Supply and Demand
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Who Sets the Price?
设置价格的目录 ?
4 Supply and Demand at Work.
4 工作供应和需求。
7 Striking a Balance.
7 争取平衡。
11 How Emotions Affect Supply and Demand.
11 《情感如何影响供求》。
13 How Do You Play a Role in Supply and Demand?
13 在供求方面你如何发挥作用?
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Who Sets the Price?
16谁定价?
Can you relate to the following situation?
您能跟以下情况有关吗?
A new movie just premiered, and you really wanted to buy a T-shirt featuring your favorite movie character.
新电影刚刚首映, 你真的想买一件T恤 以你最喜欢的电影角色为主角。
However, you looked at the price tag, and it was expensive—really expensive.
然而,你看了价格标签,它非常昂贵,非常昂贵。
After all, it was just a T-shirt!
毕竟只是一件T恤!
At the same time, part of you felt as though no amount of money was too much to pay for the T-shirt.
同时,你们中的一部分人觉得,T恤没有太多钱来支付。
That’s how badly you wanted it.
你如此渴望。
Your parents likely disagreed.
你父母可能会不同意
Perhaps you noticed the T-shirt was on sale a few weeks or months later.
或许你注意到T恤 几周或几个月后还在卖
Maybe you even searched for it online.
也许你甚至在网上找过了
Did you purchase it on sale?
你买它卖?
Probably not.
也许不是。
After all, you’ d rather purchase merchandise associated with a newer movie.
与新电影相关的商品。
Did you ever stop to wonder just how the price of a T-shirt is chosen and whose job it is to set the price?
你有没有想过T恤的价格是怎样选择的 由谁来决定价格?
Some scientists say that shopping can activate parts of people’s brains that make them feel really excited and happy.
一些科学家说,购物可以激活人们的部分大脑,让他们感到真正兴奋和快乐.
Would it surprise you to realize that you and other buyers actually fulfill important roles in determining the price of goods and services, from T-shirts to sandwiches and haircuts to airplane tickets?
你意识到你和其他买家在决定货物和服务的价格方面, 从T恤到三明治和发型到飞机票, 都发挥了重要的作用吗?
When you decide to buy something, you’re participating in an interaction with the seller.
当你决定买东西时, 你正在参与与卖家的互动。
The location, physical or virtual, where a buyer meets a seller to conduct business is called a market.
买方与卖方会面开展业务的地点,无论是有形的还是虚拟的,都称为市场。
In a market, buyers exchange money with sellers for goods and services.
在一个市场上,买方与卖方交换货物和服务。
You’ve probably noticed that goods and services can vary widely in price, even for the same kinds of things.
你可能已经注意到, 商品和服务的价格可能大相径庭,
Consider the T-shirt example.
以T恤为例。
In addition to the character pictured on it, the price of the T-shirt takes a lot into account: where the T-shirt was made, the material from which it’s made, the stores in which it’s sold, who appears in its advertisements, and more.
除了上面描绘的人物外,T恤的价格也考虑了很多因素:T恤的出厂地点、制作材料、销售商店、广告中出现的商店等等。
Ultimately, a seller can set any price for the T-shirt, or for any good or service, but whether a buyer is willing to purchase the good or service is another issue.
最终,卖方可以为T恤衫或任何货物或服务定出任何价格,但买方是否愿意购买货物或服务是另一个问题。
Sellers design signs with big letters and bright colors to catch people’s interest and draw them into their store or onto their website.
销售商用大字母和明亮的颜色设计标志,以吸引人们的兴趣并吸引他们进入商店或网站。
People called economists attempt to explain how prices work through economics—the study of buying, selling, and wealth.
人们称经济学家试图解释价格如何通过经济学运作,即关于买卖和财富的研究。
They look for patterns and apply laws of supply and demand to describe how and why the cost of goods and services in the market changes.
