Languages
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
United States 2 Hawaiian, Hawaii, United States 3 Taíno, Caribbean Islands 4 Languages of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, Australia 5 Swahili, East African coast 6 Languages of Inuit and Aleut peoples, United States, Canada, and Greenland 7 Maori, New Zealand ATLANTIC OCEAN SOUTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA ASIA AFRICA AUSTRALIA EUROPE INDIAN OCEAN A World View: Languages Discussed in This Book Table of Contents The Last Speaker.
美国2个夏威夷语、夏威夷语、美国3个泰伊诺语、加勒比群岛4个土著和托雷斯海峡岛民语言、澳大利亚5个斯瓦希里语、东非海岸6个因努伊特人和阿留申人语言、美国、加拿大和格陵兰7个毛利语、新西兰大西洋、南美、北美、非洲、欧洲、印度洋、印度洋、世界观:本书目录中讨论的语言。
4 Conquest and the Killing of Languages.
4 征服和杀害语言。
6 Assimilation and Language Shifts.
6同化与语言相通.
8 More Than Words.
8"多说".
10 Keeping a Language Alive.
10 保持语言活力。
13 Creating Comebacks.
13"创造回想".
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Source: World Economic Forum, 2003 The Last Speaker Languages are like living things.
资料来源:世界经济论坛,2003年。 末代议长语言就像活的东西.
They grow, spread, and change as people use them to communicate.
随着人们使用它们来交流,它们会生长,传播,并改变.
Sometimes, though, they can fade and even die out.
有时候,虽然,他们可以淡出甚至死出.
The Linguistic Society of America reports that a growing number of languages are becoming “endangered languages,” meaning they are at risk of dying out in the near future.
美国语言学会报告说,越来越多的语言正在成为“危险语言”,这意味着它们有可能在不久的将来死亡。
Anthropologists—scientists who study cultures—sometimes compare endangered languages to endangered species.
人类学家——研究文化的科学家——有时将濒危语言与濒危物种作比较.
They may go extinct if they are not cared for and protected.
如果得不到照顾和保护,它们可能会灭绝。
Often, an endangered language is only spoken by a few elders, while young people are no longer learning it.
一种濒危语言往往只由少数长者使用,而年轻人则不再学习.
Language experts called linguists predict that of the world’s more than 7,000 languages, 3,500 will die out by the year 2100.
语言专家称语言学家预测,在世界上超过7000种语言中,有3500种到2100年将死亡.
That’s half of all the languages in the world!
这是世界上所有语言的一半!
Around one language goes extinct every two weeks.
每两周就有一个语言灭绝
Linguists and speakers of endangered languages are working hard to prevent languages from disappearing.
语言学家和濒危语言使用者正努力防止语言消失.
Edwin Benson was a member of the Mandan people, one of three tribes that inhabit the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota, in the United States.
埃德温·本森是曼丹人的成员,曼丹人是居住在美国北达科他州贝特霍尔德保留地堡的三个部落之一.
The Mandan, who now live in various communities around the world, once inhabited more extensive tribal lands along the Missouri River where North and South Dakota are today.
曼丹人现在居住在世界各地的不同社区,曾经居住着更广阔的部落地盘,沿着密苏里河而今的北达科他州和南达科他州.
When Benson died in 2016, part of his people’s culture passed away with him.
2016年本森逝世后,其部分民生文化与他相去相去.
He was the last fluent speaker of Mandan, a language that had been spoken for centuries.
他是曼丹语的最后流利的演说者,这种语言已经传了几个世纪.
Benson helped create Mandan dictionaries and recordings before his death.
本森在死前帮助创作了"曼丹"(Mandan)词典和录音.
Fluent speakers of endangered languages are teaching intensive language classes to young students.
讲濒危语言的流利者向青年学生教授密集语言课程。
Linguists are also rushing to record the last speakers, such as Benson, and document what they know.
灵通主义者也急于录制班森等最后的演说者,并记录他们所知道的.
Their shared goal is to prevent these vital elements of culture from disappearing forever.
