What Makes Y ou, Y ou?
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Introduction Have you ever wondered why your hair is brown,while your best friend’s is blond?
导言 你曾经想过为什么你的头发是棕色的,而你最好的朋友是金发?
Have you ever wondered why you have brown eyes,while your brother has blue eyes?
你有没有想过 为什么你有棕色的眼睛, 而你的兄弟有蓝眼睛?
Have you ever wondered why you look like your.
你有没有想过你为什么长得像你一样
parents?
父母吗?
Just what is it that gives you all of your individual characteristics?
你个人的特征是什么?
The answers to these questions have to do with heredity and genetics.
这些问题的答案与遗传学和遗传学有关.
Heredity is the way traits,such as hair and eye color,are passed on from one generation to the next.
遗传是元代相传的特质,如发型和眼色。
Genetics is the field of science that studies how these traits are.
遗传学是研究这些特征的科学领域.
passed on.
传承下来。
In the following pages,we will take.
接下来的几页中,我们将进行。
a closer look at genetics and answer some of these questions about what makes you,you Brief History of Genetics When did we first learn about heredity?.
仔细研究一下遗传学 并回答一些关于你是什么 遗传学的简史 我们什么时候学会遗传学的?
The idea of heredity has been around since ancient times;even long ago,people understood that certain traits could be passed from one generation to the next.
异端思想自古以来就一直存在;即使在很早以前,人们也明白某些特质可以从一代传到下一代.
Using this basic knowledge,they were able to domesticate animals by breeding those with desirable traits,such as cows that gave a lot of milk or chickens that laid many eggs.
利用这些基本知识,他们能够养活那些有理想特征的动物,例如产出大量牛奶的奶牛或产下多卵的鸡.
They also used this knowledge to create new food crops,such as larger,more nutritious types of wheat and rice Although ancient people understood basic heredity,the science of genetics didn’t begin.
他们还利用这种知识创造了新的粮食作物,如更大、更有营养的小麦和大米。 虽然古代人理解基本遗传,但遗传学科学并没有开始。
until around the 1850s and.
直到1850年代左右...
1860s,when an Austrian man named Gregor Mendel began.
1860年代,一个名叫格雷高·门德尔的奥地利人开始.
to study the heredity of.
来研究遗传
pea plants + = Mendel wondered what would happen if he crossed a very short pea plant with a very tall pea plant.
pea plants + = Mendel 想知道,如果他与一个非常高的pea 植物穿过一个非常短的pea 植物,会发生什么.
He expected the plant to be medium height,the size right in between the very short plant and the very tall plant.
他预计这株植物的高度是中等的, 尺寸正好介于非常短的植物和非常高的植物之间。
He was surprised by what he discovered.
他对发现的东西感到惊讶.
When a short plant was crossed with a tall plant,the resulting plant always turned out tall!
当一个矮的植物被一个高高的植物穿过时,产生的植物总是变得高高!
Mendel went on to study other traits of pea plants,such as seed color and whether the seeds were round or wrinkled.
门德尔接着研究了豌豆植物的其他特征,如种子颜色和种子是圆形还是皱纹.
When he crossed pea plants with other pea plants possessing opposite traits (like short with tall,or smooth-seeded with wrinkled-seeded),he discovered that the resulting plant always looked like one or the other,rather than like a mix of both.
当他与其他具有相向特质的豌豆植物相交时(像有高矮的,或有皱纹的种子的平滑种子),他发现所形成的植物总是像一对一,而不是像两者的混合.
To explain these results,Mendel came up with the idea of units of heredity,now called genes, that transfer traits from one generation to the next.
为了解释这些结果,门德尔提出了异端的单位,现在称为基因,将特质从一代传到下一代的想法.
These genes are typically found in pairs.
这些基因一般以对子形式出现.
The offspring receives one gene from one parent and the other gene from the other parent Genes,which carry all hereditary traits,are either dominant or recessive.
