The Great Charter
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Detested King John.
内容表 厌恶约翰国王。
4 The Barons Organize.
4男爵组织。
8 Runnymede and a Faithless King.
8个Runnymede和一个没有信仰的国王。
10 Aftermath.
后十会.
14 Glossary.
14 词汇表。
16 Detested King John In the year 1199, England’s King Richard I died in France.
16 厌恶约翰国王 1199年,英格兰国王理查德一世在法国去世.
He died from an arrow wound that became infected.
他死于被感染的箭伤.
Richard had been fighting to hold on to French lands that had long been claimed by England’s royal family.
理查一直争相坚守被英格兰王室长期宣称拥有的法属地.
Before dying, King Richard named his brother John as his successor to the throne.
在临终前,理查国王任命他的兄弟约翰为王位继承人.
Richard had taxed the people heavily for the war in France and for his participation in a Crusade.
理查曾为法国战争和参加十字军东征而向人民征收重税.
The last thing the people of England wanted when John became king was to be taxed even more.
约翰出任国王后,英格兰人民最不希望的就是被征收更多的税.
Unfortunately, that is exactly what happened.
不幸的是,情况就是这样。
He imposed excessive taxes on the barons and also took much of their property.
他向男爵征收了过多的税,并夺走了他们的大部分财产.
John was a bad king in almost every way.
约翰几乎在各个方面都是个坏国王.
To protect himself from rebellion, John took many prisoners from the nobility, the leading families of England.
为了保护自己免受叛乱的侵扰,约翰从贵族,英格兰的主要家族中取走了许多囚犯.
The nobles had to pay to get their relatives released, but John sometimes killed the prisoners even after being paid.
贵族们不得不花钱去争取他们的亲属获释,但约翰有时甚至在得到报酬后就杀死了囚犯.
John was the youngest of four boys and not expected to become king of England.
约翰是四个男孩中最小的,没有期望成为英格兰国王.
John added to his offenses in 1203 with a terrible family crime.
约翰在1203年以可怕的家庭罪行加入了他的罪行.
He had a fifteen-year-old nephew in France, named Arthur.
他在法国有一个十五岁的外甥,取名"亚瑟".
His nephew was favored by King Philip II of France to be the ruler of England, so John wanted Arthur gone.
他的外甥被法国国王腓特烈二世青睐为英格兰的统治者,因此约翰想让亚瑟去.
His forces captured the lad, who then disappeared.
他的军队抓住了这名男孩,他随后失踪了。
John probably ordered Arthur to be murdered, and he may have killed the boy himself.
约翰可能点了 亚瑟被谋杀 他可能亲自杀了那孩子
In 1204, King Philip defeated an army of hired soldiers that John had raised for a war in France.
1204年,腓特烈国王击败了约翰为法国战争而起的一支由雇佣兵组成的军队.
This victory allowed Philip to reclaim most of the French territory that had been held by England’s royal family.
这一胜利使菲利普得以收复被英格兰王室所占据的大部分法国领土.
Meanwhile, John continued to stir up trouble wherever he could.
与此同时,约翰继续在他所能的地方挑起麻烦.
In 1205, the archbishop of Canterbury died, and England needed to replace him.
1205年,坎特伯雷大主教去世,英格兰需要取而代之.
Pope Innocent III wanted the position to go to an English cardinal, Stephen Langton.
教宗英诺森特三世想让这个职位去找一位英国红衣主教斯蒂芬·朗顿.
John had his own ideas.
约翰有自己的想法。
He insisted that an English bishop obtain the post.
他坚持要求英国主教获得这个职位.
When John didn’t get his way, he began taking church lands.
当约翰没有走上他的道路时,他开始夺取教会的土地.
King Philip II transformed France from a small feudal state into one of the most powerful countries in Europe.
菲利普国王 二从一个小封建国家将法国转变为欧洲最强大的国家之一.
John’s actions resulted in a strong response from the pope: in 1208, Innocent put all of England under a ruling called an interdict.
约翰的行动引起了教皇的强烈回击:1208年,无辜者将整个英格兰置于一个叫做"阻截"的裁决之下.
The interdict closed the doors of England’s churches to everyone.
封锁关闭了英格兰教堂的大门,
During the interdict, priests could not perform masses, funerals, or other rituals.
在阻截期间,教士们不能进行弥撒,葬礼或其他仪式.
When John still would not give in, the pope excommunicated him.
当约翰仍然不肯屈服时,教皇将他驱逐出外.
People who were excommunicated were completely separated from the church and told they could not enter heaven.
被放逐的人被完全从教堂中分离出来,并被告知不能入天堂.
But that did not worry John.
但约翰并不担心
He continued to anger Innocent, seizing more property and money belonging to the church.
他继续激怒无辜者,夺取了更多属于教会的财产和金钱.