他们的共同目标是防止文化的这些关键要素永远消失.
Edwin Benson Conquest and the Killing of Languages Languages have faded and disappeared throughout human history.
Edwin Benson Conquest and the Killing of Languages Clanguages 在人类历史上逐渐消亡并消失.
This sometimes happens when an outside culture conquers a people.
有时,当一个外来文化征服一个民族时,就会发生这种情况.
In these situations, the conquered people’s language can be destroyed quite quickly.
在这种情况下,被征服人民的语言可以被很快地被摧毁.
One example of this is the Taíno (tah-EE-noh) people of the Caribbean Islands.
这方面的一个例子是加勒比群岛的Taíno人(tah-EE-noh)。
The Taíno met Christopher Columbus’s men when they arrived in the Americas in the 1490s.
塔伊诺人于1490年代抵达美洲时遇到了克里斯托弗·哥伦布的手下.
Columbus and his men enslaved many of the Taíno, crushing their traditions and culture.
哥伦布和他的手下奴役了多位塔伊诺人,粉碎了他们的传统和文化.
They also transmitted diseases the Taíno had no defense against, rapidly killing them and other indigenous peoples by the millions.
他们还传染了泰诺人无法抵御的疾病,他们和其他土著人民被数百万人迅速杀害。
Within fifty years, almost all Taíno were dead, and with them nearly their entire culture and language.
在五十年内,几乎所有的Taíno都死了,他们几乎全部的文化和语言都死了。
However, people of Taíno heritage survived, and some Taíno words were added to other cultures.
然而,Taíno遗产的人活了下来,一些Taíno语被添加到其他文化中.
English, for example, has adopted Taíno terms such as canoe, barbecue, hammock, and hurricane.
例如,英语采用Taíno术语,如独木舟、烧烤、吊床和飓风。
This Taíno rock carving is called a petroglyph.
这种塔伊诺岩刻被称作"石刻".
More recently, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of Australia experienced destruction of their traditional ways of life.
最近,澳大利亚土著居民和托雷斯海峡岛民的传统生活方式被破坏。
Researchers estimate that the original people first arrived on the continent as many as sixty-five thousand years ago.
研究者估计,原始人最早到达大陆的时间是六万五千多年前.
They formed hundreds of nations with unique cultures and languages.
他们组成了数百个拥有独特文化和语言的国家.
Then, in 1788, colonists from England arrived.
后于1788年从英国来殖民者.
As with the Taíno, foreign diseases soon struck indigenous peoples in Australia.
与Taíno人一样,外国疾病很快袭击了澳大利亚的土著人民。
Soldiers and settlers massacred them as well.
士兵和定居者也屠杀了他们。
Researchers estimate that the population of indigenous Australian peoples shrank from 300,000 to 75,000 within 150 years of the British colonists’ arrival.
研究者估计,在英国殖民者到来后150年内,澳大利亚土著居民的人口从30万减少到了75 000人。
Under this outside pressure, the language and traditional parts of many peoples’ cultures faded or, in some cases, went extinct.
在这种外部压力下,许多民族文化的语言和传统部分逐渐消退,或在某些情况下消失。
Linguists estimate that people in Australia spoke about 250 indigenous languages before European colonists arrived.
语言学家估计,在澳大利亚,人们在欧洲殖民者到来之前讲了约250种土著语言.
Today, Australians speak only 60 on a regular basis.
今天,澳大利亚人只经常讲60个。
American Indian Boarding Schools From the 1870s through the 1960s, the governments of the United States and Canada sent many Native American and First Nations children to boarding schools where they were forced to speak English and punished for communicating in their native languages.
美国印第安寄宿学校 从1870年代起到1960年代,美国和加拿大政府将许多美洲原住民和原住民儿童送入寄宿学校,他们被迫讲英语,并因以母语交流而受到惩罚.
Assimilation and Language Shifts When one culture is assimilated, or absorbed into, another culture, whether from outside pressure or advantages the other culture offers, the original culture often gives up its own language.
