Photography
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Introduction While on vacation,your dad drags you out.
在度假的时候 你爸爸把你拖出家门
of bed and down to the ocean for a 5:00 “whale watch”—yawn.
5: 00的"呼啸表",
But wait,look at that huge tail rising out of the water!
等等,看那条大尾巴从水里爬出!
Good thing you brought along your camera Photographs of whales at dawn,historical landmarks,or family members doing wacky things preserve your amazing or amusing vacation memories forever Taking photographs nowadays is a snap.
幸好你带着相机 鲸鱼在黎明的照片,历史地标, 或家庭成员做怪事 保存你的惊人或有趣的 假期记忆 永远拍摄照片 现在是一个突破。
With inexpensive disposable cameras,basic “point-and-shoot”compact cameras,and digital cameras,all you need to do is aim and click away.
用便宜的一次性相机、基本的“点射”相机和数码相机,你只需要瞄准并点击。
That wasn’t so in the early days of photography, when taking pictures required expensive, cumbersome equipment,knowledge of chemistry, and lots of patience.
摄影初期情况并非如此,拍摄照片需要昂贵而繁琐的设备、化学知识以及许多耐心。
And even though most people today use digital cameras,learning about film photography can help anyone who wants to take great photos History of Photography The word “camera”comes from a Latin word meaning “chamber”or “dark room ”A camera is just that:a dark box with light-sensitive film or a chip on its back wall.
尽管今天大多数人都使用数码相机, 学习电影摄影可以帮助任何想要拍摄优秀相片的人 “相机”一词取自拉丁文中“chamber”或“Dark room......”的意思。
When you “click”a camera, a shutter opens in the front,letting light into the box for a very short time.
当“点击”相机时,前方开出一个快门,把灯放入盒子中,时间很短。
That light,reflected off an object,forms the image on the film or chip.
光线从物体上反射出来 形成胶片或芯片上的图像
The lens of the camera,like the lens of your eye, collects and focuses light onto the film or chip The first crude camera was invented around 1500.
相机的镜头,就像你的眼睛的镜头, 收集并集中光线到胶片或芯片上 第一台粗糙相机于1500年左右被发明出.
It could only project an image onto a screen or a piece of paper,like the pinhole camera in the project on the next page s!
它只能将一幅图像投射到屏幕或一纸上,就像下页 s 上的项目中的针孔相机!
hi T y r T It took a few hundred years and a series of scientific discoveries before people figured out how to make permanent images.
顿顿顿 花了几百年时间和一系列科学发现,人们才知道如何制作永久的图像.
First,they discovered that certain chemicals turn dark when exposed to light,and then they found a way to.
首先,他们发现某些化学品在被光照射后会变暗,然后他们找到了一种方法.
use other chemicals to keep the image from fading The earliest cameras took hours to record.
使用其他化学品防止图像消失 最早的相机花了几个小时才录制.
one blurry,black-and-white image.
一个模糊,黑白相间的图像。
In the 1830s,.
1830年代时,
a French inventor,Louis Daguerre,created a.
法国发明家Louis Daguerre创造了一个
way to make sharp-looking pictures in less than.
来制作尖锐相片
thirty seconds.
30秒钟。
His images,called daguerreotypes (dah-GARE-oh-types) after their inventor,became the first popular form of photography Do You Know?
他的相片在发明者之后,成为了第一种流行的摄影形式。
It wasn’t until the introduction of the Kodak box camera in 1888 that photography became.
直到1888年推出克达克盒相机后,摄影才开始出现.
an affordable hobby.
一个负担得起的爱好。
The Kodak camera was lightweight,inexpensive,and easy to operate.
柯达相机重量轻,成本低廉,操作方便.
Best of all,amateur photographers did not have to go through the long,often painstaking process of developing the film.
最好的是,业余摄影师们 不需要经历 漫长的,往往艰难的过程 开发电影。
Like modern film cameras,the box camera recorded images on a roll of film.
和现代电影相机一样,盒式相机记录了一卷电影上的照片.
People sent the film,along with the camera,back to the company,where prints were made,and the camera was returned with a new roll of film inside Modern Photography These inexpensive cameras are the kind.
人们把胶卷和相机一起送回公司 公司里有指纹 相机还带着一卷新胶卷 这些便宜相机就是那种
you will most likely use as you learn about photography Today,many simple cameras use film.
在今天学习摄影时,你很可能会使用许多简单的相机使用胶片。
Film.
电影。
is a strip of plastic coated with a silver substance that is sensitive to light.
是一种涂有银质物质的塑料条,对光敏感。
When light strikes this silver coating, its chemicals react, forming an image on the film.
当光照到这种银色涂层时,它的化学物质会发生反应,形成胶片上的形象.