它们寻找模式并适用供求定律,以说明货物和服务在市场中的成本如何和为什么变化。
Supply refers to how much there is of a good or service, while demand indicates how much of a good or service people want.
供应是指有多少货物或服务,而需求则表明人们需要多少货物或服务。
Supply and demand control the price of everything, including products, such as lollipops and computers, and services, such as dog grooming and doctor visits.
供求关系控制了一切事物的价格,包括棒棒糖等产品和计算机,以及诸如养狗和医生出诊等服务.
Bear in mind that prices regularly change because supply and demand constantly fluctuate.
牢记价格经常有变化,因为供求不断起伏.
This concept also works in reverse: variations in price can cause fluctuations in both supply and demand.
这一概念也有相反的作用:价格的变动可造成供求两方面的波动。
Was the movie associated with the T-shirt you wanted a success or a failure at the box office?
电影跟T恤有关 你想在票房上成功还是失败?
Its popularity affects the price of the merchandise associated with it.
其受欢迎程度影响到与之相关的商品的价格。
If a movie is a hit, sellers can continue to demand top price for merchandise connected to it.
如果电影是一出命中,卖家可以继续要求与之相接的商品价格最高.
On the other hand, sellers are more likely to slash prices for merchandise connected to a movie that didn’t do as well in the theaters as anticipated.
卖家们更可能把与电影有关的商品价格压平,
Remember, supply, demand, and price aren’t fixed.
请记住,供应、需求和价格没有固定。
Rather, they’re intertwined, influencing each other from moment to moment.
而是相互交织,
Supply and Demand at Work Envision this: Your stomach’s grumbling; you realize it’s lunchtime, and you’re craving a chicken sandwich.
工作供应和需求 你的胃在发牢骚,你知道这是午餐时间,你渴望一个鸡肉三明治。
You head to a local restaurant and are delighted to find that the special is chicken sandwiches.
你到当地一家餐馆去 很高兴发现特餐是鸡肉三明治
You purchase two sandwiches for the price of one—what a deal!
你买两块三明治买一... 好便宜!
In this case, the price of the sandwich decreased, and demand increased.
在这种情况下,三明治的价格下降,需求增加。
You decided to get two sandwiches instead of just one (you were hungry, and the extra sandwich was free).
你决定要两个三明治,而不是一个(你饿了,额外的三明治是免费的)。
The price drop created a spike in demand.
价格的下降造成需求的激增。
Consider the chicken sandwiches in this example from the perspective of the seller.
从卖家的角度考虑这个例子中的鸡肉三明治.
What motivated the restaurant to advertise the two-for- one deal?
是什么促使餐馆 广告二换一的交易?
Perhaps it had too many chicken patties and needed to sell them by a certain date to avoid spoilage.
也许它有太多的鸡肉馅饼,需要在某个日期之前卖出来以避免被破坏.
In this case, the restaurant had a supply of chicken patties that was a little too large.
在这种情况下,餐厅供应的鸡肉馅饼有点太大了。
It had more chicken patties than people wanted to buy.
它的鸡肉比人们想买的多
This situation is called a surplus.
这种情况被称为盈余。
When there is a surplus in the market, prices often go down.
当市场出现盈余时,价格往往会下跌.
Sometimes buyers get so excited about a special deal that they lose track of how much something costs.
有时买家对一项特别交易很兴奋 以至于他们不知道要花多少钱
Generally, sellers are motivated to sell goods and services for as much money as the market will allow.
一般而言,销售者有动机以市场允许的金额出售货物和服务。
Sellers try to make a profit by selling goods and services for more money than they cost to make.
销售者试图通过销售货物和服务来赚取利润,其成本高于其成本。
Buyers, on the other hand, are usually motivated to purchase goods and services for as little money as possible.
另一方面,购买者通常是为了尽可能少的钱购买货物和服务。
The tension between the two helps to balance supply and demand.
两者之间的紧张关系有助于平衡供求.
Let’s consider how this works.
