The Bones of a King
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Under the Parking Lot.
停车场下目录.
4 Behind the Search.
4"搜索"背后.
5 Ancient History.
5 古代历史.
7 Modern Science.
7 现代科学.
11 Honors for a King.
11个荣誉的国王。
12 Villain or Victim?
12个坏人还是受害者?
13 Glossary.
13 词汇。
16 Under the Parking Lot The ancient skeleton lay buried in the middle of town—not in a coffin, or even in a cemetery, but beneath a parking lot.
16 在停车场下面 古老的骨架被埋在镇中心,不是被埋在棺材里,甚至被埋在公墓里,而是被埋在停车场下面。
An archaeologist gently scraped away the dirt that hid the skeleton’s spine.
一位考古学家轻轻地刮去隐藏了骨骼脊椎的泥土.
The burial spot was strange, but then so was the spine, for two reasons.
埋葬地点很奇怪 但脊椎也是 原因有两个
First, the spine was crooked, with a striking S curve.
首先,脊椎弯曲了,有一个惊人的S曲线.
Second, this particular spine belonged to a famous king.
第二,这个特别的脊椎属于一位出名的国王.
Before that fall day in 2012 when researchers found the bones of King Richard III beneath a parking lot in Leicester (LES-ter), England, he had lain hidden for more than 525 years.
2012年秋天,研究人员在英国莱斯特(LES-ter)的一个停车场下方发现了理查德三世国王的骨骼,在此之前,他藏了超过525年。
But how could the researchers know for sure that it was Richard?
但研究者怎么会知道是理查德干的?
Ancient history led the way, and modern science followed.
古代历史引领了道路,现代科学随之而来.
Trenches Walls found Hypothesized walls Hypothesized bench An approximate floor plan of Greyfriars Abbey shows how it may have looked before it was destroyed about fifty years after the death of Richard III.
沟壁发现假的墙壁 假的长凳 Greyfriars Abbey的大约平面图显示了它在理查三世死后约五十年被摧毁之前可能的样子.
A member of the search team uses ground penetration radar (GPR) at Greyfriars parking lot to locate Richard III’s grave site.
搜索组的一名成员在Greyfriars停车场使用地面穿透雷达(GPR)来定位Richard III的墓地.
Behind the Search Finding the king’s long-concealed body beneath a city parking lot wasn’t an accident.
寻找国王长期隐蔽的尸体,
Thanks to historical records, researchers knew that beneath that plain parking lot lay the buried ruins of the Greyfriars Priory, a monastery where Catholic monks lived from 1255 to the late 1530s.
得益于历史记录,研究人员知道,在平地停车场下铺设了被掩埋的灰佛会修道院废墟,这座修道院是天主教僧侣从1255年到1530年代后期所居住的.
A medieval historian recorded Richard as having been buried in the priory after he died in battle at nearby Bosworth Field in August of 1485.
一位中世纪历史学家记录了理查在1485年8月于附近的博斯沃斯球场战死后被埋葬在会所.
Richard’s side had lost both the battle and the throne, so claiming his body was probably a brave thing for the monks to do.
理查的一方既失去了战斗,也失去了王位,因此声称他的身体可能是僧侣们的勇敢之举.
Signs indicate that he was buried quickly—his skull was jammed upright so he would fit in a grave that was slightly too small to hold his body.
有迹象表明,他被迅速掩埋 -- -- 他的头骨被卡住,以便他安入一个稍小而不能抱住他尸体的坟墓。
There was no coffin, and although the grave was in a position of honor near the church’s high altar, it was unmarked and under the monastery floor.
没有棺材,虽然坟墓在教堂高高的祭坛附近处于可敬的地位,但是没有标记,在修道院地底下.
Just over fifty years later, in 1538—as a direct result of who lost and who won that day—the abbey at Greyfriars was destroyed and, in time, covered over as the town grew.
50多后,在1538年——作为谁输了谁赢了这一天的直接结果——Greyfriars的修道院被摧毁,并随着城镇的发展而及时覆盖。
When modern researchers went looking for Richard, the church had been buried for nearly as long as he had.
当现代研究人员去寻找理查时,教堂已经埋葬了几乎和他一样长.
They consulted old maps, but in the centuries that followed the abbey’s destruction, street names had changed.
他们查阅了旧地图,但在修道院被摧毁后的几个世纪里,街道名称发生了变化.
It took some detective work to locate the precise burial site.
需要一些侦探工作来确定确切的埋葬地点.
Even after they found the burial site, almost nobody expected the archaeologists to find a skeleton inside, not even the archaeologists themselves.
