Latimer
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Lighting the Way.
内容表 点亮道路。
4 Freedom.
4 自由。
5 The Drawing Board.
5 绘图委员会。
7 A Better Light Bulb.
7个更好的灯泡
9 Among the Pioneers.
页:1 入先锋中.
12 The Legacy of Lewis Latimer.
12 刘易斯·拉蒂默的遗产.
14 Glossary.
14 词汇表。
16 Lighting the Way Lewis Latimer was preparing a technical drawing in 1879 when he got his big break.
16 Lighting the Way Lewis Latimer)在1879年他获得大突破时正在准备技术画作.
A man with a bushy beard and mustache entered the machine shop in Bridgeport, Connecticut, where Latimer was working.
一个长有胡须和胡子的男人进入了康涅狄格州布里奇波特的机器店,拉蒂默当时在那里工作.
The visitor was Hiram Maxim, chief engineer and inventor at U.
来访者是Hiram Maxim,U的总工程师和发明家.
S.
师曰.
Electric Lighting Company.
电灯公司.
Maxim saw Latimer’s work and was excited to find a highly skilled draftsman.
Maxim看到Latimer的作品,
Maxim hired Latimer on the spot to make drawings of his ideas and also to serve as his personal secretary.
马克西姆当场聘请了拉蒂默来绘制他的想法并兼任他的私人秘书.
At the time, U.
时吴.
S.
师曰.
Electric Lighting was just a year old.
电灯才一岁
In his new job, Latimer wasted no time, learning everything he could about electric lighting.
在他的新工作里,拉蒂默没有浪费任何时间,学习他所能学习的一切电光.
He soon became one of the top experts in the field.
他很快成为该领域的顶尖专家之一.
The technology of electricity and light bulbs was improving quickly.
电力和灯泡技术正在迅速改进。
In little more than ten years, it would change from being a novelty to an everyday convenience.
在不到10年的时间里,它将会从一种新事物转变为日常的便利。
Latimer, an African American whose parents had escaped slavery, played an important part in that technological revolution.
Latimer是一名非洲裔美国人,父母逃离了奴隶制,他在技术革命中发挥了重要作用。
Freedom In 1842, Lewis’s parents, George and Rebecca Latimer, risked their lives to flee slavery in Virginia.
1842年,刘易斯的父母乔治和丽贝卡·拉蒂默冒着生命危险逃离了弗吉尼亚的奴隶制.
The young couple hid on a northbound ship while being hunted by people paid to track down fugitives from slavery.
这对年轻夫妇躲在一艘向北行驶的船上,同时被那些为追捕奴隶的逃犯而付费的人所追捕.
They were in constant danger until they made it to freedom in Boston, Massachusetts.
他们一直处于危险之中,直到他们到达马萨诸塞州波士顿的自由.
Even in Boston, they were not completely safe.
即使在波士顿,他们也不完全安全。
Slavery was illegal in Massachusetts, but a visiting Virginia man recognized George.
在马萨诸塞州奴隶制是非法的,但一位来访的弗吉尼亚人认出了乔治.
Friends helped hide Rebecca, but George was arrested and jailed.
朋友帮助将丽贝卡藏起,但乔治被拘捕并入狱.
It seemed likely that he would be taken back to Virginia.
看来他很可能会被带回弗吉尼亚
However, his case attracted the attention of abolitionists—people strongly opposed to slavery.
然而,他的案件引起了废除死刑者的注意——人们强烈反对奴隶制。
They organized protests to help him, and more than sixty- five thousand people signed a letter demanding protection for any fugitives from slavery.
他们组织抗议来帮助他,超过6万5千人签署了一封信,要求保护任何被奴役的逃犯.
This poster, printed in Boston in 1851, warned African Americans who had escaped slavery that they could be seized and returned to a life of bondage in the South if they weren’t careful.
1851年在波士顿印制的这张海报警告逃离奴隶制的非裔美国人,如果他们不小心,他们可以被扣押并回到南方的被奴役的生活.
