Saladin
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
The Middle East in Saladin’s Time, 1137–1193 PERSIAN GULF CASPIAN SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA RED SEA EGYPT Tikrit Baghdad Jaffa Jerusalem Cairo Baalbek Aleppo Damascus Euphrates River Tigris River Hattin Syrian Desert Arabian Desert MESOPOTAM IA AFRICA ASIA EUROPE Table of Contents The Middle East.
萨拉丁时代的中东,1137–1193 佩斯南高地 塞斯南高地 地中海高地 Tikrit Baghdad Jaffa Jerusalem 开罗 Baalbek Aleppo 大马士革幼发拉底河 Hattin 叙利亚沙漠 阿拉伯沙漠 MESOPOTAM IA ASIA 欧洲目录 中东.
4 Early Years.
早年4岁.
5 Rise to Power.
5起起权相.
7 Fighting the Franks.
7与法兰克人战斗.
9 A Fierce Opponent.
9 Fierce反对者。
11 After the Truce.
11 休战后.
13 An Honorable Leader.
13 荣誉领导人。
14 Glossary.
14 词汇表。
16 Jerusalem is one of the world’s oldest cities.
16耶路撒冷是世界上最古老的城市之一。
Today it is the capital of Israel.
今天它是以色列的首都。
The Middle East Saladin lived in a part of the world known as the Middle East nearly nine hundred years ago.
近九百年前,中东的萨拉丁生活在被称作"中东"的世界的一部分.
As a young Muslim, he studied his faith and carefully followed its teachings.
作为一个年轻的穆斯林,他学习了自己的信仰,并认真遵循了它的教义.
As an adult, he became one of the most famous Muslim military leaders in history.
作为成年人,他成为了历史上最出名的穆斯林军事领袖之一.
The world Saladin was born into was complex.
萨拉丁诞生的世界很复杂
The city of Jerusalem is considered holy by three world religions: Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.
耶路撒冷城被三个世界宗教视为圣地:犹太教,伊斯兰教和基督教.
The city has many buildings and other sites that are sacred to the three religions’ followers.
这座城市有许多对三个宗教信徒来说都是神圣的建筑物和其他场所.
For centuries, Muslim-ruled Jerusalem was home to Muslims, Christians, and Jews alike.
几个世纪以来,穆斯林统治的耶路撒冷是穆斯林、基督徒和犹太人的家园。
In 1099, decades before Saladin’s birth, Western European Christians arrived in the holy city and seized control.
在萨拉丁出生前几十年的1099年,西欧基督徒到达了圣城并夺取了控制权.
They promised safety to the city’s residents but instead killed thousands.
他们答应让城市居民安全,
Saladin would reclaim Jerusalem for Muslims.
萨拉丁会把耶路撒冷归还给穆斯林
Saladin’s Muslim name is Salah al-Din, which means “he who honors the faith.”
萨拉丁的穆斯林名是萨拉赫·丁(Salah al-Din), “
Saladin is the Western version of his name.
萨拉丁是他的名字的西方版本.
Early Years Saladin was born in 1137 or 1138 to a Muslim family in Tikrit, Mesopotamia—many miles from Jerusalem.
早年的萨拉丁生于1137年或1138年,出生于美索不达米亚Tikrit的一个穆斯林家庭——离耶路撒冷多英里.
He was the son of a wealthy chief.
他是一位富有的酋长之子.
The family left Tikrit when Saladin was an infant and moved west to Aleppo, in northern Syria.
萨拉丁是婴儿时全家离开了蒂克里特,并西迁到叙利亚北部的阿勒颇.
The area, which was under the leadership of Sultan Zengi, was part of the Turkish Empire.
该地区由苏丹曾吉领导,是土耳其帝国的一部分.
Saladin’s father went to work for Zengi when Saladin was six.
萨拉丁六岁时,
The family moved again, to Baalbek and Damascus, where Saladin attended school at a mosque beginning at age seven.
家人再次搬到了巴阿勒贝克和大马士革,萨拉丁从7岁起在一座清真寺上学.
He learned about following the Five Pillars of Islam: faith, prayer, fasting, the giving of alms (money or food for poor people), and pilgrimage.
他了解到伊斯兰教的五大支柱:信仰、祈祷、斋戒、施舍(为穷人提供金钱或食物)和朝圣。
He also studied science, math, poetry, religion, and Arabic history and culture.
他还研究了科学,数学,诗歌,宗教,以及阿拉伯历史和文化.
He was more interested in becoming a scholar than preparing for a military career.
他更想成为一名学者,而不是为军事生涯做准备.
