The Bill of Rights
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 The Highest Law of the Land.
4"地上最高法".
6 Adding the Bill of Rights.
6 增加权利法案。
9 What Does the Bill of Rights Protect?
9 《权利法案》保护什么?
12 Other Important Amendments.
12 其他重要修正案。
19 Standing Up for Rights Today.
19 今日维护权利。
21 Conclusion.
21 结论。
23 Glossary.
23 词汇表。
24 Introduction In 1969, the school district of Des Moines, Iowa, got a lesson about freedom of speech.
导言 1969年,爱荷华州得梅因斯校区获得了言论自由的教训.
The district punished five students in 1965 for wearing black armbands to school.
该区于1965年因佩戴黑色臂章而处罚了5名学生上校.
The students had worn the armbands to protest the Vietnam War.
学生们佩戴了臂章来抗议越南战争.
The district told the students to remove the armbands, but the students kept them on.
该区要求学生去掉臂章,但学生们不脱.
As a result, they were suspended from school.
因此被停学.
Three of the students and their parents filed a lawsuit against the district.
其中3名学生及其父母向该区提起诉讼.
The case was eventually decided by the Supreme Court of the United States.
该案最终由美国最高法院裁决.
Mary Beth Tinker (right), with her mother, Lorena, and younger brother Paul, reacts to news of the Supreme Court’s 1969 decision.
Mary Beth Tinker(右翼)与她的母亲Lorena和弟弟Paul一起对最高法院1969年判决的消息作出反应。
Mary Beth was suspended for wearing a black armband to her junior high school.
玛丽·贝斯被停职,因为她初中时戴着黑色的臂章.
The U.
吴人.
S.
师曰.
Supreme Court decided that the students had the right to wear the armbands.
最高法院裁定学生有权佩戴臂章.
The Court based its decision on an amendment (a change or correction to a written document) to the U.
法院根据对U的修正案(对书面文件的修改或更正)作出决定。
S.
师曰.
Constitution.
宪法。
The Court said the wearing of black armbands was a form of speech that was protected by the First Amendment.
法院说佩戴黑色臂章是一种受第一修正案保护的言论形式.
The First Amendment is part of the Bill of Rights, a list of ten amendments to the U.
"第一修正案"是"权利法案"的一部分,这是对U的十项修正案列表.
S.
师曰.
Constitution that protect citizens’ freedoms.
保护公民自由的宪法。
When Americans talk about their freedoms, they often are talking about the rights protected under the Bill of Rights.
当美国人谈论自己的自由时,他们经常谈论权利法案所保护的权利.
The United States Supreme Court building in Washington, D.
美国最高法院华盛顿大楼.
C.
C组
The Highest Law of the Land The Bill of Rights is part of the U.
最高地法 权利法案是U的一部分。
S.
师曰.
Constitution.
宪法。
The Constitution is the first and highest law of the country that was created when the United States was formed.
《宪法》是美国成立时创建的第一部也是最高的法律。
All the other laws that get passed need to follow the principles in the Constitution.
所有其他获得通过的法律都需要遵循《宪法》的原则。
Where did the rights mentioned in the Constitution come from?
《宪法》中提及的权利来自何处?
The original U.
原"吴".
S.
师曰.
Constitution, including the Bill of Rights, is on display at the National Archives Building in Washington, D.
包括《权利法案》在内的《宪法》在华盛顿特区国家档案大楼展出。
C.
C组
The United States was originally a group of thirteen colonies ruled by Great Britain.
美国最初是由大不列颠统治的13个殖民地组成的集团.
The American colonists felt that their rights were being ignored under the rule of the British king, George III.
美国殖民者觉得在英国国王乔治三世的统治下他们的权利被忽略了.
In 1775, they started a revolution.
1775年,他们发动了一场革命.
For the next eight years, the colonies fought a war against Great Britain to win their independence.
在接下来的八年中,殖民地为了赢得独立而与大不列颠开战.
The colonists who helped create the United States of America were called the Founders.
帮助创建了美利坚合众国的殖民者被称为"创始人".
The Founders wanted to make a new government that would protect people’s rights.
创始人希望建立一个保护人民权利的新政府。
During the war with Great Britain, the Founders created a confederation of states with a weak central government.
在同大不列颠的战争期间,创始人建立了一个中央政府薄弱的邦联.
They didn’t want to give their leaders the same powers as a king, so they gave most powers to the states.
