Bus System
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents The Trusty Bus.
信托巴士目录.
4 Taxes to Transportation.
4 运输税。
5 Mass Transit on a Massive Scale.
5 大规模运输。
6 History.
6 历史.
8 Safety.
8号安全
12 Yellow Buses Go “Green”.
12 黄公交车走"绿色".
13 Conclusion.
13 结论。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 The Trusty Bus Sarah walks outside on a freezing winter day.
16 信托巴士莎拉在寒冷的冬天走出去.
It’s so frigid that when she pauses to pull her hood over her head, she can feel strands of hair sticking together.
当她停下来把头罩拉到头上时,
They’re not quite dry, and the water from her morning shower has frozen instantly on her head.
早上淋浴后的水被冻在头上。
She shivers and gets moving, heading out to the school bus stop a block from her family’s apartment.
前往校车,
As cold as it is, though, she’s not concerned about standing outside: she knows she won’t have to wait for long.
她知道自己不用等太久。
The bus arrives right on time, and she greets the driver as she boards, but in her mind she’s busy reviewing material for her science test.
公交车准时到来, 她向司机问候,
She barely notices as the bus pulls out of the stop and rumbles down the road, taking her to school.
她几乎没注意到 公交车从停站拉出 然后在路上摇晃 带她上学
It’s a part of her day she simply takes for granted.
这是她一天的一部分,
In fact, the school bus is such a common sight on the roads that few people stop to think about how that bus system works.
事实上,校车是路面上常见的景色,很少有人停下来思考该校车系统是如何运作的.
Taxes to Transportation The school bus system is one of the most important and complex mass transit systems in the United States.
运输税 校车系统是美国最重要和最复杂的大众交通系统之一.
Busing students to school requires the efforts of a small army of people, including bus drivers, mechanics, and school transportation coordinators.
接送学生上学需要一支包括公共汽车司机、机械师和学校交通协调员在内的人数不多的军队的努力。
The system depends, too, on a well-developed network of roads that connect remote rural areas with larger towns and cities.
该系统还依赖发达的道路网络,将偏远农村地区同较大的城镇连接起来。
School buses travel on all kinds of roadways, from interstate highways to unpaved rural lanes.
校车在从州际公路到未铺设的农村道等各种出行道上.
Remarkably, the vehicles, drivers, mechanics, and even the fuel that make the school bus system work are controlled by individual school districts.
值得注意的是,车辆、司机、机械师甚至使校车系统发挥作用的燃料都由各校区控制。
There is no central authority that coordinates school buses; each district works out its own busing solutions.
没有一个中央当局负责协调校车;每个区都有自己的公交解决方案。
School buses are paid for with taxpayer money that often comes from local property taxes.
校车用纳税人的钱支付,这些钱往往来自地方地产税.
Those taxes pay for services such as police departments, fire departments, libraries, and schools.
这些税收用于支付诸如警察部门、消防部门、图书馆和学校等服务。
In addition, individual states sometimes give schools transportation funds that are used for busing.
此外,个别州有时会为学校提供用于公共汽车的交通资金.
Buses are crucial to the American public school system, which is based on the principle that everybody is entitled to an education.
公共汽车对美国公立学校系统至关重要,该系统的基础是人人有权接受教育的原则。
Mass Transit on a Massive Scale Coordinating the buses that transport students to and from school is an enormous job.
大规模过渡 协调运送学生往返学校的巴士是一项艰巨的工作。
The fleet of public school buses in the United States employs more vehicles and moves more people than any other form of mass transit in the nation.
美国公立学校公交车的车队比国内任何其他形式的大众运输车都多,动人也多.
In 2013, about 480,000 buses transported slightly more than half of public school students to school each day.
2013年,约有48万辆公交车每天运送略多于半数的公立学校学生到校.
In fact, the American school bus fleet has more than twice as many vehicles as all the other mass transit systems in the country combined.
事实上,美国校车车队的车辆数量是该国所有其他大众运输系统总和的两倍多。
Across the Pacific Ocean, in Hong Kong, 90 percent of all travel is done by mass transit, and seven million people ride daily.
横跨太平洋,在香港,90%的出行都是由大众转乘完成的,每天有700万人骑行.
Compare this to the twenty-six million students across the United States who used school buses daily in 2013.
与2013年全美每天使用校车的2600万学生相比.
The American school bus system is so enormous for several reasons.
美国校车系统如此庞大,原因有几个.
The country’s large geographical size, its large population, and its lack of other public transit options for students in many places make school buses essential.
该国地域辽阔,人口众多,而且许多地方的学生缺乏其他公共交通选择,因此校车至关重要。
This is especially true in rural areas, which often have no public transit options at all.