Muslim society placed great importance on leading a spiritual life and having a connection with Allah (God).
穆斯林社会非常重视过上精神生活,并与真主保持联系。
Muslims were taught to be fair, generous, loving, merciful, noble, and humble.
穆斯林被教导公平,慷慨,慈爱,仁慈,高尚,谦逊.
Saladin’s life underwent a great change in 1146.
1146年,萨拉丁的生活发生了巨大变化。
Zengi’s second son, Nur al-Din, took control of part of his father’s kingdom after Zengi died.
曾纪的次子, Nur al-Din),曾吉死后控制了父亲的部分王国.
Saladin’s father became governor of Damascus, and Saladin’s uncle Shirkuh became a military general.
萨拉丁的父亲出任大马士革总督,而萨拉丁的叔叔希尔库也出任军事将领.
Saladin joined Nur al-Din’s army at age fourteen and became the sultan’s chief aide a few years later.
萨拉丁在14岁时加入努尔丁的军队,并在几年后成为苏丹的首席助手.
The sultan was rich and powerful, but he led a life of honor and simplicity.
苏丹富有而强大,但他过着荣誉和简洁的生活.
He ruled with fairness and used his wealth to help his people.
他公正地统治并用他的财富来帮助他的人民.
Nur al-Din was a model for Saladin’s life.
Nur al-Din是萨拉丁一生的楷模.
Saladin ordered the Citadel of Saladin, in Egypt, to be built between 1176 and 1184.
萨拉丁下令在1176至1184年间修建埃及的萨拉丁城.
It was built for protection from Western European Christians.
它的建造是为了保护不受西欧基督徒的伤害.
Rise to Power Saladin continued to learn and, during his late twenties, he traveled to Egypt with his uncle Shirkuh on several military expeditions.
升入"权力"(Power Saradin)继续学习,20多来岁时,他与叔叔Shirkuh一起去埃及进行几次军事考察.
The purpose was to prevent Egypt from falling under the control of Western European Christians, known as Franks.
其目的是防止埃及落入被称作"法兰克人"的西欧基督徒的控制下.
Egypt was in a state of political confusion, and Shirkuh ended up becoming its ruler.
埃及处于政治混乱的状态,希克库最终成为了它的统治者.
After Shirkuh died nine weeks later, Saladin, age thirty-one, became the new ruler in 1169.
在9周后Shirkuh去世后,31岁的Saladin于1169年成为了新的统治者.
He also became the commander of Egypt’s Syrian troops.
他还成为了埃及叙利亚军队的指挥官.
Saladin vowed to free Jerusalem and the surrounding area from the Franks.
萨拉丁发誓要从法兰克人手中解放耶路撒冷和周边地区.
He improved Egypt’s economy and built schools, which attracted scholars from Europe and Asia.
他改善了埃及的经济并建立了学校,这吸引了来自欧洲和亚洲的学者.
The Crusades Crusades, or wars, were ordered by Popes who called for Western European Christians to fight in the Middle East.
十字军十字军,或称战争,由教宗下令,号召西欧基督徒去中东作战.
Their purpose was to stop Muslim control and reclaim the holy city of Jerusalem and other captured areas.
他们的目的是停止穆斯林的控制并收复圣城耶路撒冷和其他被俘地区.
Pope Urban II ordered the First Crusade in 1095.
1095年教宗乌尔班二世下令进行第一次十字军东征.
Pope Urban II Saladin could have lived in an enormous palace but preferred a small, simple house, and he gave away most of the palace’s riches.
教宗乌尔班二世萨拉丁本可以住在巨大的宫殿里,但更喜欢一个小而简单的房子,他把宫殿的大部分财富都献出.
As a leader, he gained loyalty because of his strength as well as his gentle, generous nature.
作为领导者,他因为力量和温柔,慷慨的本性而获得了忠诚.
Nur al-Din died just a few years later, in 1174.
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Saladin, believing he was the best choice to rule, took an army into Syria and fought Nur al-Din’s brothers for nine years.
萨拉丁相信自己是统治的最好选择,于是带了一支军队入叙利亚并和努尔·丁的兄弟们战斗了九年.
During that time, he ordered his soldiers to treat their enemies with respect.
在此期间,他命令他的士兵尊重他们的敌人.
Saladin’s men never looted or burned villages, never pursued a retreating army, and never treated captives without mercy.
萨拉丁的手下从未洗劫或烧毁村庄,从未追击撤退的军队,也从未对俘虏施以仁慈的待遇.
Saladin was a skillful political and military leader, and his reputation for being firm, virtuous, and generous grew.