让我们来考虑这如何运作。
If a seller prices an item too high, demand will often fall.
如果卖方的价格太高,需求往往会下降。
Recall the hypothetical chicken sandwich special.
记得假设的鸡肉三明治特别。
If you got to the restaurant and discovered that chicken sandwiches cost one hundred dollars apiece, you’ d probably choose another restaurant for lunch.
如果你到了餐厅,发现鸡肉三明治每件花费100美元,你可能选择另一家餐厅吃午餐。
Demand for the chicken sandwich would decrease as the price increased.
随着价格上涨,对鸡肉三明治的需求会减少。
Alternatively, if a seller prices an item too low, demand is likely to increase sharply.
或者,如果卖方的价格太低,需求可能会急剧增加。
Imagine that you got to the restaurant and saw that chicken sandwiches were priced at one dollar apiece.
想象一下你到了餐厅 看到鸡肉三明治的价格是每人一美元
You might buy as many as you could possibly eat (perhaps some for friends, too).
你可以买尽可能多的食物(也许也给朋友吃).
The restaurant would probably run out of chicken sandwiches very quickly!
餐厅可能很快就用光了鸡肉三明治!
People are willing to pay a lot of money for snacks, such as popcorn, at a movie theater.
人们愿意花一大笔钱在电影院购买爆米花等小吃.
Neither the buyer nor the seller benefited in the long term from either situation.
从长远来看,买方和卖方都无法从这两种情况下获益。
In the first scenario, when chicken sandwiches were priced too high and demand decreased, the restaurant didn’t make the sale, and the customer went home empty- handed.
第一种情况是,鸡肉三明治价格太高,需求下降,餐厅没有进行销售,顾客空手回家。
In the second example, when sandwiches were priced too low and the restaurant ran out of its supply, many customers likely left disappointed because there were no chicken sandwiches left.
在第二个例子中,当三明治价格太低,餐厅供应耗尽时,许多顾客可能因为没有鸡肉三明治而失望.
In addition, the restaurant probably wasn’t making enough money in sales to cover the cost of making the chicken sandwiches.
餐厅的销售收入可能不足以支付做鸡肉三明治的费用。
Supply Demand Effect on Price If the supply stays the same and demand increases, the price increases.
供应需求对价格的影响 如果供应保持不变,需求增加,价格会上升。
If the supply stays the same and demand decreases, the price decreases.
如果供应保持不变,需求下降,价格会下降。
If the supply increases and demand stays the same, the price decreases.
如果供应增加而需求不变,价格会下降.
If the supply decreases and demand stays the same, the price increases.
如果供应减少,需求不变,价格会上涨.
Supply, Demand, and Price The supply and demand of products and services are always changing.
供应、需求和价格 产品和服务的供求总是在变化.
This table shows how they work together to affect prices.
本表显示它们如何共同努力影响价格。
The price of a chicken sandwich in a local restaurant represents a complex set of calculations.
当地餐馆的鸡肉三明治价格代表了一套复杂的计算.
The restaurant must take a lot of factors into account: the price it pays for chicken patties (and buns) from suppliers, the cost of paying its employees, and the cost of maintaining the restaurant (including energy bills and rent).
餐厅必须考虑许多因素:从供应商那里支付鸡肉(和包子)的价格,支付员工的费用,以及维持餐厅的费用(包括能源账单和租金).
The restaurant must also evaluate the price of chicken sandwiches at other restaurants in the area and whether or not customers are actually willing to pay the price being asked.
餐厅还必须评价该地区其他餐馆的鸡肉三明治价格,以及顾客是否真正愿意支付所要支付的价格.
It’s difficult to balance all the factors that impact a price, and prices fluctuate frequently as a result.
很难平衡影响价格的所有因素,因此价格经常波动。
Supply, Demand, and the Holiday Season The next time your area celebrates a holiday, look at how seasonal items—like holiday-themed candy—are sold.
