Say It with Pictures
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 The Language of the Gods.
4 神通语言.
5 Egyptian Hieroglyphs.
5 (埃及语). Egyptian Hieroglyphs.
6 Clay, Stone, Paper.
6 Clay, Stone, 纸.
8 The Glyphs of Mesoamerica.
8 中苏美里加的格莱弗斯.
10 Complex and Beautiful.
10 复杂而美丽。
11 The Life of Mayan Scribes.
11"玛雅史克来宾之生".
13 Conclusion.
13 结论。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Introduction Would you know what to do if you saw this sign?
导言 你知道如果你看到这个标志怎么办吗?
This traffic signal is easy to understand with just pictures.
这个交通信号很容易用图片来理解.
People have used pictures for much longer than they’ve used written words.
人们用相片的时间比用文字长得多。
Picture languages have been used to tell stories and provide valuable information.
图片语言被用来讲述故事并提供有价值的信息.
Using familiar images, in most cases, makes messages easy to understand for as many people as possible.
使用熟悉的图像,在大多数情况下,使信息为尽可能多的人容易理解.
Two such languages—Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mayan glyphs—are among the most recognized picture languages ever used.
两种语言: 埃及象形文字和玛雅格来语是有史以来最公认的图片语言之一。
The red hand on this sign means Do Not Walk.
这个标志上的红手表示"不要走".
The Language of the Gods Travelers to modern Egypt don’t have to search hard to see the ancient picture language known as hieroglyphic writing.
神通旅行者前往现代埃及的语言,
Many famous ruins, monuments, and temples feature carved picture symbols.
许多出名的废墟,纪念碑,和神庙都以雕刻出图片符号为特色.
These symbols are everywhere, it seems.
这些符号似乎到处都是
That is because for almost three thousand years (3100 bce–332 ce), Egyptians believed that written language was sacred.
这是因为近三千年(3100 bce–332 ce)以来,埃及人认为书面语言是神圣的.
Egyptian kings considered language a gift from the gods.
埃及国王们认为语言是众神的礼物.
It was the ruler’s holy duty to use this gift.
统治者的神圣义务是使用这种礼物。
Not doing so would anger Thoth, the heavenly scribe.
不这样做会激怒上天的文人索特.
It fell to earthly scribes working for the king, or pharaoh, to perform this duty.
落在为国王工作的地上文士,或作法老来履行这一职责.
This was no easy task.
这不是一件容易的事。
Scribes had to learn over seven hundred hieroglyphs in the Egyptian writing system.
Scribes不得不在埃及书写系统中学习了700多个象形文字.
Young boys, usually the sons of existing scribes, were sent to a special “scribe school” at age six or seven.
男孩,通常是现有文士的儿子,在六到七岁时被送到专门的“文士学校”。
It took several years for a student to become a full-fledged scribe in a pharaoh’s court.
在法老的宫廷里,
Young scribes also had to understand how to use and place glyphs properly.
年轻的文士们还必须懂得如何使用并妥善放置甘油.
The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek hieroglyphikos, which means “sacred carving.”
象形文字一词出自希腊象形文字,意为"神圣地雕刻". “
W W Egyptian Hieroglyphs There were basically two types of Egyptian hieroglyphs.
W W 埃及平面文字 埃及象形文字基本上有两种.
Logograms were units of meaning.
逻辑图是有意义的单位。
They made up most of the writing system.
他们构成了大部分的写作系统.
Logogram glyphs represented entire words, such as duck, walk, or Sun.
logographic glyphs代表了整个单词,如鸭子,行走,或太阳等.
Phonograms, on the other hand, were units of sound.
另一方面,唱片是声音的单位。
They were like the letters in most modern Western alphabets, with a few differences.
它们就像大多数现代西方字母中的字母, 有一些差异。
The vowels e and u were not included, and some characters represented letter combinations, such as sh.
元音e和u没有被包括在内,有些字符代表了字母组合,如sh.
The Egyptian hieroglyphic language contained twenty-four phonograms.
埃及象形文字中包含有24个相声.
A modern scroll of the Egyptian hieroglyphic alphabet shows characters and the letter sounds they represent.
埃及象形文字的现代卷轴显示了人物和他们所代表的字母.