即使在他们发现了墓葬后,几乎没有人期望考古学家在内部找到一具骨架,甚至连考古学家自己也没有.
By some ancient accounts, Richard’s body hadn’t been buried at all—but had instead been thrown in the River Soar after being paraded through the streets of Leicester.
据一些古来的说法,理查德的尸体根本没有被埋葬,而是被扔入了流水河,经过莱斯特街道游行。
As soon as archaeologists found the skeleton, though, they were pretty certain who it belonged to.
考古学家一找到骨架 他们就很确定是谁的了
When the bones expert saw the gash in the skull and then the twisted spine, she said the hair on the back of her neck stood up.
当骨骼专家看到颅骨被打出后又被扭曲了的脊椎后,她说她脖子后部的头发站起.
This was King Richard III!
这是国王理查三世!
Monks originally buried the king under the altar of the monastery.
僧人最初将国王安葬在修道院的祭坛下.
Ancient History Richard died in 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth Field, a few miles from Leicester.
古代历史 1485年,理查德在距莱斯特几英里外的博斯沃斯战地战役中去世.
After leading a direct charge toward his enemy, Henry Tudor, Richard lost his horse on slippery ground, was overrun by Henry’s soldiers, and lost his life.
在带领直指敌人后,亨利·图多尔(Henry Tudor),理查(Richard)在滑地上失马后被亨利的士兵所占领并被他所杀.
His crown fell alongside his body.
他的王冠和他的尸体一起掉下来了
Historical accounts of the battle mention the fatal blows that struck Richard.
关于这场战役的历史叙述提到了对理查德的致命打击.
The skeleton under the parking lot showed similar signs of injury: ten blows, with eight to the skull.
停车场下方的骨架也显示出类似的伤痕:被打出10下,有8下到头骨.
The wound that killed him was likely a large skull fracture behind his left ear.
导致他死亡的伤口 可能是他左耳后有严重的颅骨骨折
He was the last English king to fall in battle.
他是最后一位在战斗中倒地的英国国王.
Betrayed by men he trusted, Richard III died on Bosworth Field.
被他信任的人所背叛后,理查三世在博斯沃斯球场上去世.
King Richard hoped that his brave charge toward Henry would inspire his troops to renew the battle and defeat Henry’s forces.
理查国王希望他勇敢地对亨利的指控能激励他的军队来更新战役并击败亨利的军队.
Henry Tudor led the triumphant procession that brought Richard back into town, his body slung over the back of a horse.
亨利·图多尔带领胜利的队伍将理查德带回了镇上,他的身体被一匹马的后背压住.
Richard was left to lie in the town square for two days as proof that he was dead and Henry was now the king.
理查德被留在镇上广场躺了两天,以证明他已经死了,而亨利现在是国王.
This disrespectful display of his body also revealed his crooked back for all to see.
他身体的这种不尊重的展示也暴露出他弯曲的背部,让所有人看到.
In Shakespeare’s play Richard III, Richard is depicted as a hunchback with a raised right shoulder, something a crooked spine would cause.
在莎士比亚的剧作"理查三世"中,理查被描绘成有抬起的右肩的驼背,一个弯曲的脊椎会造成什么.
In the play, this deformity is more a cause for scorn than sympathy.
在剧中,这种畸形更是轻蔑而不是同情的原因.
In real life, it’s another matter.
在现实生活中,这是另一个问题。
At the time Richard’s spine began to bend— probably between the ages of 10 and 12—doctors may have known the cause, but they certainly wouldn’t have known how to help him.
理查的脊椎开始弯曲 — — 大概在10到12岁之间 — — 医生可能知道原因,但他们肯定不知道如何帮助他。
As a result, Richard’s crooked spine made him stand inches shorter than his true height of five feet eight inches (tall for a medieval man).
结果,理查德弯曲的脊椎使他站得更短,比他真正的5英尺8英寸高(对于中世纪的人来说都是这样).
As an adult, he probably lived with near-constant pain.
成年后,他可能一直忍受着几乎不变的痛苦.
Centuries later, we now know that Richard suffered from scoliosis.
几百年后,我们现在知道理查德患了石化.
When archaeologists found his skeleton, they first lifted the arms, legs, and skull from the gravesite.
考古学家发现他的骨架后,首先从墓地上取出手臂,腿和头骨.
When they finally reached the torso and saw the crooked spine, they knew they had found Richard.
当他们最终到达躯干并看到弯曲的脊椎时,他们知道自己已经找到了理查德.
The skeleton of Richard III shows the distinct curvature of his spine.
理查三世的骨架显示了他脊椎的鲜明曲折.