供应、需求和节日季节 下次你们地区庆祝节日时,
Before the holiday, the candy is usually much more expensive than it is after the holiday passes.
在放假前,糖果通常比放假后贵得多.
Based on what you now know about supply and demand, can you guess why?
根据你现在对供求的了解, 你能猜为什么吗?
Stores try to clear out holiday merchandise once the big day passes.
等大日子过后 商店会把假日商品清空
Striking a Balance Both buyers and sellers benefit from a market in which supply and demand are more evenly balanced.
使买方和卖方都保持平衡,受益于供求更加均衡的市场。
Balance between supply and demand is called market equilibrium.
供求平衡称为市场平衡.
In the case of our hypothetical chicken sandwiches, a market equilibrium is achieved at a price where every sandwich sells but the seller never runs out of sandwiches.
就我们假设的鸡肉三明治而言,市场平衡是以每个三明治销售的价格实现的,但卖方从未用完三明治。
Customers are willing to buy as many chicken sandwiches as the restaurant has available—no more, no fewer.
顾客愿意购买尽可能多的鸡肉三明治,
Let’s ponder the following scenario about concert tickets.
让我们思考一下音乐会门票的情况。
An international pop band comes to your city every summer for one show.
每年夏天都会有一个国际流行乐团来你的城市参加一场演出.
The band’s popularity is steadily increasing.
乐队的受欢迎程度正在稳步提高。
As long as it keeps playing in the same stadium, the supply of available tickets to its shows remains fixed.
只要它继续在同一个体育场中出场,为其出场提供可用的入场券仍然固定.
In this case, the market equilibrium price of a ticket is likely to rise year after year.
在这种情况下,一张票的市场平衡价格可能年复一年地上涨.
As the band becomes more popular, demand for tickets to see its performance increases in turn.
随着乐队越来越受欢迎,对入场券的需求会依次增加来观看其演出.
High Price Low Supply and Demand High Market Equilibrium Demand Supply Supply and Demand for Chicken Sandwiches Scarcity: In Short Supply Scarcity is the balance between a limited supply and unlimited demand.
高价低供求 高市均价 鸡肉三明治需求供应与需求 稀缺:在短供给中,稀缺是有限供给与无限需求之间的平衡.
The opposite of scarcity is abundance.
与稀缺相反的是丰收.
The concept of scarcity impacts our decision-making daily.
稀缺的概念影响我们每天的决策。
For example, most of us experience money as a scarce item—we don’t have an unlimited supply of it—which means we can’t purchase everything we want to buy.
例如,我们大多数人都把金钱当作稀有物品——我们没有无限的供给——这意味着我们不能购买我们想要购买的一切。
We often have to decide which goods and services we really need and which we can do without.
我们往往必须决定我们真正需要哪些商品和服务,以及我们没有这些商品和服务就能做什么。
When the COVID-19 pandemic began in 2020, the price of toilet paper skyrocketed, and businesses quickly sold out.
2020年COVID-19大流行开始后,厕纸价格暴涨,企业迅速倒卖.
Some customers hoarded toilet paper.
一些顾客囤积了卫生纸.
Other people were unable to find any to buy.
其他人也找不到买东西。
In other words, a common household item suddenly became scarce.
换句话说,一个常见的家用物品突然变得稀缺.
Some stores set limits on how many paper goods people could purchase during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.
一些商店对2020年COVID-19大流行期间人们可以购买多少纸质商品设定了限制.
How Emotions Affect Supply and Demand Everyone has different preferences and values, which can impact their buying habits.
情感如何影响供求人人有不同的偏好和价值,这可以影响他们的购买习惯.
This is why supply and demand constantly change the price of goods and services.
这就是为什么供求不断改变货物和服务的价格。
How much is too much to pay for a concert ticket?
一张演唱会票要付多少钱?
A fan’s answer to that depends on their personal circumstances and preferences as well as their enthusiasm for the band.
一个粉丝对此的回答取决于他们的个人情况和喜好以及他们对乐队的热情.
