruit and nut orchards are also changing their practices.

许多水果和坚果园也在改变其做法。

They now bury irrigation pipes to deliver water closer to the tree roots, reducing water waste.

他们现在埋设灌溉管来提供更靠近树根的水,减少水的浪费.

Planting different crops is another major change that can help conserve groundwater.

种植不同的作物是有助于养护地下水的又一重大变化。

In states such as Kansas and Iowa, some farms are switching from corn to wheat and sorghum.

在堪萨斯州和爱荷华州,一些农场正在从玉米转向小麦和高粱.

Corn requires a lot more water than the other two, but corn crops earn more money, so other farmers remain reluctant to change.

玉米需要比其他两种要多得多的水,但玉米作物赚得更多钱,因此其他农民仍然不愿改变.

Still, if farms do not conserve water voluntarily, exhausted aquifers will eventually force them to.

然而,如果农场不自愿地节水,用尽的含水层最终会迫使它们这样做。

The View from Space On the scale, deep-red aquifers are those that have been depleted most rapidly; deep-blue aquifers are those gaining the most water, usually by weather events such as floods.

空间视图从规模上看,深红含水层是那些被消耗最快的含水层;深蓝含水层是获得最多水的含水层,通常是由洪水等天气事件造成的。

ATLANTIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEANAFRICA ASIA Since 2002, NASA has been monitoring changes in groundwater from space.

印度洋自2002年以来,美国航天局一直在监测空间地下水的变化。

Called the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), its two satellites respond to Earth’s gravity field.

被称作"重力回收和气候实验"(GRACE),其两颗卫星对地重力场做出响应.

They can measure shifts in water volume on and under the planet’s surface.

它们可以测量地球地表和地表下水量的变化。

NASA data gathered over a ten-year period (2003–2013) shows trends for Earth’s largest aquifers.

美国航天局在十年期间(2003-2013年)所收集的数据表明了地球最大含水层的趋势。

About one-third of these aquifers are dangerously depleted.

这些含水层中约有三分之一已严重枯竭。

Future Focus Record drought forced California to conserve water.

未来焦点记录干旱迫使加利福尼亚州节水.

Lawmakers there passed the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act in 2014, which required the monitoring of water levels in aquifers.

那里的立法者于2014年通过了《可持续地下水管理法》,该法要求监测含水层的水位。

It gave the state authority to enforce stronger water-conservation measures if communities did not come up with their own plans.

它赋予国家权力,如果社区没有制定自己的计划,则执行更有力的水保护措施。

For instance, cities could fine people five hundred dollars a day if they violated restrictions on washing cars and watering lawns.

例如,如果违反对洗车和取水草坪的限制,城市可以每天罚款500美元。

Restrictions like these worked.

这样的限制是有效的。

From June 2014 until December 2014, per capita water use plummeted.

2014年6月至2014年12月,人均用水量急剧下降。

On average, Californians went from using as much as 140 gallons (530 L) per person daily to just 67 gallons (254 L).

平均来说,加利福尼亚人从每人每天使用多达140加仑(530升)到仅67加仑(254升).

Nationwide, 57 percent of American households rely on groundwater.

全国57%的美国家庭依靠地下水。

In rural areas, that figure is more than 90 percent.

在农村地区,这一数字超过90%。

Fortunately, small changes in plumbing and water-use habits can save hundreds of gallons in the average American home each week.

所幸的是,管道和取水习惯的微小变化可以节省美国平均每周的上百加仑.

By installing low-flush toilets and taking shorter showers, we can contribute to groundwater conservation.

通过安装低浮马桶和更短的淋浴,我们可以为地下水的保存做出贡献.

Another small effort that can save gallons is running only full loads in washing machines and dishwashers.

另一种能够节省加仑的小型努力是只在洗衣机和洗碗机中运行满载.

In addition, property owners can save large volumes of water by replacing thirsty grass lawns with landscaping that needs less watering.

此外,地产业主还可以用不需要取水的地貌景观来取而代之,来节省大量水.

The motto in California for letting lawns die is pretty catchy: “Brown is the New Green.”

加州的口号是让草地死去, “

There is no quick, easy fix for preserving groundwater.

在保护地下水方面没有快速、容易的解决方案。

People need to drink.

人们需要喝酒。

Farmers need to irrigate crops to grow our food.

农民需要灌溉农作物来种植我们的粮食.

Still, we can be smarter about how we use this resource, both now and far into the future.

然而,我们可以更明智地看待我们如何使用这种资源,无论是现在还是将来。

Did you know that toilets use more water than anything else in your house?

你知道厕所用的水比你家里的任何东西都多吗?

They do, according to a 2016 study of water use inside 23,749 homes spread throughout the United States—but not as much as they did in a similar 1999 study.

根据2016年对美国各地23 749所房屋用水情况的研究,

Newer, more efficient toilets help send less water into the sewer.

更新,更有效率的厕所有助于将更少的水送入下水道.

Some families also practice selective flushing.

有些家庭还实行选择性冲水。

That means they don’t flush the toilet each time they use it.

他们不会每次使用厕所,

The Trouble with Toilets Gallons per household per day toilet shower, bath faucet clothes washer dishwasher, leaks, other Source: De Oreo, W.

每个家庭每天洗个厕所、洗洗浴水龙头、洗碗机、漏水,

毕.

, P.

页:1

Mayer, B.

(原始内容存档于2017-10-21). Mayer, B.

Dziegelewski, and J.

(原始内容存档于2018-10-21). Dziegelewski, and J.

Kiefer.

基费尔.

Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2.

住宅用水, 第2版.

Project #4309A.

第4309A号工程。

Denver, Colo: Water Research Foundation.

Denver, Colo:水研究基金会.

Reprinted with permission.

经许可再版.