Hieroglyphic messages were written in rows or columns and read from right to left.
平面信件被写成行或列并从右到左读取.
Fortunately for the scribes, they did not have to worry about periods or question marks.
幸运的是,对于文士们来说,他们不必担心时段或问号.
Hieroglyphic writing didn’t use any punctuation or spaces.
平面文字没有使用任何平面或空格。
The system did, however, have a special symbol for words that referred to royalty.
然而,该制度的确有一个特别的符号,用于提及特许权使用权的词语。
All writing about the pharaoh or his family was enclosed in a rectangular or oval shape called a cartouche.
所有关于法老或他家人的书写都用长方形或椭圆形的外形被封住,称为"行尸".
The cartouche shape symbolized the flat Earth and the arc of the Sun passing over it.
卡通克外形象征平地和太阳弧从上方穿过.
It was used to represent the pharaoh’s power over everything.
它被用来代表法老对一切的权力.
The cartouche of the Egyptian pharaoh Niuserra of Memphis Hieroglyphs were common sights on ancient Egyptian temples.
孟菲斯活佛的埃及法老尼瑟拉(英语:Pharaoh Niuserra)所出土的"活佛"是古埃及神庙上常见的景点.
Clay, Stone, Paper The earliest examples of hieroglyphs date back to around 3100 bce.
Clay, Stone, 纸张 最早的象形文字例子可以追溯到3100 bce左右.
They were discovered in a tomb in Abydos, an ancient city about 48 kilometers (30 mi.)
它们被发现于阿比多斯的一个墓穴中,一个约48公里(30米)的古城.
from Cairo.
从开罗。
Tiny clay tags about the size of postage stamps were carved with glyphs.
有关邮票大小的细小粘土标签被刻有甘油.
Archaeologists think they were used to label the contents of containers.
考古学家认为它们被用来给容器的内装物作标签.
Later hieroglyphs were carved into stone.
后来的象形文字被雕刻成石头.
They were used to make important pronouncements and were often featured on large stone slabs called stelae or tall, pointed obelisks.
它们被用来发表重要的言论,并经常被放在被称作"斯泰莱"(stelae)或"高"(stelae,指尖方尖碑)的大石板上.
Hieroglyphs were also carved on headstones and tombs of the deceased.
平面文字也刻在死者的墓碑和墓上.
Carving glyphs into stone took time and a lot of work.
将格子刻入石头需要时间和大量工作.
Eventually, scribes began using reed pens and ink to write glyphs on papyrus.
最终,文士们开始使用芦苇笔和墨水来写出papyrus上的格言.
The written glyphs were a simplified version of hieroglyphs.
所写的格言是象形文字的简化版本.
This method was much easier and let scribes create records more quickly.
这种方法容易得多,让文士更快地创建记录.
As time went on, hieroglyphs were used less and less.
随着时间的流逝,象形文字的使用也越来越少.
By the time of the Roman conquest, around 30 bce, stone- carved hieroglyphs were mainly used for decoration rather than communication.
至罗马征服时期,约30 bce,石刻象形文字主要用于装饰而非交流.
Today, you don’t have to travel to Egypt to see real hieroglyphs.
今天你不必去埃及看真正的象形文字。
Major museums, such as New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art and the British Museum in London, have exhibits of Egyptian writing.
主要博物馆,如纽约大都会艺术博物馆和伦敦大英博物馆,都有埃及写作的展品.
In some cities, all you have to do is walk down the street.
在有些城市,你只需要走在街上
The Place de la Concorde in Paris, France, is home to the three-thousand-year-old Luxor Obelisk.
法国巴黎的协和广场(Place de la Concorde)是法国卢克索方尖碑的三分之一.
Glyphs on the obelisk proclaim the reign of Ramses II.
方尖碑上的格利弗斯宣布了拉美西斯二世的统治.
The obelisk was a gift from Egypt to France in 1833.
方尖碑是埃及于1833年送给法国的礼物.
The Luxor Obelisk in Paris, France, which is 23 meters (75 ft.)
位于法国巴黎的卢克索方尖碑为23米(75英尺).
tall, was a gift from the government of Egypt.