After you have taken your pictures,they need to go through a multiple-step process to become photographs.
在你拍完相片后,他们需要经过一个多步骤的过程才能成为相片.
First, the film is placed in a chemical solution called developer that makes the image visible.
首先,影片被放入一种名为"开发者"的化学溶液中,使图像可见.
Next,the film takes a “stop bath”in another chemical solution that stops the developer before the image becomes too dark.
接下来,影片在另一个化学溶液中取出"停浴",在图像变得太暗之前阻止了开发者.
Now you have a negative that shows the reverse of the image;light objects look dark, and dark objects look light A print,also called the positive,is an enlarged copy made from the negative.
现在有一个负显示图像的倒转; 光亮物体看起来很暗,而暗物体看起来很暗 A 平面,也叫正面,是用负面所制的放大复制.
The developing process is reversed,starting with light projected through the negative onto light-sensitive photo paper.
开发过程被逆转,从通过负到对光敏感的相纸投出光线开始。
The paper records the reverse of the negative,so you see the image as originally recorded.
纸上记录了负数的倒数,所以你可以看到最初记录的图像.
Then a chemical “fixer”sets the image, or makes it permanent on the paper.
然后用化学“固定器”固定图像,或使其在纸张上永久化。
Many professional photographers print photos in their own darkrooms,but you’ll probably send your film to your local photo lab,where the process is done by machine What are all those numbers on a roll of film?
许多专业摄影师在他们自己的暗房里打印相片,但你可能会把电影送到当地的相片实验室,由机器完成。 电影里那些数字是什么?
They tell you the film’s width,or format;its length;and most importantly,its speed.
他们告诉你电影的宽度,或者格式,长度,最重要的是速度。
Most film is 35 millimeters wide.
大多数胶片宽度为35毫米.
Its length,typically 24 or 36,tells you how many pictures you can take on that roll.
它的长度, 典型的24或36, 告诉你你能拍到多少相片。
The number you should note, depending on when and where you plan to take pictures,is the film’s ISO rating,or speed The film’s speed tells you how quickly it will react to light.
视拍摄时间和地点而定,您应该注意的号码是影片的ISO评级或速度 影片的速度会告诉你,
A higher number means the film requires less light,so 400-speed film is better.
更高的数字表示影片需要较少的光线,所以400速的影片更好.
for dim light and for action shots where you are trying to capture movement.
暗淡的灯光 和动作镜头 你试图捕捉运动。
Slower 100-speed film is better for outdoor shots taken in full daylight.
更慢的100速胶片更适合全天候拍摄的室外镜头.
A good multipurpose film is.
一个很好的多功能电影是。
200-speed Digital cameras work like other cameras, except they don’t use film.
200速数码相机与其他相机一样有效,
Instead,reusable light-sensitive microchips store the images.
相反,可重复使用的光敏微芯片存储图像.
Shots taken with a digital camera can be seen instantly on the screen.
用数码相机拍摄的镜头可以在屏幕上立即看到.
Don’t like what you see?
不喜欢你看到的?
Delete the image and try again (remember,there is no film to waste).
删除图像再试一次( 请记住, 没有可浪费的胶片 ) 。
The shots you want can be transferred to a computer,where you can change them electronically.
想要的镜头可以转移到电脑上,在那里可以电子修改.
That’s when the real fun of digital photography begins.
数字摄影的真正乐趣从此开始。
Make the colors richer,put one photo into another,or remove something.
让颜色更丰富 将一张照片放入另一张照片 或者去掉一些东西
(or someone!)
(或者说有人! )
you don’t want.
您不会想要。
Retouching, airbrushing,and other improvement tricks once done only by skilled photographers in darkrooms can now be done on a computer.
修补 刷气 和其他改进技巧 曾经只有熟练的摄影师 才能在暗室里完成 现在可以在电脑上完成
But they still require the same artistic eye and lots of patience Ready, Aim, Shoot: The Art of Photography Now that you know how cameras work,let’s get clicking.
但他们仍然需要同样的艺术眼和 大量的耐心准备,瞄准, 拍摄:摄影艺术。
First,you need to choose a subject, or something you want to take a picture of.
首先,你需要选择一个主题, 或者你想要拍照的东西。
It can be a person,a place,a thing—or all three!
它可以是一个人,一个地方,一个东西 - 或者所有三个!
Composition,or framing,is how you arrange what’s in your picture.
组成,或者设定, 就是你如何安排你的照片。
If your subject is a person, you want to fill the frame,but leave a little room around the person’s head and shoulders.
如果您的主体是个人, 您想要填充框框, 但留下一个小房间,
Keep your subject between the lines in the viewfinder or you may cut off the top of his head.
把你的主体放在观众席之间 否则你可能会砍下他的头顶
That might be good for an “arty”look—or if you don’t like him!