后代从父母一方获得一个基因,从父母另一方获得另一个基因,这些基因具有所有遗传特征,要么是主基因,要么是下垂基因。
Dominant genes always override recessive genes.
占上风的基因总是压倒了垂体基因.
For example, in Mendel’s experiments,he found that the gene for “tall”in pea plants is dominant,and the gene for “short”in pea plants is recessive.
例如,在Mendel的实验中,他发现豌豆植物中的 " 全 " 基因占了主导地位,而豌豆植物中的 " 短 " 基因则具有沉积性。
A purebred tall pea plant has two dominant “tall”genes.
一种纯种高的豌豆植物有两种主要的“特有”基因。
A purebred short pea plant has two recessive “short”genes.
一个纯种的短豌豆植物有两种分泌“短”基因。
When he crossed a purebred tall pea plant TT Ts ss + = TT + ss = Ts Ts Ts Ts + = Ts + Ts = TT Ts Ts ss with a purebred short pea plant,the offspring received one dominant “tall”gene from the.
当他穿过一株纯种高的豌豆植物 TT s + = TT + → Tt → Tt → T T T T 有一株纯种短豌豆植物时,后代从其中得到了一款占主导地位的"tall"基因.
tall pea plant and one recessive “short”gene from the short pea plant.
高豆科植物和从短豆科植物中取出的一个起落“短”基因。
An offspring with.
与子孙相接.
one dominant tall gene and one recessive short gene is always tall,because the “tall”gene completely overrides the “short”gene (top.
一个占优势的高基因和一个起伏性短基因总是很高的,因为“所有”基因完全超越了“短”基因(顶部)。
row above).
页:1
It was from these simple pea plant experiments that the field of genetics was born The second row above shows what happens when the parent plants both have one “tall”gene and one “short”gene.
正是从这些简单的豌豆植物实验 遗传学领域诞生了 上面第二行说明当母植物都有一个“全”基因和一个“短”基因时会发生什么。
The offspring may have one of three different combinations (TT,Ts,or ss) Acquired vs Inherited Traits From Mendel’s experiments on pea plants,.
这些后代可能有三个不同的组合(TT,Ts,或ss)之一,即从孟德尔对豌豆植物的实验中获取和继承特质,
scientists began to learn why some traits are passed on from one generation to the next and why some traits are not.
科学家们开始了解到,为什么某些特征会从一代传到下一代,为什么某些特征不会。
However,while the.
然而,虽然...
traits of pea plants are straightforward,the traits of people can be very confusing Acquired Traits All sorts of things can affect a person’s appearance.
豌豆植物的特质是直截了当的,人们的特质可以非常混淆 获得的特质 各种事情都会影响一个人的外表。
Genetics and heredity are some.
遗传学和遗传学是一些。
of these things.
这些东西。
Behavior and the environment.
行为与环境.
are other things You can think of inherited traits as those that you are born with and cannot change,such as your height or the color of your hair and eyes Do You Know?
其他东西 你可以把遗传的特质 想象成你生来就无法改变的特质 比如你的身高 或者你的头发和眼睛的颜色
However,sometimes you can change.
然而,有时你可以改变。
the appearance of inherited traits or acquire new traits.
遗传特征的出现或获得新的特征。
For example,you can change your appearance by wearing high heels if you are short,or by wearing blue-colored contact lenses.
例如,如果身穿高跟鞋很短,也可以穿蓝色隐形眼镜来改变外观.
if your eyes are brown.
如果你的眼睛是褐色的。
You will appear to be tall and have blue eyes, but these changes are not permanent;they do.
你会看起来很高 有蓝色的眼睛, 但是这些变化不是永久的; 他们是永久的。
not actually change the way you are.
没有改变你的样子。
You will still be short with brown eyes when you take off your shoes and your contact lenses.
脱下鞋子和隐形眼镜时 眼睛还是棕色的
However, some environmental traits can be permanent;for example,poor nutrition may cause someone to be short,even if he or she has “tall”genes Other traits are acquired,such as the ability.