A black minister finally paid four hundred dollars to the Virginia enslaver to secure George’s freedom.
一名黑人部长最终向弗吉尼亚被奴役者支付了400美元,以保障乔治的自由.
Rebecca, though, was still at risk.
不过Rebecca仍然处于危险之中
Fears of being caught and returned to a life of slavery remained with the couple throughout the following years.
在接下来的几年里,对被抓住并回到被奴役的生活中的恐惧依然存在于这对夫妇.
Thanks to their parents’ courage, the four Latimer children were born into freedom.
由于父母的勇气,这四个拉蒂默孩子出生后获得了自由。
Lewis was the youngest, born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, in 1848.
刘易斯是最小的,1848年生于马萨诸塞州切尔西.
As a boy, he worked in his father’s barbershop, helped him hang wallpaper, and went to school.
他小时候在父亲的理发店工作,帮助他挂壁纸并上学。
Lewis was twelve when the first shots of the Civil War (1861–1865) were fired.
刘易斯12岁时,南北战争(1861–1865)的第一枪被打出.
To protect their system of slavery, the Confederate states of the South had split from the United States.
为了保护他们的奴隶制度,南方邦联各州从美国分裂出.
Lewis’s two older brothers joined the Union Army.
刘易斯的两个哥哥加入了联盟军.
In 1864, Lewis claimed to be eighteen, the legal age for enlistment, and joined the U.
1864年,刘易斯自称为18岁,即入伍的法定年龄,并加入了U.
S.
师曰.
Navy at age sixteen.
16岁的海军
He served on a gunboat, the USS Massasoit.
他服役于一艘炮舰"马萨索特"号.
The Civil War ended in 1865 when the Confederacy was defeated.
民间 1865年邦联被击败后战争结束.
It brought an end to slavery in the United States.
它结束了美国的奴隶制.
Throughout his life, Lewis Latimer remained proud of his service in the fight for freedom for African Americans.
在整个生平中,刘易斯·拉蒂默一直为自己在为非裔美国人争取自由而战的事业而感到自豪.
The Drawing Board Latimer returned to Boston after the war.
战后绘图局拉蒂默回到了波士顿.
He took a job as an office assistant with a patent law firm.
他在专利律师事务所当了办公室助理
Patents are an important step in the invention process.
专利是发明过程中的一个重要步骤.
Inventors register their plans with the U.
发明者向U注册计划.
S.
师曰.
Patent Office to prove that their inventions are in fact new and their ideas are original or an improvement upon something that already exists.
专利局要证明他们的发明实际上是新的,他们的想法是独创的,或者是对已经存在的事物的改进.
Patents allow inventors to earn money from their inventions and block others from copying or stealing their ideas.
专利允许发明者从他们的发明中赚钱并阻止他人复制或盗取他们的想法.
Others can use their inventions but must get permission and pay for the right to do so.
其他人可以使用他们的发明,但必须获得许可并支付这样做的权利。
The work interested Latimer from the start.
工作从一开始就对拉蒂默感兴趣.
He taught himself the necessary skills of mechanical drawing and was later promoted to a position as the firm’s head draftsman.
他自学了必要的机械绘画技能,后被提拔为事务所的首席起草人.
In 1874, he patented his first invention.
1874年,他获得了他的第一个发明专利.
It was an improved toilet compartment for trains, though it was never built.
虽然从未建造过,但它是供列车使用的经改进的厕所隔间.
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
Patent Office in Washington, D.
华盛顿特区专利局。
C.
C组
, was a busy place in the late 1800s.
在1800年代后期是个繁忙的地方
Latimer had hoped the end of slavery in the United States would lead to greater equality and opportunities for African Americans.
拉铁摩尔曾希望美国的奴隶制能导致非裔美国人获得更大的平等和机会。
National laws had been passed to guarantee their citizenship and rights.
已通过国家法律,保障他们的公民身份和权利。
However, they still faced strong prejudice and discrimination.