如果你不喜欢他,
Don’t get too close,or the image may turn out fuzzy Arrange a group of people so they’re all about the same distance from the camera.
不要太靠近,否则画面会变得模糊 安排一群人,
Otherwise, the ones closer to the camera may look washed out and those in the back may look dark Experiment with composition,and don’t be afraid to try things and make mistakes.
否则,靠近相机的镜头可能会被冲走,而后面的镜头则可能带着成分看起来是黑暗的实验,而且不要害怕尝试事情和犯错。
Position your subject in the middle of the frame,and.
把你的主体放在框架中间,然后。
then off to the side.
然后到那边去
Shoot through a window.
从窗户开枪
or an archway.
或者拱门
Look for interesting shapes and contrasts,such as a jagged fence against the curves of a hill Consider the angle—kneel down and shoot up at your subject to make it look more important.
寻找有趣的外形和对比点, 如一堵栅栏与山的曲线相撞, 考虑角度- 向下仰望,
Hold the camera vertically for portraits.
为肖像画竖起相机.
Emphasize the foreground (in the front part of the picture),and then try a similar shot emphasizing the background.
强调前景(在画面的前部分),然后尝试类似的镜头来强调背景.
Shots of scenery often look more interesting when there is a person in the foreground,giving the shot a sense of scale Watch the background.
镜头往往看起来更有趣 当有一个人在前地,给镜头一种规模感 当心背景.
keep it simple,.
很简单
and make sure it doesn’t look like something odd.
并且确保它不会看起来奇怪。
is sticking out of your subject’s head.
也正从你的话题中走出来。
Remove clutter in the foreground that might take the focus away from your subject,or move yourself for a new perspective Dark L ght Exposure is the amount of light that falls on the film.
删除前景中的杂乱无章可能使焦点远离你的话题,或为新的视角移动自己 暗光(Dark L ght Expose)是倒入胶片的光量.
The word “photography”comes from Greek words meaning “to draw with light ” Light is the photographer’s best friend—and worst enemy!
“相片”一词来自希腊语,意思是“用光来画画......”光是摄影师最好的朋友,也是最坏的敌人。
Exposure to too much light,called overexposure,will make a picture look washed out,while exposure to too little light,called underexposure,will result in a too-dark picture Professional photographers use such tools.
暴露在太多的光线之下, 所谓的过度曝光, 会让一张照片被冲走, 而暴露在太少的光线之下, 所谓的低曝光, 将导致太暗的图片 专业摄影师使用这种工具。
as light meters,flood lamps,and light-reflecting screens to help them get the correct exposure.
作为光度表,浮标灯, 和光反射屏幕, 帮助他们得到正确的曝光。
Or they may use a flash to make a sudden burst of light,brightening a dim scene.
或者他们可能用一束闪光来制造出一阵突然爆发的光芒,震撼出一幕暗淡的场景.
On simple cameras,the flash is built in,and some activate automatically whenever light levels are low Lighting Dos and Don’ts ✦.
在简单的相机上,闪光是建在其中的,有些在灯光水平低时自动激活。
Don’t shoot directly into light.
不要直接射入光线。
A subject in front of a window where daylight is streaming in may end up looking shadowy and dark in the photograph.
窗户前的某个 阳光在流淌的话题 可能会在照片中显得阴暗
Don’t shoot with light coming from the side unless you want an image that is half in the light and half in the shadows ✦.
除非你想要一个一半在光中,一半在阴影中。
Do have light coming from behind you.
有光从你身后来。
But be careful on sunny days—a person looking into the sun may end up squinting in the picture.
但是在阳光灿烂的日子里,
And make sure your own shadow isn’t in the shot ✦.
确定自己的影子不在镜头中。
Don’t be afraid to use the flash,even when there seems to be enough light.
即使光线似乎足够,
It may help fill in dark spots and even the lighting ✦.
它可以帮助填充 黑暗点甚至照明。
Do take the same outdoor shot at sunrise, noon,and sunset to see how the direction of.
日出、正午和日出时 都照户外镜头看方向
the sunlight can change the look and mood.
阳光可以改变外观和情绪
of a photo ✦.
摄影机。
Photos of people with glowing “red eyes” happen frequently with inexpensive cameras.
使用廉价相机拍摄有发光“红眼睛”的人的照片。
To avoid this,turn on more lights in the room and tell your subjects to shift their eyes so they are not staring right into the camera The focus,or sharpness of the image,is determined by the distance between the camera lens and the subject,and between the lens and the film or chip.
避免这样,打开更多的灯 在房间里,并告诉你的主体 转移他们的眼睛,所以他们不 盯着摄像头 镜头的焦点,或图像的锐度,是由相机镜头和主体之间的距离,镜头和胶片或芯片之间的距离决定的.