他们并不想给领导人与国王同等的权力,
American soldiers march to fight the British in this painting.
美军士兵出征与这幅画中的英军作战.
After the war ended, the Founders realized that their system of government was not working.
战争结束后,创立者们意识到他们的政府制度没有发挥作用.
In 1787, they decided to change the system of government.
1787年,他们决定改变政府制度.
They met in Philadelphia to write a constitution that would set rules and guidelines for this new system.
他们在费城开会,写一部宪法,为这个新系统制定规则和指导方针.
The Founders hoped to give the central government more power without giving it so much power that it could take away people’s rights and freedoms.
创始人希望给予中央政府更多的权力,而不赋予它如此多的权力,从而可以剥夺人民的权利和自由。
The new constitution was finished in September 1787.
新宪法于1787年9月完成.
By mid-1788, all but two of the states had approved it.
至1788年中,除两个州外,其他州都批准了.
The Constitution then became the law of the land, and George Washington became the first president.
宪法随后成为了国家的法律,乔治·华盛顿也成为了第一任总统.
The American Founders debated the Constitution at Independence Hall in Philadelphia.
美国创始人在费城独立会堂就宪法进行辩论.
Thinking Critically Benjamin Franklin was a famous author, inventor, scientist, and politician.
认为批判本杰明·富兰克林是著名的作家,发明家,科学家和政治家.
He was one of the Founders who participated in the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787.
他是1787年参加费城制宪会议的创始人之一.
In 1755, Franklin wrote, “Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety.”
1755年,富兰克林写道,“那些为了购买一点临时安全而放弃基本自由的人既不应当享有自由,也不应当享有安全。 “
What do you think he meant?
你觉得他是什么意思?
Adding the Bill of Rights The two states that voted against the Constitution were North Carolina and Rhode Island.
增加权利法案 投票反对宪法的两个州是北卡罗来纳和罗德岛.
They said they would not approve the Constitution or join the government unless a bill of rights was added.
他们说,除非增加权利法案,否则不会批准宪法或加入政府.
Some of the Founders warned that adding a bill of rights could be dangerous.
一些创始人警告说,增加权利法案可能很危险.
They argued that creating a list of rights might make people think that any rights not on the list were not protected.
他们认为,制定一份权利清单可能会使人们认为没有列入清单的任何权利都得不到保护。
James Madison, a leading Founder, agreed with this position.
领先创始人詹姆斯·麦迪逊同意这一立场.
However, another important Founder, Thomas Jefferson, had the opposite view.
然而,另一个重要 创始人托马斯·杰斐逊的观点相反.
He said the Constitution needed a bill of rights.
他说宪法需要一部权利法案.
Madison and Jefferson were both from Virginia.
麦迪逊和杰斐逊都是弗吉尼亚人
Their home state had a Declaration of Rights in its constitution.
他们的祖国在其宪法中载有《权利宣言》。
In fact, several state constitutions contained bills of rights.
事实上,一些州宪法载有权利法案。
Jefferson said citizens’ rights needed to be spelled out in the U.
Jefferson说, 公民的权利需要在联合国中阐明。
S.
师曰.
Constitution.
宪法。
James Madison (left) and Thomas Jefferson (right) helped create the Bill of Rights.
詹姆斯·麦迪逊(左)和托马斯·杰斐逊(右)帮助创立了权利法案.
Madison finally agreed.
麦迪逊终于同意了.
He set about creating a bill of rights.
他着手创建民权法案.
Madison used the Virginia Declaration of Rights as one of his models.
麦迪逊将"弗吉尼亚权利宣言"作为他的模式之一.
Madison wrote a bill of rights that would create twenty amendments to the Constitution.
麦迪逊写了一个权利法案,将产生20个宪法修正案.
Congress cut that number down to twelve.
国会把这个数字减少到12个
Those amendments were given to the states in 1789.
这些修正案于1789年提交各州。
North Carolina and Rhode Island now believed that people’s rights would be protected.
北卡罗来纳州和罗德岛州现在都认为人们的权利会受到保护.
By the end of 1791, the required three-fourths of the states had agreed to ten of the twelve amendments.
至1791年底,要求的四分之三州同意了十二个修正案中的十个.
Those ten amendments became the Bill of Rights.
这十项修正案成为《权利法案》。
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
The United States was not the first country to adopt a bill of rights that limited the powers of its government.
美国不是第一个通过限制其政府权力的权利法案的国家。
England passed the English Bill of Rights in 1689—more than 1 00 years before the United States passed its own version.