萨拉丁是一位精通政治与军事的领袖,他坚定,善良,慷慨的名声不断提高.
By 1185, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and northern Mesopotamia—the area between the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers—were under Saladin’s control.
到1185年,叙利亚、巴勒斯坦、埃及和美索不达米亚北部(幼发拉底河和底格里斯河之间的地区)被萨拉丁控制。
Fighting the Franks In 1187, Saladin launched a war against the Franks, who had conquered Jerusalem eighty- eight years earlier during the First Crusade.
1187年与法兰克人交战后,萨拉丁向法兰克人发动了一场战争,法兰克人在第一次十字军东征时已经征服了耶路撒冷八十八年.
His plan was to drive out the invaders, take back the holy city, and encourage the spread of Islam.
他的计划是赶走入侵者,夺回圣城,鼓励伊斯兰教的传播.
At the time, the Franks were fighting among themselves over who should rule Jerusalem.
当时法兰克人为了谁应该统治耶路撒冷而互相争斗.
Raynald of Châtillon (sha-tee-YOHN), a man who was hostile toward Muslims, gained control of trade routes, and Guy of Lusignan (loo-zee- NYON), became king.
沙提隆(英语:Sha-tee-YOHN)的雷纳尔德(英语:Raynald of Châtillon (sha-tee-YOHN)),一个敌视穆斯林的人,获得了贸易路线的控制权,而卢西南(英语:Loo-zee-NYON)的盖伊也成为了国王.
Before then, Arab and Frankish traders had passed through each other’s lands peacefully.
在此之前,阿拉伯和法兰克贸易商曾和平地经过对方的土地.
When Raynald took charge, he broke treaties with Saladin, attacked Muslim trade caravans, and raided coastal towns.
雷纳尔德掌权后,他与萨拉丁断绝了条约,袭击了穆斯林的贸易大篷车,并突袭了沿海城镇.
In early July 1187, Saladin’s army captured the town of Tiberias and surrounded the castle.
1187年7月初,萨拉丁的军队攻克了提比里亚斯镇并包围了城堡.
In response, King Guy raised a Crusader army of twenty thousand soldiers to take back Tiberias.
作为回应,盖伊国王举起一支由2万士兵组成的十字军来取回提比里亚斯.
On the way, Saladin’s army forced Guy’s troops up against two hills called the Horns of Hattin.
在路上,萨拉丁的军队将盖伊的军队逼上两座叫"哈廷角"的山.
Although the Franks fought hard, Saladin’s army defeated them badly.
虽然法兰克人奋战,但萨拉丁的军队却惨败.
King Guy was taken captive, but Saladin later spared his life.
盖伊国王被俘虏了,但萨拉丁后来得以放生.
However, he killed Raynald, who had destroyed the truce between Saladin and the Crusaders.
然而他杀死了雷纳尔德,雷纳尔德摧毁了萨拉丁和十字军之间的停战.
Saladin then took control of the castle at Tiberias.
萨拉丁随后控制了提比里亚斯的城堡.
Saladin’s Battles Against the Franks, 1187–1192 DEAD SEA SEA OF GALILEE Jerusalem Hattin Acre Tyre Tiberias MEDITERRANEAN SEA Syrian Desert Arabian Desert The Franks fled to the fortress at Tyre to build up their forces again.
萨拉丁对法兰克人的战斗,1187–1192 DeEAD SEA OF GALILEE 耶路撒冷 Hattin Acre Tyre Tiberias MEDITRANANEN 叙利亚沙漠 阿拉伯沙漠 法兰克人逃到提尔的要塞以再次集结出他们的部队.
Saladin decided to deal with Tyre later and turned his attention to retaking Jerusalem.
萨拉丁后来决定和提尔打交道并转而关注重夺耶路撒冷.
His army attacked Jerusalem and took the holy city two weeks later, on October 2, 1187.
他的军队进攻了耶路撒冷,并在两周后,即1187年10月2日攻取了圣城.
Saladin had finally accomplished his goal of returning Jerusalem to Muslim control.
萨拉丁最终实现了将耶路撒冷恢复回穆斯林控制的目标.
The Muslim takeover of Jerusalem was a crushing blow for the Crusaders.
穆斯林对耶路撒冷的接管是十字军的粉碎打击。
In contrast to the Christian takeover of Jerusalem in 1099, Saladin’s takeover was not cruel or vengeful.
与1099年基督教接管耶路撒冷相对,萨拉丁的接管并非残忍或报复.
No Christian holy places were destroyed, and numerous sources reported that few people were killed.