Lenses can only focus on objects that are a certain distance away;most simple cameras focus best on objects about 5 feet (1 5 m) away.
镜头只能聚焦于距离一定距离的物体;最简单的相机最能聚焦于距离约5英尺(1,5米)的物体.
Advanced compact cameras come with motorized zoom lenses that move out to take close-up pictures or in for wide-angle shots at.
先进的紧凑相机带有摩托缩放镜头,移动出场拍摄特写相片或进行广角镜头拍摄.
the push of a button Cameras are very sensitive mechanisms.
按钮相机的推力非常敏感
Even the slightest movement may cause a.
哪怕是稍有动静 也可能造成动静
blurry picture.
模糊的图片。
To keep the camera steady: ✦ Hold it with both hands ✦.
保持相机稳定:用双手握住.
Keep fingers and hair away from the lens and flash ✦ Tuck your elbows into your sides ✦.
让手指和头发远离镜头 闪出你的肘部进入你的侧面
Stand with your legs slightly apart so you are balanced and comfortable ✦.
站起脚来 稍微分开点 这样你才能平衡舒适
For more steadiness,crouch down on one knee or sit cross-legged with your elbows.
为了更稳健 跪下 或用肘部交叉而坐
on your knees.
膝盖上
Try pressing the camera against a tabletop or a wall ✦.
试试把相机按到桌子上或者墙上
Squeeze the shutter-release button slowly and evenly Fun Photography Projects A panorama is a long,continuous picture that shows a very wide view.
缓缓地按下百叶窗放出按钮,平和地取景相片项目 A全景是一幅长相相相片,展现出非常广阔的视野.
It could be a spectacular city skyline,mountain range,beach scene,or simply the view from your front door.
这可能是一个壮观的城市天际线, 山地范围, 水壶的场景, 或者只是你的前门的风景。
Choose.
选择
an open location without too many objects in the foreground.
一个没有太多对象的开放位置。
Imagine the scene broken up into three to five different sections.
想象一下这个场景分出三到五个不同的部分.
Practice moving the camera across the view from left to right,.
练习把相机从左到右对开
or panning,without moving your feet.
或喘息,不动你的脚。
Take a series of photos so that each section overlaps the section before it by about one-third.
拍摄一连串相片,使每节相片与所收取的相片相重叠约三分之一.
What you see in the right-hand part of the first shot should be where the left-hand part of the next shot begins.
在第一镜头的右手部分所看到的应该是下一镜头的左手部分开始的地方.
Start at the left side of the scene and work your way toward the right.
从场景的左边开始 向右走
It’s a good idea to take a few shots of each section Next,lay out the photos so the right side of.
拍几张照片,
one matches the left side of the next.
一个和下一个的左边吻合。
Glue or tape them together to form one continuous picture Here are some other fun photography projects ✦.
粘贴或粘贴在一起形成一幅连续相片 这是其他有趣的摄影项目。
You can create cool effects by putting colored cellophane in front of a lens.
可以通过将有色大提琴放入镜头前来创造出酷效.
This will block.
这个会挡住的
or reduce the color of the cellophane in your photo.
或减少相片中大提琴的颜色。
What do you think will happen when you take a picture of a yellow car through a yellow filter?
通过黄色滤镜拍出一幅黄色汽车的照片,你觉得会发生什么?
Try aiming the camera through the lens of polarized sunglasses.
试用两极化的太阳镜瞄准相机
This helps screen out glare from shiny surfaces and bright sunlight ✦.
这帮助从闪亮的表面和阳光中筛选出光芒。
Make a frame filter by cutting shapes out of black construction paper and taping the paper to the front of the lens.
通过从黑色的构造纸上切出形状并把纸拍到镜头前部来做帧过滤.
Try star shapes,keyhole shapes,or arches,or use your imagination ✦.
试试恒星形状 钥匙洞形状 或拱门 或者用你的想象力
Select your favorite photos and organize them in an album so they tell a story.
选择您最喜欢的照片, 并将其组织在一张相册中, 这样他们就可以讲故事 。
Beneath each photo,write the date and place taken,identify the people,and describe what is going on ✦.
写下所拍的相片,
Don’t discard the photos that don’t come out well—make a collage.
不要丢弃那些出不来的照片,
Cut out pieces of unwanted photos and arrange the images to your liking and paste them onto a poster ✦.
剪下一些不受欢迎的照片,
Create a line of greeting cards.
创建一行贺卡.
Glue a photo of yourself,family,friends,places you’ve been to,sights you’ve seen,shots of wildlife and nature,and so on,onto a piece of paper folded in half.
拍下一张你、家人、朋友、你去过的地方的照片,
Write a personalized note inside
在里面写个个性化的纸条