The pope then joined forces with the French king, aiming to have Philip invade England and replace John as king.
教皇随后与法国国王联手出击,旨在让菲利普入侵英格兰并取代约翰出任国王.
Innocent III was pope for eighteen years.
无辜的三世是教皇18年了
John realized at this point that he was in a very serious situation.
约翰此时意识到他的处境非常严重.
So in 1213, he finally agreed to allow Cardinal Langton to become archbishop.
因此在1213年他终于同意让红衣主教朗顿出任大主教.
John didn’t stop there, however.
但约翰并没有就此罢手。
Surprising everyone, he humbled himself to Innocent and offered to become a servant of the pope.
令人惊讶的是,他向无辜者谦逊,提出成为教皇的仆人.
The delighted Innocent accepted the offer at once and pardoned the king.
高兴的无辜者立刻接受了这个提议,赦免了国王.
John’s bold action was a very smart move.
约翰大胆的行动是一个非常聪明的举动.
He went from being a cornered outcast to having a powerful friend: the Roman Catholic Church.
他从一个被排斥在外的角落变成了一个强大的朋友:罗马天主教会。
The Barons In medieval England, a baron was any noble who had received land from a superior in return for loyalty and military service.
男爵们 在中世纪的英格兰,男爵是任何从上司那里得到土地以换取忠诚和兵役的贵族.
Higher- ranking barons received their land from the king, but they could in turn give parcels of their land to lesser barons.
地位较高的男爵从国王那里得到他们的土地,但他们反过来可以把地块分给地位较低的男爵.
In 1214, the barons swore an oath to achieve fair treatment from the king.
1214年,男爵们宣誓要从国王那里获得公平待遇.
The Barons Organize Archbishop Langton was still angry with King John, and he was determined that John must go.
男爵组织大主教朗顿(Langton)仍然对约翰国王感到愤怒,他决定约翰必须离开.
Langton became an adviser to a group of some two hundred barons who also wanted to get rid of the king.
朗顿成为了约200名男爵的一行顾问,他们也想除掉国王.
Not all the barons were against John.
并不是所有的男爵都反对约翰
A few wanted to find a way to improve relations with the king.
有几人想想办法改善同国王的关系.
Those barons included a famous knight named William Marshal.
这些男爵包括了一位出名的叫威廉·马歇尔的骑士.
People respected Marshal for his good character and loyalty.
受尊重的人们 元帅的好品德和忠诚.
He had served four kings, including John.
他曾经侍奉过包括约翰在内的四位国王.
Marshal became a go-between in the barons’ relations with John.
在男爵与约翰的关系中,
The barons first met together as a group in July 1213.
男爵们于1213年7月作为一个小组首次相会.
At this meeting, they decided to pressure John to uphold a document called King Henry I’s Coronation Charter.
在这次会议上,他们决定向约翰施压,要求维持一份名为"亨利一世国王加冕宪章"的文件.
That agreement had been approved more than a hundred years earlier.
该协定早在一百多年前就已获批准。
It spelled out the laws that the king would follow when dealing with the nobles, church officials, and the common people of England.
它阐明了国王在处理贵族,教会官员,以及英国普通人民时所遵循的法律.
William Marshal’s official title was the first earl of Pembroke.
威廉·马歇尔的官方头衔是彭布罗克的第一耳.
John promised that he would obey the laws in the Coronation Charter.
约翰承诺遵守"加冕宪章"中的法律.
When John broke his promise, the barons met again in November 1214 to discuss what to do next.
当约翰违背诺言后,男爵们于1214年11月再次相会,讨论下一步要做什么.
Archbishop Langton said the Coronation Charter provided a historical reason for the barons’ challenge to John.
Langton大主教说,《加冕宪章》为男爵挑战约翰提供了历史理由。
One of the barons, Robert Fitzwalter, became a leader of the forces opposing John and helped guide their plans.
其中一位男爵罗伯特·菲茨瓦尔特成为了反对约翰的势力的领袖并帮助他们指导他们的计划.
At the 1214 meeting, the barons began to flex their muscles.
在1214年的会议上,男爵们开始摆动肌肉.
They decided to pay no further taxes to John for his wars in France, and they went a step further.
他们决定不再为约翰在法国的战争向其交税,他们更进一步.
They drew up a list of demands to be presented to the king.
他们草拟了一份向国王提出的要求清单.
The list was based on the Coronation Charter but also included other items.
清单以《加冕宪章》为依据,但也包括了其他项目。
The additions stated that the king had to live by the same laws as all other people.
所增加的内容指出,国王必须像所有其他人一样遵守同样的法律。
If John refused to accept the barons’ demands, they would rebel against him.
如果约翰拒绝接受男爵的要求,他们就会反抗他.
In January 1215, Fitzwalter and a few other barons met with John to present their list.
1215年1月,菲茨瓦尔特和其他一些男爵与约翰会面,提出他们的名单.