同化和语言变化 当一种文化被同化或被吸收到另一种文化中时,无论是来自外界的压力还是其他文化提供的优势,原始文化往往放弃了自己的语言.
Sometimes, this change may be the result of economic factors.
有时,这种变化可能是经济因素造成的.
People may find that they benefit by using the language of a culture with which they trade or do business.
人们可能会发现,他们通过使用他们与之交易或做生意的文化的语言而受益。
Eventually, the outside language may take over as their everyday speech.
最终,外语可能会被取而代之,成为他们的日常言论.
The Swahili are a small ethnic group located along the coast of East Africa.
斯瓦希里人是一个小民族,分布于东非沿岸.
Across the region, Arab traders and other African peoples adopted the Swahili language for business and politics.
在整个中东地区,阿拉伯商人和其他非洲人民在商业和政治方面采用了斯瓦希里语。
In fact, Swahili added many Arabic words as its influence spread.
事实上,斯瓦希里语随着其影响力的传播而增加了许多阿拉伯语词汇.
Swahili is now the official language of Kenya and Tanzania.
斯瓦希里语现在是肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚的官方语言.
As it has gained speakers, Swahili has pushed aside traditional languages of people like the Dahalo in Kenya, the Zaramo in Tanzania, and others.
斯瓦希里语在获得演讲者后,
A child in Kenya reads a book called Brother Rabbit in Swahili.
肯尼亚的一位孩子读了一本名为"斯瓦希里语的兔子兄弟"的书.
Another example of a language that has been affected by cultural assimilation is Hawaiian, which is considered a “severely endangered” language.
受文化同化影响的语言的另一个例子是夏威夷语,夏威夷语被认为是一种"严重濒危"的语言.
Hawaii is the only U.
夏威夷是唯一一个U.
S.
师曰.
state with two official languages—English and Hawaiian.
使用两种官方语言——英语和夏威夷语。
The United States took over these Pacific Islands in the late 1800s.
美国于1800年代末接管了这些太平洋岛屿.
Gradually, younger native Hawaiians switched to English as the everyday language of education and business.
渐渐地，年轻一代的夏威夷原住民改用英语作为教育和商业中的日常语言。
According to a U.
根据一个U.
S.
师曰.
government report, only about 6 percent of the more than 1.
政府报告,在超过1人中仅占6%左右。
3 million people in Hawaii spoke Hawaiian at home in 2011.
2011年夏威夷有300万人在家讲夏威夷语.
Popular culture and modern technology have helped cause such language shifts.
受欢迎的文化和现代技术帮助导致了这种语言转变。
Young speakers of these languages may be bombarded by music, movies, and news in the language of another culture.
讲这些语言的年轻人可能会被音乐、电影和新闻用另一种文化的语言轰炸。
This added pressure causes more erosion of the endangered language.
这种增加的压力使濒危语言受到更严重的侵蚀.
At the same time, the Internet and other media have the power to help preserve endangered languages by sharing them with more people.
同时,互联网和其他媒体也有能力与更多人分享濒危语言,帮助保存濒危语言.
Today, students can attend public Hawaiian- language-immersion schools.
今天,学生可以就读于公立的夏威夷语言浸润学校.
These students don’t learn English until fifth grade.
这些学生直到五年级才学英语。
More Than Words Why should people care if languages disappear?
多于词 为什么人们关心语言的消失?
One reason is that our words and the ideas they express help make us who we are.
一个原因是,我们的言辞和他们所表达的想法帮助我们成为现实。
As an important part of everyone’s culture and identity, language connects people and communities.
作为每个人的文化和认同的重要组成部分,语言将人和社区联系在一起.
The languages we speak help us make sense of the world.
我们所说的语言帮助我们理解世界。
When a language vanishes, the people whose ancestors spoke it usually suffer.
当一种语言消失时,其祖先讲这种语言的人通常会遭受痛苦。
Often, important parts of their history, religion, values, and daily ways of life are lost.
他们历史、宗教、价值观和日常生活方式中的重要部分往往被遗忘。
Some of their ideas simply cannot be expressed in any language but their own.