在农村地区尤其如此,农村地区往往根本没有公共交通选择。
Rural American school buses tend to have very complex and wide- ranging routes.
美国农村校车的路线往往非常复杂和广泛.
The rural school bus system in Kingman, Arizona, for example, covers an area larger than the entire state of Delaware.
例如亚利桑那州金曼的乡村校车系统覆盖面积大于整个特拉华州.
In order to make these wide-ranging bus routes work efficiently, school transportation coordinators must examine a number of factors.
为了使这些范围广泛的公共汽车路线有效运行,学校交通协调员必须审查一些因素。
They must try to ensure that students don’t spend too much time commuting every day.
学生不会每天花太多时间通勤。
They must establish bus stops that are not too far away from students’ homes (each district determines acceptable “walk ranges” to the bus stop).
他们必须建立距离学生之家不远的公交车站(每个区决定可接受的"行走范围"到公交站).
Many districts offer bus service to any student who lives more than 2 miles (3.
许多区为任何居住2英里以上的学生提供公交服务(3.
2 km) from school.
离学校2公里。
In addition, students who might be placed in dangerous situations by walking to school (such as crossing a highway) are often offered bus service.
此外,学生步行到学校(如穿越公路)可能处于危险境地,往往得到公共汽车服务。
Coordination of bus routes takes place before each school year begins.
在每个学年开始前协调公共汽车路线。
Math Minute At 1,954 square miles (5,060 sq km), Delaware is the second smallest of the fifty states.
数学分钟 在1,954平方英里(5,060平方千米)上,特拉华州是50个州中第二小州.
In Arizona, the Kingman Unified School District (KUSD) is more than 3,000 square miles (7,779 sq km).
在亚利桑那州,金曼统一学区(KUSD)面积超过3,000平方英里(7,779平方千米).
If KUSD is 3,000 square miles, how much larger is it than the state of Delaware?
如果KUSD是3,000平方英里,它比特拉华州还要多?
Answer: 1,046 square miles (2,709 sq km) History American public schools began organizing mass transportation for their students long before the modern school bus existed.
答:1,046平方英里(2,709平方千米) 美国历史公立学校早在现代校车存在之前就开始为其学生组织大众交通.
In the nineteenth century, many students attended one-room schoolhouses in sparsely populated rural school districts.
在19世纪,许多学生在人口稀少的农村校区上过一室的学校.
In these situations, some students walked, while others used horse-drawn wagons or sleds to get to school.
在这种情况下,一些学生走走,而另一些学生则用拖马车或雪橇上学.
Over time, school districts discovered that it was efficient to use a system of horse-drawn wagons.
随着时间推移,各校区发现使用马车系统是有效的.
The wagons would travel between prearranged collection points, picking up students and transporting them to school.
这些马车将往返于预先安排的收货点之间,接送学生并送往学校。
A horse-drawn stagecoach school bus waits in front of a Colorado high school around 1910.
1910年左右,一辆马兜铃马戏团校车在科罗拉多州一所高中前等.
As populations expanded and technology advanced, transit systems transitioned to using motor vehicles.
随着人口的增长和技术的进步,过境系统向使用机动车辆过渡。
The basic concept of public transportation for students, however, remained the same.
然而,学生公共交通的基本概念依然不变。
Using large passenger vehicles, school districts designed routes, circulated vehicles, fetched students before school, and delivered them home (or near home) at day’s end.
使用大型客车,校区设计出路线,分流车辆,接学生上学前去取回,并送学生到家(或家附近)日出后回家.
Yes to Yellow The big yellow school bus familiar to today’s American students developed over time.
是,黄 今日美国学生熟悉的大黄校车随着时间推移而发展.
The first motorized vehicles that transported students didn’t look much like modern buses.
最早运送学生的机动车辆,
A school bus from the 1920s, for example, resembled an extra-long Model T.
比如1920年代的一班校车,就类似于一款超长的Model T.
Buses gradually grew larger to accommodate more and more students.
公交车逐渐变大以容纳越来越多的学生.
The yellow color of modern school buses was adopted because it was highly visible.
现代校车的黄色颜色被采纳,因为它的能见度很高.
Educators and parents wanted the school buses to stand out on the road so that motorists could easily see them and stop in time to allow students to board safely.
教育家和家长想让校车在路上站出站来,让出行者可以轻松地看到并及时停车,让学生安全登上.
Today, American school buses are required by federal law to be painted a color called “National School Bus Glossy Yellow” and to be identified with the label “School Bus” in letters at least 8 inches (20 cm) high.
今天,联邦法律要求美国校车被涂上一种叫作"全国校车光滑黄色"的颜色并用至少8英寸(20公分)高的字母标出"校车"的标签.
These regulations are designed to make school buses instantly recognizable.