英国在1689年通过了"英国权利法案"——比美国通过自己的版本早了100多年.
Today, most democratic countries around the world have written documents that protect the civil and political rights of their citizens.
今天,全世界大多数民主国家都有保护其公民的公民权利和政治权利的文件。
Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Germany, India, and Japan all have written constitutions that include a bill of rights.
加拿大、新西兰、南非、德国、印度和日本都制定了包含权利法案的宪法。
Forty- seven nations in and around Europe have adopted the European Convention on Human Rights, which protects many of the same rights as those found in the U.
欧洲47个及周边国家通过了《欧洲人权公约》,该公约保护许多与《欧洲人权公约》相同的权利。
S.
师曰.
Bill of Rights.
权利法案。
What Does the Bill of Rights Protect?
《权利法案》保护什么?
The Bill of Rights protects many individual rights.
《权利法案》保护许多个人权利。
Let’s look at some of the most important rights protected by the Constitution.
让我们看看宪法保护的一些最重要的权利。
The First Amendment protects freedom of speech.
第一修正案保护言论自由。
It also guarantees freedom of the press and of religion.
它还保障新闻和宗教自由。
It says that citizens have the right to ask their government to change laws that they don’t agree with.
公民有权要求政府修改他们不同意的法律。
It also says that people are free to meet in groups for peaceful purposes.
它还说,人们可以自由地为和平目的集体聚会。
Marchers exercise their right to demonstrate in San Francisco, California, in November 2011.
游行者于2011年11月在加利福尼亚州旧金山行使示威权利.
Freedom of the press means that reporters have a right to share news and opinions with the public.
新闻自由是指记者有权与公众分享新闻和意见.
In the 1700s, newspapers and other printed materials were the only sources of information.
在1700年代,报纸和其他印刷品是唯一的信息来源.
Today, freedom of the press also protects information on the radio, television, and the Internet.
今天,新闻自由也保护广播、电视和互联网上的信息。
Freedom of the press covers many forms of media, including television, newspapers, radio, and the Internet.
新闻自由涵盖多种形式的媒体,包括电视、报纸、广播和互联网。
Freedom of religion is also an important First Amendment right.
宗教自由也是第一修正案规定的重要权利。
Many countries around the world have one official religion.
世界上许多国家都有一个官方宗教.
The First Amendment says that the United States can’t do that.
美国不能这么做。
Americans are free to practice any (or no) religion as they wish.
美国人可以随意信奉任何(或不信奉)宗教。
A man holds a sign to support freedom of religion during a rally near the World Trade Center site in New York in 2010.
在2010年于纽约世贸中心会址附近的集会上,一名男子持有支持宗教自由的标志.
The Second Amendment is still widely debated today.
第二修正案今天仍在广泛辩论.
It gives citizens the right to own and use weapons.
它赋予公民拥有和使用武器的权利。
Some people think this amendment was meant to apply just to militia groups such as the National Guard.
有些人认为,这一修正案只是适用于国民警卫队等民兵团体。
Other people think the amendment gives all Americans the right to own and use weapons.
其他人认为修正案赋予了所有美国人拥有和使用武器的权利.
Important Events for the U.
重要事件为U.
S.
师曰.
Constitution Year Event 1775 American Revolutionary War begins 1776 Continental Congress approves the Declaration of Independence 1781 American Revolutionary War ends 1787 U.
1775年"美国革命战争"(Constitution Evention 1775 American Revolutionary War)开始1776年大陆国会批准"独立宣言"(1781 American Revolutionary War enders 1787 U.
S.
师曰.
Constitution written 1788 U.
《宪法》 1788 U (英语).
S.
师曰.
Constitution approved 1791 The Bill of Rights (first ten amendments) added to the Constitution 1865 13th Amendment — Slavery abolished 1868 14th Amendment — Rights of citizenship granted to all people born in the United States or naturalized 1870 15th Amendment — Right to vote given to all male citizens, regardless of color or race 1920 19th Amendment — Women gain right to vote 1971 26th Amendment — Voting age lowered to 18 The Fourth Amendment says police officers can’t search or arrest someone unless they have a good reason to think that person has committed a crime.
宪法获得通过 1791 (英语). 1865年宪法第13修正案——奴隶制废除了1868年第14修正案——赋予所有在美国出生或入籍的1870年第15修正案——赋予所有男性公民的公民权,不论肤色或种族 1920年第19修正案——妇女获得投票权 1971年第26修正案——投票年龄被降低到18岁 第四修正案说警察不能搜查或逮捕某人,除非他们有充分的理由认为此人犯罪.