然而,某些环境特征可能是永久性的;例如,营养不良可能导致某人短缺,即使他或她有“所有”基因。 其他的特质,如能力被获得.
to drive a car.
开车
It is not something you are born knowing how to do.
这不是你天生会做的事
There are all kinds of acquired traits.
有种种已得特质.
Some of these include the ability to swim,dance,tell good jokes,cook,juggle,.
其中一些包括游泳的能力,舞蹈, 说好的笑话,cook,juggle,,
and lots more.
还有很多
There are even traits that come from a mixture of heredity and the environment.
甚至有一些特征来自异端和环境的混合.
For instance, every human is born with the ability to learn how to speak and use language.
例如,每个人天生都有学习如何说和使用语言的能力。
But depending on where you were raised,you may have learned to speak Dutch,Spanish,Swahili,or Korean Inherited Traits Genes, Chromosomes, and DNA As Mendel discovered with pea plants,.
但是,取决于你在哪里长大, 你可能已经学会了说荷兰语,西班牙语,斯瓦希里语, 或韩语的继承特质基因,染色体,和DNA 孟德尔发现与豌豆植物,
traits are passed down from parents through genes.
特质通过基因从父母传来。
You can find your genes on rod-shaped structures,called chromosomes,inside your cells.
你可以在你的细胞内 找到你的基因 在棒状结构上 所谓的染色体
Chromosomes carry the genes that determine.
染色体携带决定基因.
if you will be a boy or a girl,and all the other characteristics you inherit from your parents.
如果你是男孩还是女孩 以及你从父母那里继承的所有其他特征
Genes are made of even smaller molecules called DNA.
基因由更小的分子所制取,称为DNA.
DNA molecules are found in all your cells.
DNA分子存在于你所有的细胞中.
You can think of DNA as a code or.
你可以把DNA当作密码
a blueprint of how a living thing is put together.
一个活物如何组合的蓝图
DNA molecules carry all the information needed to make each living thing.
DNA分子携带着使每个活物所需的全部信息.
Every living thing that you can think of was put together following the blueprint provided by its DNA.
所有你能想到的活物 都按照DNA提供的蓝图拼凑在一起
Dominant vs Recessive Traits Let’s get back to genes.
占上风的相继特质 让我们回到基因。
For now,genes are as small as we need to go.
目前,基因和我们要去的一样小。
Each parent carries two genes for most simple characteristics,like eye color,dimples,and tongue rolling.
每个家长携带两个基因,以达到最简单的特性,比如眼色,凹陷,舌头滚滚.
As explained earlier with Mendel’s pea plants,a gene is either dominant or recessive.
如前所解释的, Mendel的豌豆植物,a 基因要么是主基因,要么是活性基因。
A dominant gene is stronger and will always win when combined with a recessive gene.
占优势的基因更强壮,在与倒置基因结合时永远会取胜.
For example,say your mother has brown.
比如说你妈妈是棕色的
eyes and your father has blue eyes.
眼睛和你父亲有蓝眼睛。
You receive one brown-eye gene from your mother and one blue-eye gene from your father.
你从你母亲那里得到一个褐眼基因 从你父亲那里得到一个蓝眼基因
Brown-eye genes are dominant,while blue-eye genes are recessive.
褐眼基因占优势,而蓝眼基因则具有沉积性.
The brown-eye gene wins out over the blue-eye gene.
褐眼基因胜出于蓝眼基因.
That means you would have brown eyes This is where it gets a little confusing.
这意味着你会有棕色的眼睛 这里有点混乱
Now, just because you have brown eyes does not mean all your children will have brown eyes.
现在,只是因为你有棕色的眼睛 不意味着你的孩子都会有棕色的眼睛。
You are still carrying one recessive blue-eye gene.
你仍然携带着一个垂体蓝眼基因。
If that recessive gene gets paired with another recessive blue-eye gene,your child will have blue eyes.