Modern Science Everything ancient history could tell the researchers suggested that this skeleton belonged to Richard III.
现代科学 古代历史的一切可以告诉研究者,这个骨架属于理查三世.
Now they turned to modern science for confirmation.
现在他们转向现代科学来确认。
By studying the bones, scientists soon learned that they came from a man around the age of thirty-two—Richard’s age when he died.
通过研究骨骼,科学家们很快得知它们来自一个32岁左右的人—— 理查德去世时的年龄.
They could also tell that the skeleton’s owner had enjoyed a high-protein diet rich in meat and ocean fish.
骨架主人吃高蛋白饮食,
In the fifteenth century, only the wealthy (a king, for instance) ate that well.
在十五世纪,只有富人(例如国王)吃得那么好.
Finally, by using carbon dating tests on two ribs, they learned that the skeleton belonged to someone who died between 1455 and 1540.
最后,通过在两根肋骨上进行碳约会测试,他们得知骨架属于在1455至1540年间死亡的人.
Richard died in 1485.
理查德于1485年去世.
Scientists also considered DNA, the information in our cells that determines many of our traits.
科学家们也考虑了DNA, 我们细胞中决定我们许多特征的信息。
Less than 2 percent of the English population carries the particular type of DNA they took from the skeleton.
不到2%的英国人携带着他们从骨架上取出的特殊类型的DNA.
When they took DNA samples from two modern-day descendants of Richard’s sister, Anne of York, the samples matched.
当他们从理查德的妹妹安妮(Anne of York)的两个近代后人身上取取取DNA样本时,这些样本相匹配.
Honors for a King With the recovery of Richard’s bones, some people were delighted that the long-lost king could now be reburied with traditional honors.
国王的荣誉 随着理查骨骼的收复,有些人很高兴这个长期失落的国王现在能够被传统荣誉重塑.
But where to bury him?
但葬他何处?
Within twenty-four hours of DNA confirmation, two towns claimed his body.
在DNA确认后24小时内,有2个城镇将他的尸体取出.
In Leicester, officials wanted to bury the bones barely 100 yards from where they were found, in Leicester Cathedral.
在莱斯特,官员们想把骨头 埋在离被发现的地方不到100码的地方, 在莱斯特大教堂。
They wanted to open a visitors’ center dedicated to Richard.
他们希望开设一个专为Richard服务的访客中心。
Richard hails from the northern city of York, though, 100 miles north of Leicester.
理查德从约克北部城市来过,不过,在莱斯特以北100英里处.
Some insisted that Richard would have wanted to be buried there.
有人坚持理查会想被埋在那里.
Other people felt strongly that Richard, regardless of his disputed place in English history, should have been reburied in London’s Westminster Abbey, along with other British monarchs.
其他人强烈地认为,理查不管他在英国历史上的争议地位如何,都应该在伦敦的威斯敏斯特修道院和其他英国君主一起被重修.
After much consideration and debate, officials finally decided on Leicester Cathedral for the reburial.
经过许多考虑和辩论,官员们最终决定莱斯特大教堂进行再葬.
The tomb was unveiled to the public in March 2015.
该墓于2015年3月向公众揭幕.
Michael Ibsen (left), is a seventeenth- generation descendant of Richard III’s sister, Anne.
迈克尔·易卜生(英語:Michael Ibsen (left))是理查三世的妹妹安妮的第十七代后人.
The royal tomb of Queen Elizabeth I of England (1558–1603), considered one of England’s greatest rulers.
英格兰女王伊丽莎白一世(1558年-1603年)的王室墓葬被认为是英格兰最伟大的统治者之一.
British monarchs are traditionally entombed in Westminster Abbey in London.
英国君主传统上被安置在伦敦的威斯敏斯特修道院.
Villain or Victim?
恶棍还是受害者?
Opinions are divided about what sort of man Richard was.
对于理查德是什么样的人,观点有分歧.
We know that he met a violent end, but did Richard deserve what he got?
我们知道他遭遇了激烈的结局 但理查值得他得到什么?
For centuries after his death, Richard was more despised than almost any other English king.
在他死后数个世纪里,理查比起其他几乎所有的英国国王,都更加被鄙视.
Shakespeare’s play Richard III depicts him as limping, deformed, and haunted.
莎士比亚的戏剧 理查三世将他描绘为跛脚,畸形,并闹鬼.
Yet Shakespeare never knew the king; he wrote the play more than a century after Richard died.
然而莎士比亚却从未认识国王;在理查去世后一个多世纪后他写了这部戏剧.