然而,他们仍然面临严重的偏见和歧视。
Few white-controlled schools, organizations, or businesses treated them as equals.
白人控制的学校、组织或企业很少把它们当作平等对待。
African Americans were blocked from most professions and skilled jobs, especially if the jobs involved working directly with white people.
非裔美国人被禁止从事大多数专业和熟练工作,特别是如果这些工作涉及直接与白人打交道。
In light of these limits, Latimer’s growing success was even more remarkable.
鉴于这些限制,拉蒂默不断增长的成功甚至更为显著.
In 1876, Latimer contributed to the invention of the telephone.
1876年,拉蒂默为电话的发明做出了贡献.
Its inventor, Alexander Graham Bell, taught students who had a difficult time hearing.
其发明者亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔(Alexander Graham Bell)教授听力困难的学生.
Latimer had an idea for an electronic device that would help the students hear better.
拉蒂默有一个想法 一个电子设备 可以帮助学生更好地听。
He met with Bell after work hours to discuss his idea and then sketched the technical drawings for the telephone.
他下班后与贝尔会面,讨论他的想法,并随后为电话绘制了技术图纸.
The drawings helped Bell get the patent for the revolutionary technology.
画的帮助 贝尔获得革命技术的专利.
In 1879, Latimer moved to Bridgeport, Connecticut, where he was hired by Hiram Maxim of U.
1879年,拉蒂默搬到了康涅狄格州的布里奇波特(Bridgeport),在那里被U的希拉姆·马克西姆所雇佣.
S.
师曰.
Electric Lighting.
电灯.
At his new job, the young draftsman and inventor joined the effort to use electricity to create workable lighting systems.
在他的新工作上,年轻的起草人和发明家加入了使用电力来创建可行的照明系统的努力.
Early African American Inventors Elijah Mc Coy (1844–1929) held fifty-seven U.
早期的非裔美国人发明家以利亚·麦克·科伊(1844–1929)持有57 U.
S.
师曰.
that made steam engines more efficient.
使得蒸汽机效率更高
Granville T.
格兰维尔T.
Woods (1856–1910) was a multitalented inventor who specialized in electronics and devices related to railroad safety.
Woods(1856–1910)是一位多才多艺的发明家,专门研究与铁路安全有关的电子和装置.
Madam C.
夫人C。 夫人C。 。
J.
（姓名首字母J）
Walker (1867–1919) was a pioneer in the field of hair care products for African Americans.
沃克(1867–1919)是非裔美国人发型护理产品领域的先驱.
She became the first female African American millionaire.
她成为了第一位非裔美国人百万富翁.
Garrett Morgan (1877–1963) invented an early form of gas mask and the three-way traffic light.
加内特·摩根(1877–1963)发明了一种早期的防毒面具和三相交通灯.
A Better Light Bulb By the 1870s, developing a practical incandescent light bulb was the goal of many inventors, including Maxim and Latimer.
更好的灯泡 到1870年代,开发出实用的白炽灯泡是包括马克西姆和拉蒂默在内的许多发明家的目标.
Incandescent lamps transform electric current into light.
白炽灯将电流转化为光.
As with any electric appliance, for a light bulb to work, the current must flow in a complete loop, or closed circuit.
与任何电动电器一样,灯泡要工作,电流必须完全循环地流出,或者闭路.
When we switch on a light, we connect the wires that close the circuit.
当我们打开一盏灯, 我们连接了关闭电路的电线。
When we switch it off, we break the circuit.
当我们关闭它,我们打破了电路。
Incandescent light bulbs rely on both conductors and resistors.
白炽灯泡依赖导电器和电阻器.
Conductors are materials that allow electricity to pass through easily.
导体是允许电力轻易通车的材料.
Copper wire and water are examples of good conductors.
铜丝和水是好导子的例子.
In contrast, resistors are materials that slow the flow of electricity.
相形之下,电阻器是延缓电流的材料.
Carbon is an example of a resistor.
碳是抗体的例子.
Insulators are materials, like rubber and glass, that prevent any electric current from passing through.