John told them he would give them a reply by Easter, but he did not.
约翰告诉他们他会给他们一个复活节的答复,但他没有.
The barons then moved forward with their plans to present John with a more formal list of their demands, and they also began preparing for war.
男爵们随后推进了向约翰提出更正式的要求清单的计划,他们也开始为战争做准备.
Runnymede and a Faithless King The Magna Carta, or the Great Charter, was the barons’ final attempt to stop John’s excesses before going to war.
Runnymede和一位无信仰的国王《大宪章》或《大宪章》是男爵在开战前阻止约翰过度行为的最后尝试。
The first version of the charter— a Latin document known as the Articles of the Barons—listed sixty-three demands.
第一个版本的宪章——一个被称为"男爵条款"的拉丁文文件——列出了63个要求.
Among them were demands shielding the barons from royal abuse and too many taxes.
其中包括要求保护男爵免受王室的虐待以及过多的税收.
The document also called for protecting the rights of the English Church.
文件还要求保护英国教会的权利.
It further said that no free citizens would be put in jail or punished without first being tried in a court of law.
它还说,任何自由公民在未经法院审判的情况下都会被投入监狱或惩罚。
A group of twenty-five barons would see that the king obeyed the charter—using force if necessary.
一群二十五个男爵会看到国王服从宪章——必要时使用武力.
The barons grew stronger.
男爵越发强大.
In May 1215, a group of them seized London, the most important city in England, further weakening John’s position.
1215年5月,一行人攻克了英国最重要的城市伦敦,进一步削弱了约翰的地位.
The king then agreed to meet with the barons to be presented with the charter.
国王随后同意会见将呈送宪章的男爵.
The meeting began on June 15, 1215, in a large meadow at Runnymede, a town near London.
会议于1215年6月15日开始,地点是伦敦附近小镇Runnymede的一座大草地.
A tent with a small throne was set up for the king.
为国王建立了一个有小王位的帐篷.
When John arrived, he said he agreed with everything in the charter.
约翰到来后,表示同意宪章中的一切.
He put his royal seal on the document and swore an oath that he would uphold it.
他将他的皇家印章印在了文件上,并发誓要维护它.
“Signing” the Magna Carta Most illustrations depicting the meeting at Runnymede show King John signing the Magna Carta with a quill pen, but that is inaccurate.
“签署”大宪章 大多数描绘在Runnymede相会的插图显示约翰国王用笔笔签下"大宪章",但这是不准确的.
The Magna Carta was formalized with the king’s seal.
大宪章以国王的印章被正式化.
Virtually all medieval documents were made official in this way.
几乎所有中世纪的文件都是以这种方式正式的.
An engraved design on a handheld seal or signet ring was pressed into a blob of soft, warm wax, which then hardened.
手持印章或标志环上刻有的设计被压入一团软而温暖的蜡上,后被硬化.
A seal could be applied to the document itself but more often was placed on a ribbon or cord attached to the bottom of the document.
封条可以适用于文件本身,但更经常地放在文件底部的丝带上。
In the days after the meeting, copies of the Great Charter—also written in Latin—were sent out.
在会议之后的几天里,《大宪章》——也用拉丁文写成——被寄出。
Few people believed that the king would keep his oath to uphold the charter, however.
然而,很少有人相信国王会信守他维护宪章的誓言.
John would break an oath easily.
约翰会轻易打破誓言
The barons feared that John would ignore the charter as soon as he could do so safely.
男爵们担心约翰一旦能安全地这样做,就会无视宪章.
The king proved to be just as faithless as everyone suspected he would be.
国王被证明和大家怀疑的一样没有信仰.
He wanted no part of the charter and he called on his friend Pope Innocent for help.
他不想加入宪章,他呼吁他的朋友教宗英诺森寻求帮助。
Innocent took John’s side.
无辜者站在约翰一边。
In August 1215, the pope nullified the charter, freeing John from all its provisions.
1215年8月,教宗废除了宪章,使约翰摆脱了所有条款.
That was the final straw for the barons.
这是男爵最后的稻草。
Although some, including Marshal, remained loyal to the crown, a large group of them, led by Fitzwalter, launched a civil war.
虽然包括元帅在内的一些人仍然忠于王冠,但由菲茨瓦尔特领导的一大批人发动了内战.
They invited Philip’s son, Prince Louis of France, to join the fight.
他们邀请了菲利普的儿子,法国的路易王子参加战斗.
They intended to put Louis on the English throne once they were victorious.
他们打算一旦胜利就让路易登上英国王位.
Louis raised an army and invaded England.
路易举起一支军队并入侵了英格兰.
In late 1216, there was a completely unexpected development: both Pope Innocent and King John died.
1216年末,发生了一个完全出乎意料的发展:教宗英诺森特和约翰国王都去世了.