Emotions play a significant economic role in the marketplace.
情感在市场中发挥了重要的经济作用.
Consider how two different bands playing in the same stadium, with the same number of tickets available for both shows, might command very different ticket prices.
考虑一下,两个不同的乐队在同一个体育场中演奏,这两个场馆的出场票数量相同,可能会令出非常不同的出场票价.
It all depends on how much fans are willing to pay.
这都取决于球迷愿意付出多少.
Buyers’ perceptions—the ways in which they view and evaluate goods and services—also play a role in supply and demand.
买方的看法 -- -- 他们看待和评价货物和服务的方式 -- -- 也在供求方面发挥作用。
Buyers are often prepared to pay more for goods or services they perceive as valuable or cool.
买方往往愿意为他们认为有价值或很酷的货物或服务支付更多的费用。
Each buyer makes those calculations differently on the basis of their own personality and budget.
每个买方都根据自己的个性和预算来进行不同的计算。
When interest in a trend, such as fidget spinners, fades, it can dramatically affect the supply and demand of goods and services connected to it.
当对一个趋势的兴趣,如fidget自旋器等,消退时,它会严重影响与之相联的商品和服务的供求.
For example, most people need a haircut from time to time, but what people are willing to pay for this service varies widely.
例如,大多数人不时需要理发,但人们愿意为这种服务支付的费用差别很大.
Some people prefer to track down the cheapest haircut they can find, but others will pay much more for a salon experience.
有些人更喜欢追查他们能找到的最廉价发型,但其他人会为沙龙体验付出多得多的代价.
Shoes are another example of an item that can vary significantly in price depending on buyer preference.
鞋是一件物品的另一个例子,根据买方的偏好,其价格可能大相径庭。
A pair of plain sneakers is typically much cheaper than a pair endorsed by a celebrity athlete.
一对平地运动鞋一般比名人运动员认可的一对鞋便宜得多.
Some buyers perceive value in the athlete’s endorsement and are willing to pay more for the celebrity factor.
有些买家在运动员的认可中看到了价值,并愿意为名人因素支付更多的费用。
Other buyers are motivated to buy the cheapest shoes they can find.
其他买家有动机购买他们能找到的最便宜的鞋.
Based on their own values and circumstances, every buyer is different.
根据自己的价值和情况,每个买方都是不同的。
Nike’s Air Jordan sneakers, named after basketball player Michael Jordan, have many different—often very expensive— editions since 1985.
以篮球运动员迈克尔·乔丹命名的耐克航空乔丹运动鞋自1985年以来有许多不同的——往往非常昂贵的——版本.
How Do You Play a Role in Supply and Demand?
在供求方面你如何发挥作用?
By now you must have realized how often you and everyone you know participate in economic markets in daily life.
现在,你一定已经意识到 你和所有你认识的人 在日常生活中经常参与经济市场。
Take a moment to pause and think about the goods and services you and your family purchase regularly.
暂停一下,想想你和家人经常购买的商品和服务。
The next time the price of one of those items increases or decreases, notice your reaction.
下次这些物品的价格涨跌时 注意你的反应
Did demand for the item (how much you wanted it) change as a result of the change in price?
对物品的需求(你想要多少)是否因价格变化而改变?
Why would that have happened?
为什么会发生这种事?
What can you conclude about the available supply of the goods and services you buy based on their price?
根据购买的货物和服务的价格,你能得出什么结论?
When you or your family members buy something—a bus ticket, a swim lesson, a house, or an apple—you are engaging in a much larger conversation: the push and pull between supply and demand.
当你们或你们的家人购买一些东西时——公交车票、游泳课、房子或苹果——你们正在进行一个更大的对话:在供求之间进行推拉。
You can choose to buy one product or another, or nothing at all.
你可以选择购买一种或另一种产品,或者完全没有。
As a consumer, you have power to affect supply and demand!
作为一个消费者,你有权影响供求!