Because of this amendment, the police must ask a judge to give them permission before they can search someone’s property.
由于这项修正案,警方必须请法官允许他们才能搜查某人的财产。
Without this right, police officers could search people’s homes, workplaces, or cars anytime for no reason at all, which would mean that people would have almost no right to privacy.
没有这一权利,警察随时都可以毫无理由地搜查人们的住宅、工作场所或汽车,这意味着人们几乎没有隐私权。
The Bill of Rights says that police officers need to have a good reason to think someone has done something against the law before they can search their property.
《权利法案》规定,警官必须有充分的理由认为某人在搜查其财产之前有违法的行为。
Three parts of the Bill of Rights protect people who have been charged with crimes.
《权利法案》有三部分保护被指控犯罪的人。
Those parts are the Fifth Amendment, the Sixth Amendment, and the Eighth Amendment.
这些部分是第五修正案、第六修正案和第八修正案。
The Fifth Amendment says that nobody can be forced to stand trial for a serious crime unless a group of citizens agrees that there is good reason to think the person may be guilty of that crime.
第五修正案规定,除非一群公民同意有充分理由认为此人可能犯有严重罪行,否则不得强迫任何人接受审判。
The criminal charge must be proved in court before the person can be punished in any way.
刑事指控必须在法庭上得到证实,才能以任何方式惩罚该人。
Someone found not guilty of a crime cannot be charged again for the same crime.
被判无罪的人不能因同一罪行再次被起诉。
A person accused of committing a crime stands in court before a judge.
被指控犯罪的人在法庭上接受法官的审判。
The Sixth Amendment says that a trial must be held as soon as possible.
第六修正案说,必须尽快进行审判。
It must be a public trial and must be conducted fairly in front of a jury.
它必须是公开审判,必须在陪审团面前公平进行。
The Eighth Amendment says that punishments for crimes can’t be “cruel and unusual.”
第八修正案指出,对罪行的处罚不能“残忍和不寻常”。 “
At the time this amendment was written, some criminals were punished by being burned with red-hot branding irons.
在写作这一修正案时,一些罪犯被用红热烙铁来烧.
Others were locked into wooden stocks in public spaces where crowds could throw things at them.
其他人被锁在公共空间的木质库存中,人群可以向他们扔东西。
Today, those punishments would not be allowed.
今天,这些惩罚是不允许的。
A crowd in Great Britain shouts insults at men forced to stand in wooden stocks as punishment for their crimes in this painting from 1805.
大不列颠的一群人高呼侮辱被强迫站入木质库存的男子,作为对1805年这幅画所犯下的罪行的惩罚.
Other Important Amendments More than two hundred years have passed since the Bill of Rights was created.
其他重要修正 自《民权法案》制定以来,已有200多年之久。
During that time, many other amendments have been added.
在此期间,增加了许多其他修正案。
Today, the Constitution has twenty-seven amendments, including many that protect people’s rights.
今天,《宪法》有27个修正案,包括许多保护人民权利的修正案。
Two of the most important amendments in the 1800s were the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments.
1800年代最重要的两项修正案是第十三和第十四修正案.
They were passed after the Civil War (1861–1865).
它们在南北战争后被通过(1861–1865).
The Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery in the United States.
第十三修正案宣布美国的奴隶制为非法.
The Fourteenth Amendment made all former slaves U.
第十四修正案将所有前奴隶都变成U.
S.
师曰.
citizens.
公民们
It also promised “equal protection of the laws” for all U.
它还承诺对所有乌干达人“平等保护法律”。
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师曰.
citizens, regardless of their race.
公民,不论种族。
The Fourteenth Amendment was the key reason behind the Supreme Court decision that ended racial segregation of schools in America in 1954.
第十四修正案是1954年最高法院决定终止美国学校种族隔离的主要原因。
The Supreme Court ended school segregation in a decision in 1954.
最高法院在1954年的一项决定中结束了学校隔离。
Another important amendment was the Nineteenth Amendment.
另一项重要的修正是第十九项修正。
It was the amendment that finally gave women the right to vote.
最终给予妇女投票权的是修正案。
Women organized and fought for this right for more than seventy years before the amendment passed in 1920.
在1920年通过修正案之前,70多年来,妇女组织和争取这一权利。
Passing a new amendment is not easy.