他们的一些想法只能用自己的语言表达。
Every language is unique to the time and place where it developed.
每种语言都是其发展的时间和地点所特有的.
The Return of Hebrew Hebrew died out as an everyday language almost two thousand years ago.
"希伯来人归来"作为近两千年前的日常语言而死.
However, it was still used in Jewish religious practices and some writing.
然而,它仍然被用在犹太人的宗教实践和一些写作中.
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Jewish leaders revived Hebrew as a spoken language.
在19和20世纪,犹太领导人将希伯来语复活为口语.
Hebrew’s comeback is the most successful example of a “dead language” being brought back to life.
希伯来语的复出是“死语”复活的最成功的例子。
In some places, you can find street signs and store names in both Hebrew and English.
在一些地方,可以找到街道标志并储存希伯来语和英语中的名字.
Linguists travel the world to record and document endangered languages.
语言学家出行世界,记录和记录濒危语言.
Researchers want to create records of them before the last speakers say their last words.
研究者希望在最后的发言者说出他们的遗言之前就建立他们的记录.
Speakers of a given language may have unique and extensive knowledge about scientific information, such as the plants, animals, and weather patterns of their homelands.
某一语言的讲者可能具有独特的和广泛的科学信息知识,例如其祖国的植物、动物和天气模式。
For example, Inuit (IN-yoo-it) and Aleut (A-lee-oot) peoples have lived for many generations in far northern regions of the world.
例如,因努伊特人(IN-yoo-it)和阿留申人(A-lee-oot)在世界遥远的北部地区生活了多代人.
Most of the year, they are surrounded by darkness and cold.
一年多时间,它们被黑暗和寒冷所包围.
Their languages, like Inuktitut (i-NOOK- tuh-toot) and Central Siberian Yupik (YOO-pik), have dozens of words for different types of snow and ice.
他们的语言,如Inuktitut(i-NOOK-tuh-toot)和Central Siberian Yupik(YOO-pik),有数十个词用于不同种类的冰雪.
A teacher holds Tlingit (TLING-kuht) language alphabet cards used to create new speakers of this critically endangered language in Juneau, Alaska.
一名教师持有Tlingit(TLING-KUHT)语言字母卡片,用来在阿拉斯加的Juneau创造出这种濒危语言的新语言.
Through oral histories, Inuit elders have used traditional languages to pass knowledge from one generation to the next.
伊努伊特长老通过口述历史,使用传统语言将知识从一代传到下一代.
Their expertise has helped climate scientists better understand how the Arctic environment has changed over time.
它们的专门知识帮助气候科学家更好地了解北极环境如何随着时间的推移而变化.
For example, Inuit can explain what kinds of ice and snow were once common in their lands but now no longer form.
例如,因努伊特人可以解释什么样的冰雪曾经在他们的土地上很常见,但现在不再形成.
They can also describe how environmental changes affect animals.
它们也可以描述环境变化如何影响动物.
Some of these languages are now endangered, so researchers want to preserve this important knowledge.
其中一些语言现在已濒临绝境,因此研究者想保留这一重要的知识.
A boy studies the alphabet at an Inuit school in Nunavut, Canada.
一位男孩在加拿大努纳武特的一所因努伊特学校学习字母.
Keeping a Language Alive Today, most endangered languages share common characteristics.
多数濒危语言都具有共同的特点。
First, they usually belong to small ethnic groups.
首先,他们通常属于少数族群。
Second, most are oral languages—languages that have been spoken but do not have a strong tradition of being written down.
第二,大多数是口头语言,这些语言已经使用,但没有写下来的强烈传统。
Third, they face pressure from other cultures, often those that are more powerful in economic terms.
第三,他们面临来自其他文化的压力,这些文化往往在经济方面更为强大。
These factors may put a language at risk.
这些因素可能使一种语言处于危险之中。
Field linguists, such as those who work for the Enduring Voices Project, a collaboration between the National Geographic Society and Living Tongues Institute of Endangered Languages, travel the world to catalog and record the most endangered languages.