如果这个垂体基因与另一个垂体蓝眼基因配对,你的孩子就会有蓝色的眼睛.
However,if that recessive blue-eye gene gets paired with a dominant brown-eye gene,or if you pass on your own dominant brown-eye gene rather than your blue-eye gene,your child will have brown eyes.
然而,如果这种沉滞的蓝眼基因与占优势的棕眼基因对接,或者如果你通过自己的占优势的棕眼基因而不是你的蓝眼基因,那么你的孩子就会有棕眼.
When parents have both dominant and recessive genes,it is difficult to.
当父母有主导基因和潜伏基因时,很难做到。
say what genes the child will receive.
说孩子会得到什么基因
This may be easier to visualize by using a Punnett square.
使用Punnett平方可能更容易被可视化.
Using a Punnett Square You can use a Punnett square to help figure out the odds of two parents passing on particular genes to their children.
使用 Punnett 广场 你可以用一个Punnett广场来帮助找出双亲将特定基因传给孩子的几率.
It does not guarantee that these odds will happen in real life.
它不能保证这些可能性在现实生活中发生。
It’s like tossing a coin.
就像掷出硬币一样。
There is a 1-in-2 chance that the coin will come up heads and a 1-in-2 chance that it will come up tails.
硬币有1入2分的几率 也有1入2分的几率
But that doesn’t mean it can’t come up heads five times in a row An example might help.
但这并不意味着它不能连续5次抬头。 举个例子也许有用。
What would be the odds of having a child with brown eyes if the mother has brown eyes,with one dominant brown-eye gene and one recessive blue-eye gene, and the father has blue eyes with two recessive blue-eye genes?
如果母亲有棕色眼睛,有一个占优势的棕色眼睛基因和一个下垂的蓝眼基因,而父亲有蓝眼有两个下垂的蓝眼基因,那么生出棕色眼睛的几率会有多大?
Let’s use a Punnett square to figure this out.
让我们用普内特广场来解决这个问题。
We’ll use a capital “BR”for the dominant brown-eye gene,and a small “bl”for the recessive blue-eye gene First,chart the mother’s pair of genes along the top of the Punnett square.
我们将会用一个“BR”来表示占优势的褐眼基因, 一个小“bl”来表示下垂的蓝眼基因,
Align one gene with the boxes on the left and the other gene.
将一个基因与左边的盒子相匹配,将另一个基因相匹配.
with the boxes on the right.
右边有箱子
Chart the father’s.
查查父亲的
gene pair along the left side of the Punnett square,like this: Next,carry the genes from the mother down from the top.
基因配对沿着Punnett平方的左侧,像这样: 接下来,把基因从母体从上而下地带出。
Write each one in each of the boxes below it,like this: Then carry the genes from the father across from the left.
写在下面的每个盒子里 像这样: 然后把父亲的基因从左边拿过来
Write them in each of the boxes.
每个盒子里都写着
to the right,like this: Now,count the gene pairs that contain at.
右边,像这样: 现在,数数其中包含的基因对.
least one dominant gene,and then compare them with the total number of gene pairs.
至少一个主基因,然后将它们与基因对总数进行比较.
Do the same with the pairs that contain only recessive genes.
和只包含静脉基因的对子一样
There is a 2-in-4,or 50 percent,chance the child will have brown eyes and a 2-in-4,or 50 percent, chance the child will have blue eyes.
有2-4分或50%,chance 儿童将拥有棕色的眼睛 和2-4分或50%, 儿童可能拥有蓝眼睛。
You can.
你行的,你来
use a Punnett square with other simple genetic traits,too Tracking Simple Genetic Traits You can use a Punnett square to figure out from which parent you inherited a particular trait.
使用具有其他简单遗传特征的 Punnett 平方形,太简单的遗传特征跟踪 您可以使用 Punnett 方块来确定您继承了哪一个特定特性的父方。
For example,can you roll your tongue?