通过新的修正案并不容易。
Amendments can only be proposed by Congress or through a Constitutional Convention called for by two-thirds of all the state legislatures.
修正案只能由国会提出,或通过三分之二的州立法机构要求召开的制宪会议来提出.
Once an amendment has been proposed, three-fourths of all the states legislatures must vote in favor of it for it to be ratified, or become law.
一旦提出修正案,所有州议会的四分之三必须投票赞成,才能批准修正案或成为法律。
Women in Cleveland, Ohio, organize for the right to vote in 1912.
1912年俄亥俄州克利夫兰的妇女组织起来争取选举权.
Standing Up for Rights Today The Bill of Rights and other amendments to the Constitution guarantee the rights of all Americans, but sometimes people have to fight to keep their rights.
今日维护权利组织 权利法案和宪法的其他修正案保障了所有美国人的权利,但有时人们不得不为维护自己的权利而斗争.
That’s what happened to Alondra Jones.
Alondra Jones也因此遭殃。
Alondra was an honor student at a public high school in San Francisco in the year 2000.
2000年阿隆德拉是旧金山一所公立高中的荣誉学生.
Although she was a top student, Alondra struggled to graduate because her school had so many problems.
虽然她是一个顶尖的学生,但阿隆德拉却因为学校有这么多问题而挣扎着毕业.
Her high school didn’t have enough textbooks to go around, and there were no computers for students to use.
她的高中没有足够的教科书可以四处走走,
Rats roamed the hallways, and the buildings were filthy.
老鼠在走廊上走来走去 建筑很脏
One day, Alondra visited another school where students had books, computers, and clean, safe buildings.
一天,阿隆德拉参观了另一所学校,学生在那里有书籍,计算机,以及干净,安全的建筑.
That trip made Alondra realize that her school was very different from many other schools in her state.
这次出行使阿隆德拉意识到她的学校与她所在州的许多其他学校大相径庭.
Alondra Jones appeared at a panel discussion called “Youth Stand Up for Freedom” in Washington, D.
Alondra Jones出席了在华盛顿特区举行的题为“青年站起来争取自由”的小组讨论。
C.
C组
, in 2006.
,2006年发布.
Alondra decided to stand up for her rights.
阿隆德拉决定拥护她的权利.
She joined almost one hundred other students in a lawsuit that forced the State of California to change the way it funded its public schools.
她与其他近一百名学生一起参加了一场诉讼,迫使加州州改变其资助公立学校的方式.
The court that decided the case said that California was not giving “equal protection” to its students as required by the Fourteenth Amendment.
裁决该案的法院说,加利福尼亚州没有按照第十四修正案的要求给予学生“平等保护”。
It said that students like Alondra had a right to expect public schools in which they could get a good education.
它说,像阿隆德拉这样的学生有权期待公立学校能够对他们进行良好的教育.
Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger announced plans to give California schools more money in 2005 as a result of the lawsuit that Alondra Jones became involved in.
州长阿诺德·施瓦辛格(Arnold Schwarzenegger)宣布,由于阿隆德拉·琼斯被卷入的诉讼,2005年计划给加州学校更多钱.
Research More.
进一步研究。
Conclusion The story of individual rights in America is not over.
结论 美国个人权利的故事还没有结束.
It began with the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
它始于宪法和权利法案.
It continues to change through new laws, new amendments, and the actions of citizens who are willing to stand up for their rights.
它继续通过新的法律、新的修正案和愿意维护其权利的公民的行动来改变。
The Founders of the United States created a system that promised liberty and freedom to its citizens.
美国的缔造者建立了一个向其公民保证自由和自由的制度。
It is up to all Americans to keep that promise alive.
所有美国人都应该信守诺言。
Protestors fill the capitol building in Madison, Wisconsin, in February 2011.
2011年2月,抗议者填补了威斯康星州麦迪逊的Capitol大楼.
Glossary amendment (n.)
术语表修正(n.)
Bill of Rights (n.)
民权法案(无)
States Constitution, which guarantee certain rights (p.
《州宪法》保障某些权利(第2页)。
5) confederation (n.)
5) 联合会(n.)
Constitution (n.)
宪法(n.)
Founders (n.)
创始人 (n.
the group of men who helped to establish the United States and its system of government (p.
帮助建立美国及其政府体制的男子群体(p.
7) freedom of speech (n.)
7) 言论自由(n.
segregation (n.)
隔离(n.)