John’s nine-year-old son, Henry III, then became king.
约翰九岁的儿子, 亨利三世后出任国王.
Marshal, now aged seventy, became the administrator of the government because Henry was still too young to rule on his own.
由于亨利还太年轻,无法独自统治,现在已70岁的元帅成为了政府的行政官.
Marshal advised Henry to reissue the charter to show the barons that he would be a law- abiding king.
元帅接到通知 亨利重新颁发宪章,向男爵们表明他将成为一位守法的国王.
In many paintings Henry III looks just like his father, John I.
在许多画作中 亨利三世看起来就像他的父亲约翰一世.
April 1199—John becomes king of England.
1199年4月——约翰出任英格兰国王.
July 1205—Archbishop of Canterbury dies.
1205年7月——坎特伯雷的Archbishop去世.
March 1208—Pope Innocent III lays England under an interdict.
1208年3月——Pope Innocent III在英格兰被拦截.
May 1213— King John bows to the pope and allows Stephen Langton to become archbishop of Canterbury.
1213年5月-国王. 约翰向教皇鞠躬并允许斯蒂芬·兰顿成为坎特伯雷的大主教.
July 1213—The barons meet as a group for the first time in St.
1213年7月——男爵们作为一个团体首次在圣德相会.
Albans.
阿尔本斯
November 1214—The barons meet as a group for the second time in Bury St.
1214年11月——男爵们作为一组人第二次在布利圣会相会.
Edmunds.
爱德蒙斯.
January 1215—Robert Fitzwalter and a few other barons meet with King John.
1215年1月——罗伯特·菲茨瓦尔特和其他几个男爵与约翰国王相会.
May 1215—The barons seize London.
1215年5月——男爵攻克伦敦.
June 1215—King John signs the Great Charter.
1215年6月——约翰国王签署"大宪章".
August 1215—Pope Innocent III nullifies the charter.
1215年8月——"无辜者三世"(Pope Innocent 三世)废除了宪章.
July 1216—Pope Innocent III dies.
1216年7月——"无辜三世"(Pope Innocent III)去世.
October 1216—King John dies and his son, Henry, becomes king of England.
1216年10月-金国. 约翰去世后他的儿子亨利成为了英格兰国王.
September 1217—William Marshal defeats the barons and ends the civil war.
1217年9月——威廉元帅击败了男爵并结束了内战.
November 1217—King Henry III reissues the charter.
1217年11月 - 国王. 亨利三世重新颁发了宪章.
Events of the Great Charter Aftermath Marshal once again proved his worth to the English throne.
"大宪章"Aftermath元帅的事件再次证明了他对英国王位的价值.
In 1217, he defeated the rebel barons and sent Prince Louis back to France.
1217年,他击败了反叛的男爵并派路易王子回法国.
Henry reissued the Great Charter, satisfying the barons who worried that his reign would not be much different from John’s.
亨利重新发布了"大宪章",满足了那些担心他的统治不会与约翰大相径庭的男爵们.
Henry turned eighteen in 1225.
亨利于1225年满18岁.
That year, he again reissued the Great Charter, thereby reinforcing his promise to be a good ruler.
当年他再次再出"大宪章",从而强化了自己做一个好统治者的承诺.
Henry accepted the idea that even the king of England must obey the law.
亨利接受了即使英格兰国王也必须服从法律的想法.
The charter was reissued one more time, in 1297, during the reign of Henry’s son, King Edward I.
该宪章又于1297年亨利之子国王爱德华一世统治时期被重新颁布.
Edward I confirmed the charter because the barons believed he was not governing as a good king should.
爱德华一世肯定了宪章,因为男爵们认为他不应该作为一个好国王来治理.
The Great Charter became a powerful symbol of freedom and the idea that no one is above the law.
《大宪章》成为了自由的强大象征,成为无人凌驾于法律之上的思想。
It served as the foundation for English Common Law, England’s legal system.
它成为英国英美法,英国法律制度的基础.
According to the charter, people charged with a crime must be treated as innocent until proven guilty in a trial by jury.
根据宪章,被指控犯罪的人必须在陪审团审判中证明有罪之前被视为无罪。
Many of the ideas presented in the charter deeply influenced political thinking in Europe.
宪章中提出的许多想法深刻地影响了欧洲的政治思想.
They also influenced the American colonies in the 1700s, when they broke away from British rule to create the United States.
他们也影响了1700年代的美国殖民地,当时他们脱离了英国的统治来建立美国.
Many of those same ideas found new expression in the U.
许多同样的想法在U找到了新的表达.
S.
师曰.
Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
《宪法》和《权利法案》。
The four remaining copies of the Magna Carta were together in April 2015, for the first time, to celebrate the 800th anniversary of the charter.
余下四册"大宪章"于2015年4月相继出炉,首次为庆祝"宪章"800周年.