例如,你能摇动你的舌头吗?
Tongue rolling is a dominant trait;if you have it,you can be sure at least one of your parents has it,too.
舌头滚是主流的特质,如果你有的话,你至少可以肯定你父母中有一个也有。
But if you can’t roll your tongue,you know you inherited recessive genes from both parents,even if they both have one dominant gene and can roll their tongues Attached earlobes are a recessive trait.
但是如果你不能摇动你的舌头, 你知道你继承了双亲的静脉基因, 即使他们都有一个主导基因, 也可以摇动他们的舌头。 相接的耳垂是一种下垂性特质.
If both of your parents have attached earlobes,then you and all your brothers and sisters will,too Dimples are another dominant trait.
如果你父母都附着耳垂,那么你和你的所有兄弟姐妹都会, 小酒窝也是另一个主要特征。
Do you have dimples?
你有酒窝吗?
Do either of your parents have dimples?
你父母有酒窝吗?
What about your grandparents?
你的外祖父母怎么办?
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
Genetics in Our Future Besides all the fun things,like figuring out whether you got your blue eyes from your mom’s side of the family or your dad’s,and.
未来遗传学 除了所有有趣的事情, 比如想清楚你是否从你母亲的家里或者你爸爸那里得到你的蓝眼睛,
who in your family are tongue rollers,genetics.
在你家里是舌头滚滚的,
is used in very practical and important ways.
以非常实际和重要的方式使用。
Understanding more about the genetic makeup of humans can help scientists diagnose and treat genetically transmitted diseases.
更多地了解人类的基因构成可以帮助科学家诊断和治疗基因传染疾病.
New medicines can be developed to fight the diseases Genetics recently has helped law enforcement officers fight crime.
可以开发出新药来防治这些疾病。 遗传学最近帮助执法官员打击犯罪。
Crimes have been solved.
犯罪已经解决了。
by identifying criminals using their DNA from.
用他们的DNA识别罪犯
small samples of hair,skin,or fluid.
小样本的头发,皮肤,或液体。
The FBI.
联邦调查局
has opened a national database of genetic information to help law enforcement keep track of and find criminals Genetics is also helping farmers increase the production of food crops to meet the demands.
建立了国家遗传信息数据库,以帮助执法部门追踪和发现罪犯。 遗传学还帮助农民增加粮食作物产量,以满足需求。
of the world’s growing population.
人口的增长。
Scientists create grains,vegetables,and fruits that look better,last longer,have extra nutrients,and are more plentiful Although many of these discoveries are very useful,some believe that tampering with genes may cause harm to our world.
科学家创造出谷物,蔬菜, 水果看起来更好, 最后更长, 有额外的营养, 并且更丰满 虽然许多这些发现非常有用,但有些人认为篡改基因可能会对我们的世界造成伤害.
How will organisms that have been genetically altered affect our environment and us?
基因被改变的生物会如何影响我们的环境和我们?
This is something that scientists,and all of us,must think about.
这是科学家们和我们所有人必须思考的问题。
Conclusion So,just what is it that makes you,you?
结论 那么,它是什么让你,你?
You now know that much of the way you look and the way you are is inherited from your parents.
你现在知道,你的外观和生活方式大多是从父母那里继承的。
They pass down genes,or units of heredity,that have transferred traits from your grandparents to your parents,and then from your parents to you There is a lot more to learn about genetics.
他们传递基因,或遗传的单位, 这些基因将你的外祖父母的特质传给你的父母, 然后从你的父母传给你。 遗传学方面还有很多东西需要学习。
Many people spend their entire lives studying genetics.
很多人一生都在研究遗传学.
Not only will understanding more about genetics be important in the future,it is also sure to be fun and interesting!
对遗传学的更多了解在未来不仅很重要,它也肯定很有趣和有趣!
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
s hi T y Make a family tree r T
嗨,Ty,做个家庭树rT