这些条例旨在使校车能够立即识别。
In the second half of the twentieth century, school districts attempted to coordinate the existing school bus system to achieve a new goal: school integration.
20世纪下半叶,各校区试图协调现有的校车系统,以达到一个新的目标:学校一体化.
School integration refers to the process of bringing African American and white students together in schools.
学校融合是指将非裔美国人和白人学生聚集在学校的过程.
Prior to 1954, many American schools were segregated, meaning that black students and white students were sent to separate schools.
1954年以前,许多美国学校被隔离,这意味着黑人学生和白人学生被送往分立的学校.
These segregated schools were not equal.
这些被隔离的学校是不平等的。
White students usually received better educational opportunities and more resources than black students did.
白人学生通常比黑人学生获得更好的教育机会和资源.
Then came a landmark decision by the U.
之后,美国作出了具有里程碑意义的决定。
S.
师曰.
Supreme Court in 1954 called Brown v.
1954年最高法院将Brown v.
Board of Education.
教育委员会.
The Supreme Court declared that school segregation discriminated against African American students, and the process of integration began.
最高法院宣布学校隔离歧视非裔美国学生,并开始了融合进程.
While integration met fierce resistance in the South, in Northern and Western states segregation was de facto.
虽然在南方,融合遇到了激烈的抵制,但在北方和西方各州,隔离事实上是存在的。
That is, black and white students already lived in separate neighborhoods—as a result, they went to different schools.
也就是说,黑人和白人学生已经居住在不同的社区,因此他们去了不同的学校。
This is where school buses played an important role.
这是校车发挥重要作用的地方.
In the 1970s and 1980s, schools collaborated to bus black students to white schools and vice versa in a practice called desegregation busing.
在20世纪70年代和80年代,学校合作将黑人学生开往白人学校,反之亦然,在一种叫去隔离巴士的做法中.
This practice was controversial, however, and by the 1990s most school districts had stopped it.
但是,这种做法有争议,到1990年代,大多数校区都停止了这种做法.
In recent years, school transportation coordinators have faced new challenges as they plan school bus routes for districts that have consolidated schools.
近年来,学校交通协调员在为巩固学校的地区规划校车路线时面临新的挑战.
Consolidation is a process in which several smaller schools combine in one larger building.
合并是一个过程,几个较小的学校合并在一个更大的建筑物中。
Consolidation can cut education costs since many students can share resources in a larger school.
合并可以减少教育费用,因为许多学生可以在更大的学校中分享资源。
However, consolidation also requires some students to travel much farther to school.
然而,合并还需要一些学生远走高飞。
This makes the bus system extremely important in these districts, and it makes bus routes larger and more complex.
这使得公交系统在这些地區极其重要,也使公交线路更庞大更复杂.
One of the country’s longest school bus routes, in rural Texas, transported some students roughly 100 miles (160 km) each way in the mid-1990s.
全国最长的校车路线之一, 在德克萨斯州农村,
These students spent more time on the bus than they did in school!
这些学生在公交车上花的时间比在学校多!
White children ride a bus from a North Carolina suburb to Charlotte’s inner city in 1973 (left).
白人儿童于1973年从北卡罗来纳郊区乘坐公交车前往夏洛特的内城(左翼).
Black children and their moms ride a bus across Cleveland, Ohio, as part of a desegregation plan in 1979 (right).
作为1979年去隔离计划(右)的一部分,黑人儿童及其母亲乘坐公交车穿越俄亥俄州克利夫兰.
Safety School transportation coordinators work closely with drivers and mechanics to ensure school bus safety.
安全学校交通协调员与司机和机械师密切合作,确保校车安全.
In fact, the American public school bus system is the safest transportation option for students.
事实上,美国公立学校巴士系统是学生最安全的交通选择.
According to the National Safety Council, school buses are forty times safer than private cars.
据国家安全理事会称,校车比私人汽车安全40倍.
School districts require bus drivers to undergo intensive safety training, and buses are examined frequently for mechanical issues.
校区要求公交车司机接受强化安全培训,公交车经常接受机械问题检查.
In addition, school buses have a number of built-in safety features, such as emergency exits, reinforced roof structures, and a seat layout that helps keep students safe in the event of a crash.
此外,校车还具有一些内置安全特征,如紧急出入口,加固屋顶结构等,并设有座位布局,可帮助学生在发生相撞事故时保持安全.
Seats are spaced closely together, and seat backs are constructed to absorb an impact.
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This structure places passengers in a type of protective box.
这种结构将乘客放入一类保护箱.
Interestingly, in most states, safety belts are not required on school buses, though a few (such as Texas, New York, and California) have passed bus safety belt laws.
有趣的是,在大多数州,校车不需要安全带,尽管少数州(如德克萨斯州,纽约州和加利福尼亚州)已经通过了公共汽车安全带法.