Indeed, Shakespeare wrote during the reign of the Tudors—Richard’s enemies.
事实上,莎士比亚在图多尔人统治时期写道:理查德的敌人。
Some argue that both the Tudors and Shakespeare wronged Richard III, that he was a victim of their propaganda, and that what they said and wrote about Richard made him seem worse than he was.
有人争辩说,都铎和莎士比亚都冤枉了理查三世,他是他们宣传的牺牲品,他们关于理查的话和所写的内容使他看起来比他更糟糕.
We may never know for sure.
我们可能永远不知道
What we do know is this: In 1483, Richard’s older brother, King Edward IV, died, probably of pneumonia.
我们所知道的是: 1483年,理查的哥哥爱德华四世国王去世,可能死于肺炎.
Richard had always been loyal to his brother, so before Edward died, he named Richard to be the royal protector of his eldest son, who in time would have become Edward V of England.
理查一直忠于他的兄弟,因此在爱德华去世前,他给理查取了名字来作为他长子的皇家保护人,他最终会成为英格兰的爱德华五世.
Instead, Richard ascended the throne and began to consolidate power for himself.
相反地,理查登上王位并开始为自己巩固权力.
He imprisoned his brother’s two sons, Edward and Richard, in the Tower of London.
他将他哥哥的两个儿子爱德华和理查德囚禁在伦敦塔.
The young princes were never seen again.
年轻的王子们再也见不到了.
Two years into Richard’s reign, the battle for control of England—between Richard’s forces and the followers of Henry Tudor—took place at Bosworth Field.
在理查统治了两年之后,理查德的军队和亨利·图多尔的追随者之间争夺英格兰控制权的战役就发生在了博斯沃斯战地.
Betrayed by men he thought were his supporters, Richard was killed while fighting desperately on foot after losing his horse.
被他认为是他的支持者的人所背叛,理查在失去他的马后,在徒步拼搏时被杀死.
His crown was picked up from where it had fallen, and Henry Tudor was crowned king of England on the battlefield, becoming King Henry VII.
他的王冠被从已经倒下的地方取出,而亨利·图多尔在战场上被加冕为英格兰国王,成为了亨利七世国王.
Years later, in 1534, Henry’s son, Henry VIII, broke with the Catholic Church and dissolved the monasteries.
多年后,1534年,亨利的儿子, 亨利八世与天主教会决裂并解散了修道院.
This act led to the destruction and loss of Greyfriars Priory, where, centuries later, Richard’s skeleton was uncovered.
这一行为导致"格雷德修道院"被摧毁并丢失,数百年后,理查德的骨架被揭开.
No one knows the fate of the two young princes who were imprisoned in the Tower of London.
没有人知道被囚禁在伦敦塔里的两位年轻王子的命运.
Playwright William Shakespeare may have created a false image of Richard III.
剧作家威廉·莎士比亚可能创造了理查德三世的假形象.
The rest of the story is not so clear.
余所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出所出.
After Henry VII took the throne, rumors raged about Richard and what might have happened to the two young princes in the Tower.
亨利七世登上王位后,有传言对理查和塔内两名年轻王子可能发生的事情大发雷霆.
Maybe Richard III ordered their murder.
也许理查三世下令谋杀他们
Maybe they lived for the two years Richard reigned as king, but were later killed by the new king, Henry VII, who had killed Richard.
也许他们活了两年 理查以国王身份登基,但后来被新国王亨利七世所杀.
Maybe they were smuggled out of the country to safety.
也许他们被偷运出国境安全。
Today, fans of Richard III believe that the discovery of his skeleton may cause people to change their opinions about this medieval king.
今天,"理查三世"的粉丝们认为他骨骼的发现可能会使人们改变他们对这个中世纪国王的看法.
They believe he had strong sympathy for the rights of the common people and that he established many principles of modern law.
他们认为他对于普通人的权利有强烈的同情,并且他确立了许多现代法律的原则.
These include the ideas that defendants must be considered innocent until proven guilty, that defendants have a right to bail, and that all laws must be known and published.
这些想法包括:被告在被证明有罪之前必须被视作无罪,被告有保释权,所有法律必须知晓和公布。
What becomes of Richard now could change how his history is told.
理查德现在的下场会改变他的历史
As the saying goes, “History is written by the victors.”
俗话说:“历史由胜利者所写。 “
After losing both his life and throne more than 525 years ago, Richard may have scored a significant victory after all, from a shallow grave hidden under a parking lot.
在525多年前失去了他的生命和王位之后,理查德可能毕竟从一个隐藏在停车场下面的浅墓中取得了显著的胜利.