是埃及政府的礼物
The Cup of Immortality was discovered in the tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamun.
不朽之杯被法老图坦卡蒙之墓所发现.
The Glyphs of Mesoamerica As the use of Egyptian hieroglyphs was decreasing, the use of a pictographic writing system on the other side of the world was increasing.
中美洲的格莱弗斯 随着埃及象形文字的使用正在减少,世界另一边的象形文字书写系统的使用也在增加.
The ancient Maya were a Mesoamerican people who lived on the Yucatan Peninsula in what is now southeastern Mexico.
古代玛雅人是一个中美洲人,生活在墨西哥东南部的尤卡坦半岛上。
Their pictographic language is considered one of the most complex of its kind.
他们的象形语言被认为是最复杂的一种.
Archaeologists think the Mayan writing system originated around 1000 bce.
考古学家认为玛雅书写系统起源于1000bce左右.
Evidence suggests it was first developed by the Mayas’ ancestors, the Olmecs.
有证据表明它最早是由玛雅人的祖先奥尔梅克人开发的.
The earliest examples of Mayan glyphs, however, date back to only 300 bce.
然而,玛雅格莱克最早的例子可以追溯到只有300bce.
The Maya, like the Egyptians, considered writing to be a gift from the gods.
玛雅人同埃及人一样,认为写作是神的礼物.
The supreme deity Itzamna was a shaman who created writing.
至高无上之神伊扎姆纳是一位创造出写作的巫师.
The divine nature of writing meant that only specially chosen scribes and royalty could read and write this sacred language.
写作的神圣性质意味着只有特别挑选的文士和皇室才能读写这种神圣的语言.
Glyphs cover a wall in Palenque, Mexico, a well-preserved Mayan city.
格莱夫斯覆盖了墨西哥帕伦克的一堵墙,一个保存良好的玛雅城市.
Complex and Beautiful The ancient Mayan system was similar to the one used by the Egyptians.
复杂而美丽 古代的玛雅人制度与埃及人使用的类似.
Like Egyptian hieroglyphs, the 800 or so Mayan glyphs were split into two groups.
和埃及象形文字一样,大约800个玛雅格律被分为两组.
Most of them were logograms that represented whole words.
其中大部分是代表整个字的对数图.
The other 150 or so glyphs were syllables that could be used as prefixes and suffixes.
其他150个左右的格子是可作前缀和后缀的音节.
The Maya did not have an alphabet with individual glyphs representing individual sounds.
玛雅人没有字母表,没有代表个人声音的个人格言。
Mayan words were written by grouping glyphs together in a square cartouche.
玛雅语是用拼音拼成一团 拼成一团的
A Mayan cartouche was simply a cluster of glyphs that went together, sort of like words in a sentence.
玛雅语的一首歌只是一组拼接在一起的格言, 有点像句子里的话。
Then those squares were organized into a grid.
然后这些广场被组织成网格.
They were placed in paired columns and read from left to right, then down in a zigzag pattern.
他们被放入成对的柱子,从左到右被读取,然后以zigzag模式下行.
Mayan Numbers Mayan numerals are made up of three symbols: a shell shape, dots, and bars.
玛雅数字 玛雅数字由三个符号组成:一个外壳形状,点和栏.
Mayan scribes took great care in creating beautiful cartouches.
玛雅文士们非常小心地创造出美丽的花花公子.
The design of each one was a source of pride.
每个人的设计都引人自豪。
Scribes wanted their work to stand out and arranged the glyphs within each cartouche as they thought best.
Scribes希望他们的工作能突出,按他们认为最好的方式,在每道道行道内安排出格来.
This practice enhanced each message’s unique beauty but also made reading a bit difficult since the same ideas could be shown in different ways.
这种做法提高了每个信息的独特美感,但也使阅读变得有些困难,因为同样的想法可以以不同的方式表现出来。
Another feature that made messages hard to read was that certain logograms could also be used as syllables.
使信件难以被读取的另一个特征是,某些对数图也可以用作音节.
A cartouche with calendar glyphs was found in a Mayan temple in Palenque, Mexico.
在墨西哥帕伦克一所玛雅神庙中发现了一尊带有日历格莱弗斯活佛的活佛.