Other bus safety features may include flashing stop signs to alert drivers that students are getting off or on the bus and cameras that help drivers see what’s happening inside the bus and outside.
其他巴士安全功能可能包括闪出停车标志来提醒司机学生下车或上车,
We can expect to see additional safety upgrades in the school bus system as technology advances.
随着技术的进步,我们有望看到校车系统中更多的安全升级.
Yellow Buses Go “Green” Some school districts are also beginning to make environmentally friendly upgrades to buses.
一些校区也开始对公交车进行环保升级。
A school district in New York, for example, introduced a fully electric school bus in 2016 with zero carbon emissions, which means the electric engine doesn’t put pollutants into the air.
例如纽约的一个校区在2016年引入了全电校车,零碳排放,这意味着电动引擎不会将污染物放入空气.
The bus can travel for about 120 miles (190 km) before it needs to be recharged.
公交车在需要充电前可行驶约120英里(190公里).
Another “green” trend in school bus technology is the use of propane fuel.
校车技术的另一个“绿色”趋势是丙烷燃料的使用。
Propane is much less expensive than traditional diesel fuel, and it helps to reduce emissions as well.
丙烷比传统柴油便宜得多,也有助于减少排放。
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
The Houston Independent School District added 44 new buses to its 1,100-vehicle fleet at the beginning of the 2016 school year; these buses now include full three-point safety belts for every passenger.
休斯敦独立校区在2016学年初为其1,100个车辆组增加了44辆新公交车;这些公交车现在包括了每个乘客的全三分安全带.
Though seat belts make passengers in private cars much safer, there is some debate about whether this holds true for school buses, which are designed according to much more rigorous safety standards.
虽然安全带让私家车的乘客更加安全,但对于校车是否如此存在一些争论,因为校车是按照更严格的安全标准设计的.
In addition, it’s hard for school bus drivers to supervise correct seat belt use since buses often hold more than fifty students at a time, which limits the effectiveness of the safety belts.
此外,校车司机很难监督正确的安全带使用,因为校车一次经常有超过50名学生,这限制了安全带的有效性.
Hybrid buses like this one use both electric power and diesel fuel.
这种混合型公交车既使用电力,也使用柴油.
In 2007, drivers of hybrid buses reported better mileage—almost twice the mileage of regular school buses.
2007年,混合型公共汽车司机报告说里程较好,几乎是普通校车里程的两倍。
School buses can also reduce carbon emissions by replacing private vehicles on the road.
校车还可以通过更换路上的私人车辆来减少碳排放.
The average school bus can transport fifty-four students.
一般校车可以运送54名学生.
That eliminates about thirty-six private vehicles that would otherwise be used to drive students to school.
这样就取消了大约36辆私人车辆,这些车辆本来可以用来驱使学生上学。
This fact, along with newer, greener technology, can help keep the air cleaner.
这一事实,连同更新的,更绿色的技术,可以帮助保持空气清洁.
Bar 2 = 1.
栏2= 1.
4 gallons each trip Bar 3 =.
每次出行4加仑 第3行=.
8 gallons each trip 14.
每次出行8加仑14.
5 L) 1.
（列表编号：5L-1）
3 L) 0.
3 L) 0 (英语).
8 (3 L) Gallons per 10-mile (16 km) trip 36 family vehicles regular bus (diesel fuel) hybrid bus (diesel + electric) On the Road: Fuel Efficiency Buses are bigger than cars, so they use more gas to go the same distance.
8(3L) 加仑每10英里(16公里)出行 36辆家用车辆普通公交车(柴油) 混合公交车(柴油+电动) 在路上:燃料效率公交车比汽车大,因此多用煤气去同距离.
When you consider the number of passengers, though, buses are far more fuel efficient— and far less polluting.
但考虑到乘客人数,公共汽车燃料效率要高得多,污染程度要低得多。
Conclusion As the school bus slows to a stop, Sarah opens her eyes, startled to find that she’s dozed off.
结论 校车减速到停站时, Sarah睁开眼睛,
She hastily gathers her things and follows the other students off the bus.
她匆忙地收集她的东西,跟随其他学生下车.
The driver calls out, “Have a good day!”
司机喊道:“祝你愉快!”
Sarah and the other students wave as they head into the school building.
莎拉和其他学生走进校舍时挥手.
The bus pulls away from the curb, its job done for now.
公交车从路口开走,它的工作目前已经完成.
At the end of the day, it’ll be waiting for them, ready to start the whole journey again in reverse.
最终它将等待他们,
Glossary carbon emissions (n.)
碳排放词汇表(不详)
(adj.)
(中文(简体) ).
(n.)
(无)
(n.)
(无)