绝缘器是橡胶和玻璃等材料,能防止任何电流通过.
In incandescent lamps, conductors deliver electricity from a power source to the bulb’s filament.
在白炽灯中,导电器从电源向灯泡的丝状输送电力。
The filament, usually a thin strip of metal or other material, is made of a resistor.
丝状花纹(英語:filament),通常为金属或其他材料的薄条状花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花纹花.
The filament resists the passage of electricity through it, becoming so hot that it glows to produce light.
丝能阻断电流穿过它,变得很热而发光产生光.
The challenge in the late 1870s was to develop a filament that was both cheap and long-lasting.
1870年代后期的挑战是发展出一种既廉价又能长久的丝状.
The famous inventor Thomas Edison led a team of people trying to solve the problem for years.
出名的发明家托马斯·爱迪生(Thomas Edison)带领一队人试图解决该问题多年.
Finally, in 1879, Edison’s team developed a filament from carbonized bamboo.
最后,在1879年,爱迪生的团队从碳化的竹子中发展出丝.
It proved to be affordable and durable, lasting more than twelve hundred hours.
它被证明是负担得起和持久的,持续了12个多小时。
In 1881, Latimer and his colleague Joseph Nichols developed their own incandescent light bulb.
1881年,拉蒂默和他的同僚约瑟夫·尼科尔斯开发了自己的白炽灯泡.
A year later, Latimer patented a new way of making carbon filaments that was more efficient than Edison’s method.
一年后,拉蒂默申请了一种新的方法,使碳丝比爱迪生的方法更有效.
A Timeline of Light Bulbs 1802 British inventor Humphry Davy introduces the arc lamp, which is powered by an early form of battery.
1802年英国发明家Humphry的时光线 Davy)引入了由早期形式的电池供电的弧形灯.
incandescent bulb.
白炽灯泡
City, he establishes the first power utility company.
城市,他建立了第一个电力公用事业公司。
and more efficient tungsten filaments.
和更有效的钨丝。
1939 Fluorescent lamps are introduced in the United States.
1939 (英语). 美国引进了荧光灯.
They use much less electricity than incandescent bulbs.
他们使用的电比白炽灯泡少得多。
much less power than earlier types of light bulbs.
电能比早期的灯泡要少得多
and last ten times longer than incandescent bulbs.
寿命比白炽灯泡长十倍
last six times longer than CFL bulbs.
寿命比CFL灯泡长六倍
Among the Pioneers Latimer proved himself a talented problem solver as electric lighting gained popularity.
在先锋队中,拉蒂默证明自己是一个天才的解决问题者,因为电光越来越受欢迎.
His knowledge was very valuable as streetlights and other lighting systems became more common in the 1880s, especially in cities.
他的知识非常有价值,因为街道灯光和其他照明系统在1880年代变得更加普遍,特别是在城市.
Latimer helped with lighting projects in cities such as New York City; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Montreal, Canada.
拉蒂默在纽约市、宾夕法尼亚费城和加拿大蒙特利尔等城市帮助实施了照明项目。
In Canada, he learned French to speak with French-Canadian work crews.
在加拿大,他学会了法语,可以和法裔加拿大人的工作团队交谈.
He worked long hours, starting at the factory at seven each morning.
他工作了很长的时间,每天早上七点在工厂开始.
After the day’s work, he helped install wiring and lamps until midnight.
在一天工作之后,他帮助安装了接线和灯具,直到午夜.
He and his wife, Mary, also traveled to London, England.
他和妻子玛丽也曾去英国伦敦旅游.
There, he helped launch a U.
在那里,他帮助推出了U.
S.
师曰.
Electric Lighting lamp factory.
电灯厂.
New electric streetlights light up New York City in 1883 in this illustration.
在这个插图中,1883年新的电动街灯点亮了纽约市.
Latimer’s knowledge and abilities brought him to the Edison Electric Light Company in New York in 1884.
拉蒂默的知识和能力使他于1884年来到了纽约的爱迪生电灯公司.