Itzamna, the god of creation, is represented on a Mayan urn.
创作之神伊扎姆纳在玛雅骨灰上被代表.
It’s About Time Many Mayan documents had to do with timekeeping.
与时间保持有关,
The Maya were skilled astronomers who had a complex calendar system.
玛雅人是熟练的天文学家,拥有复杂的历法系统.
Their solar calendar had 365 days divided into eighteen 20-day months.
他们的太阳历有365天,分为18个20天月。
Five leftover days, called wayeb, were considered unlucky.
剩下的5天,叫做"Weeb",被认为是不走运.
The Life of Mayan Scribes Just as Egyptian scribes were important to the pharaoh, Mayan scribes were important to tribal kings.
玛雅人的生平 正如埃及文士对法老重要一样,玛雅文士对部落国王也很重要.
Scribes wrote text used in religious ceremonies.
Scribes撰写了宗教仪式中使用的文字.
Sadly, most Mayan books were destroyed during the Spanish conquest of the region in the sixteenth century.
可悲的是,在十六世纪西班牙征服该地区期间,玛雅人的大部分书籍被摧毁.
Mayan writing was often used to record a king’s victories in battle.
玛雅文写作经常被用来记录国王在战斗中的胜利.
Monuments and temples had glyphs carved into their stone walls and obelisks.
纪念碑和寺庙被刻入了他们的石墙和方尖碑.
The messages were a kind of propaganda written to boast about a ruler’s achievements.
这些讯息是一种宣传,
The displays were a way for rulers to show authority and assert their power.
这些展出是统治者展示权威和伸张自己权力的一种方式.
Mayan scribes used porcupine quill brushes to record glyphs in books.
玛雅文士们用小猪毛笔来记录出书中的甘油.
It was up to the scribes to post these messages in public.
由文士公开发表这些讯息。
This was easy and safe for scribes of a victorious king.
对于一个胜利的国王的文士来说,这是容易而安全的。
It was not as easy, however, for scribes who were on the losing side of a battle.
然而,对于处于战败一方的文士来说,这并不容易。
Conquerors believed that the best way to win the war of words was to deny their enemy the chance to use them.
征服者相信,赢得文字战争的最好方法是剥夺他们的敌人使用它们的机会.
Captured scribes from the losing side often had their hands hurt to keep them from ever writing again.
从失落一方被俘的文士们经常会因为手被打伤而不再写作.
Amazing examples of Mayan glyphs can be seen at sites throughout the Yucatan Peninsula.
在尤卡坦半岛各地都可以看到玛雅甘油的惊人例子。
Ruins at Palenque, Teotihuacan, and Tikal bear the beautiful and ornate stone markings of ancient scribes.
在Palenque,Teotihuacan,和Tikal的Ruins 承接了古代文人所留下的美丽和自然的石碑.
Like Egyptian hieroglyphs, Mayan glyphs tell stories of people who lived long ago.
与埃及象形文字一样,玛雅格莱夫也讲述了很久以前生活过的人的故事.
Mayan scribes’ responsibilities included the preparation of art and text glorifying the king.
玛雅文人的责任包括编写颂扬国王的艺术和文字。
Conclusion The beautiful picture languages of the ancient Maya and the Egyptians are no longer used.
结论 古代玛雅人和埃及人美丽的图片语言已经不再被使用.
Many other ancient picture languages, however, are still used today.
然而,今天仍然使用许多其他古老的图片语言。
Asian languages, such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, feature thousands of pictographic symbols.
中文,日文,韩文等亚洲语言有上千个象形符号的特点.
Modern picture languages exist as well.
现代图片语言也存在.
Simple block glyphs appear on signs for international travel.
国际旅行的标志上出现简单的块状格子.
These symbols direct travelers from all parts of the world where to get their bags or catch a bus.
这些符号直接从世界各地的旅行者那里取出行李或接通巴士.
It’s much easier to use glyphs than to make signs in many languages.
使用格言比用多种语言做标记容易得多。
Now, as in the past, a single picture sometimes works just as well as a dozen words!
现在,像过去一样,一幅相片有时和十几句话一样有效!
Universal symbols make communication easy for travelers around the world.
通用符号使世界各地的旅行者易于沟通.