野外语言学家,如为"持久之声"项目工作的人,国家地理学会与濒危语言Living Tangues研究所的合作,环游世界,编目并记录最濒危语言.
It is important to document fluent speakers of an endangered language to protect the variety of human knowledge.
有必要记录流利的濒危语言,以保护人类的各种知识。
Researchers want to preserve the vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar of vanishing languages by creating a library of materials.
研究人员希望通过建立一个材料库来保存消失语言的词汇,发音和语法.
By recording speakers of these languages doing different activities, such as singing a song, preparing a meal, or building a house, linguists create “living dictionaries” that show how these people describe the world around them.
语言学家通过录制这些语言的讲者进行不同的活动,例如唱一首歌、准备一顿饭或建造一栋房子,创造出“活字典”,以显示这些人如何描述他们周围的世界。
Like students in Hawaii, children around the world take immersion classes as another way for communities to bring back endangered languages.
与夏威夷的学生一样,世界各地的儿童都参加浸水课,作为社区带回濒危语言的另一种方式.
These classes are taught totally in the language that people hope to preserve.
这些课程完全用人们希望保留的语言讲授。
For example, only around 125,000 of New Zealand’s 4.
例如,在新西兰的4个国家中,只有大约125 000个。
7 million people speak Maori, an endangered language of a native Polynesian people.
700万人讲毛利语,这是波利尼西亚原住民的濒危语言。
Today, many children take Maori immersion classes.
今天,许多儿童参加了毛利浸入班。
The aim is to get very young children using Maori every day.
目的是让非常年幼的儿童每天使用毛利人。
If young people learn the endangered language, it has a much better chance of staying alive.
如果年轻人学会了濒危语言,那么活下来的机会就大得多了.
Moana in Maori In 2017, the Disney film Moana, about a Polynesian girl who goes on a quest across the ocean, was dubbed in Maori and shown in local movie theaters.
毛利语Moana 2017年,迪士尼电影"莫阿娜"(Moana),讲述一个波利尼西亚女孩出道出海探险,被取名"毛利"并在当地电影院上映.
In New Zealand, two children point to a sign in the Maori language for the longest place name in the world.
在新西兰,两个孩子用毛利语标出世界上最长的地名。
Creating Comebacks Saving languages is about taking care that knowledge and human experience do not disappear.
创造回想 保存语言 是要注意 知识和人类的经验不会消失。
As languages like Chinese, Spanish, and English spread farther around the world, it becomes more difficult to prevent other languages from vanishing.
随着汉语,西班牙语,英语等语言在世界更远的传播,防止其他语言消失变得更加困难.
Linguists know that saving Maori, Mandan, or any other endangered language is about more than memorizing words and pronouncing them correctly.
语言学家知道,拯救毛利语,曼丹语或其他任何濒危语言,都不仅仅是纪念和正确代词.
It’s about saving a culture and way of life that can teach us more about humanity.
而是拯救一种能教导我们更多人性的文化和生活方式。
Linguists work with one of the last speakers of Kanakanavu (kah-nah-kah-NAH-voo), a critically endangered tribal language of a mountain village in southern Taiwan.
卡纳克纳武语(kah-nah-kah-NAH-voo)是台湾南部一个山区村庄的一个濒临绝境的部落语言。
Glossary assimilated (v.)
类同词汇表(五.
absorbed into or caused to become a part of something else (p.
被吸收或导致成为其他事物的一部分(p.
8) bombarded (v.)
8)被轰炸(五.
exposed to or overwhelmed by a large, repeated number of things, such as questions or criticisms (p.
被大量反复出现的东西所暴露或不堪重负,如问题或批评(p.
9) cultures (n.)
9) 文化 (n.
particular societies with their own ideas and customs (p.
具有自己思想和习俗的特殊社会(p.
4) document (v.)
4)文件(五.
to record information about an event in writing or in photographs (p.
以书面或相片形式记录某项活动的信息(p.
5) endangered (adj.)
(5) 濒危(adj.)
(adj.)
(中文(简体) ).