He became chief draftsman and patent specialist in the company’s legal department.
他成为该公司法律部门的首席起草人和专利专家。
He used his experience to settle disputes about the use of Edison’s technology.
他利用他的经验解决了使用爱迪生技术的争议.
Encouraged by Edison, Latimer wrote the book Incandescent Electric Lighting: A Practical Description of the Edison System.
在爱迪生的鼓励下,拉蒂默撰写了"白炽电灯:爱迪生系统实用描述"一书.
Published in 1890, the book described the technology that was transforming not just the United States but also the world.
该书于1890年出版,描述了不仅正在改变美国,而且正在改变世界的技术.
In it, Latimer celebrated electric lighting as one of the great achievements in human history.
在其中,拉蒂默将电灯庆祝为人类历史上的伟大成就之一.
Thomas Edison (left at top of stairs) stands outside the Edison Electric Light Company office in New York City in 1881.
托马斯·爱迪生(左起于楼梯上方)于1881年站在纽约市爱迪生电灯公司办公室外.
The Legacy of Lewis Latimer Latimer never ceased to invent and create.
刘易斯·拉蒂默·拉蒂默的遗产从未停止发明和创作.
In 1886, he received a patent for an early form of air- conditioning.
1886年,他获得了早期空调形式的专利.
He designed a safety elevator in 1894 and patented a locking hat and coat rack in 1896.
1894年他设计了安全电梯,1896年专利了锁起的帽子和外衣架.
He was also a talented musician and wrote poetry and plays.
他也是一位有才华的音乐家并写作诗歌和戏剧.
He often shared his belief that art and science were closely related through creativity.
他经常认同自己的信念,即艺术和科学通过创造力紧密相联.
In 1918, Latimer became the only African American named as one of the founding members of the Edison Pioneers.
1918年,拉蒂默成为唯一一个被命名为爱迪生先锋队创始成员之一的非裔美国人.
They were inventors, engineers, and other specialists who had been part of Edison’s team during the early years.
他们是发明家,工程师,以及早年曾加入爱迪生团队的其他专家.
The Pioneers made electric lighting an everyday reality for people from all walks of life.
先锋队让电光成为各行各业的人们的日常现实.
Lewis Howard Latimer (front row, second from left) stands with a group of Edison Pioneers.
刘易斯·霍华德·拉蒂默(英语:Lewis Howard Latimer (front rain, second from left))与一群爱迪生先锋队站在一起.
Along with his many achievements, Latimer consistently stood up for racial equality.
拉铁摩尔在取得许多成就的同时,始终拥护种族平等。
He volunteered his time and energy to help train young people of color to develop job skills, including mechanical drawing.
他自告奋勇地投入时间和精力来帮助培养有色人种的年轻人发展工作技能,包括机械绘画.
In 1895, he wrote a public letter that shared his hope for the future: “I have faith to believe that the Nation will respond to our plea for equality before the law, security under the law, and an opportunity, by and through maintenance of the law, to enjoy with our fellow citizens of all races and complexions the blessing guaranteed us under the Constitution.”
1895年,他写了一封公开信,与他对未来的希望相同:“我相信,国家将响应我们关于法律面前人人平等、法律下的安全,以及通过维持法律与我们所有种族和肤色的公民一起享受《宪法》保障的祝福。 “
Lewis Latimer died in Flushing, New York, in 1928.
刘易斯·拉蒂默于1928年在纽约弗劳兴逝世.
His home is now a museum dedicated to his achievements and the work of other African American innovators.
他的故居现在是一个博物馆,专门纪念他的成就和其他非裔美国创新者的作品.
In 2006, he was named a member of the National Inventors Hall of Fame and honored for his life’s work in making the world a better and brighter place.
2006年被评为"国家发明家名人堂"成员,并因毕生在使世界变得更美好更光明而获得荣誉.
An early incandescent light bulb stands on display at the Lewis H.
一个早期的白炽灯泡在刘易斯H展出.
Latimer House.
拉铁摩尔之家.