没有基督教圣地被摧毁,许多消息来源报告说,很少有人被杀害。
After the takeover, Saladin allowed Christians to continue to visit their shrines within the city.
接管后,萨拉丁允许基督徒继续参观他们在城内的神祠.
A Fierce Opponent Europe was shocked by the news that the Muslims had taken Jerusalem.
一个Fierce反对的欧洲对穆斯林占领耶路撒冷的消息感到震惊.
European leaders immediately called for a Third Crusade.
欧洲领导人立即呼吁进行第三次十字军东征.
King Richard I of England (Richard the Lionheart) was one of the European kings who raised armies to take back the holy city.
理查德国王 英格兰一世(英语:Richard the Lionheart)是欧洲国王之一,他举起军队取回了圣城.
In the end, Richard led the effort.
最后由理查领导了这项努力.
Saladin tried to capture Tyre, the strongest remaining Frankish fortress, but did not succeed.
萨拉丁试图夺取蒂尔,这是现存最坚固的法兰克人要塞,但没有成功.
He freed King Guy at about the same time.
他同时释放了盖伊国王
Guy and his supporters went to Acre, which was under Muslim control, and attacked.
盖和支持者去穆斯林控制下的阿克里,并发动了攻击.
By the time Saladin and his army reached Acre, Crusaders had arrived from Europe, and Saladin couldn’t defeat them.
萨拉丁和他的军队到达阿克里后,十字军从欧洲赶来,萨拉丁无法击败他们.
A battle lasting 638 days took place with Muslims inside the fortress, surrounded by Christians, surrounded by Saladin’s army.
在堡垒内与穆斯林进行了一场持续了638天的战斗,这些堡垒被基督徒所包围,被萨拉丁的军队所包围.
The leaders of the Third Crusade and their armies arrived in the spring of 1191—first Philip Augustus of France, and Richard the Lionheart a few weeks later.
第三次十字军东征的领导人及其军队于1191年春天——法国第一位腓力·奥古斯都和几周后狮子心的理查到达.
Philip Augustus Richard was a brilliant commander who forced the Muslims at Acre to surrender only a month after his arrival.
菲利普·奥古斯都 理查是一位辉煌的指挥官,他在到达后一个月才迫使阿克里的穆斯林投降.
In August 1191, he marched Frankish troops south toward Jaffa while Saladin’s archers attacked them nonstop.
1191年8月,他向南向雅法出兵,而萨拉丁的弓箭手却不停地攻击他们.
However, Saladin’s army was growing weaker from long years of fighting, and Saladin couldn’t stop Richard from capturing coastal cities.
然而,萨拉丁的军队在多年的战斗中越来越弱,而萨拉丁无法阻止理查德攻克沿海城市.
Instead, Saladin took his army to Jerusalem to strengthen it against Frankish troops.
相反地,萨拉丁将他的军队带到了耶路撒冷,以对抗法兰克人的军队来强化它.
However, the Franks never attacked.
然而,法兰克人从未发动过攻击.
Richard realized he didn’t have the army to take and hold the holy city.
Richard意识到自己没有军队来夺取和控制圣城。
His decision to turn away signaled the end of the Third Crusade.
他拒绝的决定标志着第三次十字军东征的结束.
On September 2, 1192, Saladin’s brother discussed the terms of a truce with Richard.
1192年9月2日,萨拉丁的弟弟同理查德讨论了休战的条件.
Saladin allowed the Franks to keep the coast between Tyre and Jaffa.
萨拉丁允许法兰克人保持提尔和雅法之间的海岸.
The rest of the land, including Jerusalem, would be Muslim land, but Christians would be allowed to visit holy places.
其余土地,包括耶路撒冷,将是穆斯林土地,但基督教徒可以访问圣地。
Saladin’s honorable conduct won him lasting respect and appreciation from the Christian world.
萨拉丁的光荣行为赢得了基督教世界对他的持久尊重和赞赏。
The building that houses Saladin’s tomb was built in 1193 and restored in 1898.
萨拉丁墓的建筑建于1193年,于1898年被修复.
Saladin’s tomb After the Truce Saladin went home to Damascus after the truce was signed.
萨拉丁的坟墓 停战协议签订后,萨拉丁回到了大马士革.
He died only six months later, on March 4, 1193, at age fifty-five.
仅6个月后即1193年3月4日去世,享年55岁.
Because he never cared much for money or a life of luxury, he gave everything away, so there was no money for a proper burial.
由于他从不关心钱财或奢侈的生活,所以他把所有东西都捐出,所以没有钱来适当安葬.
He was later buried in a building constructed by his son in Damascus.
他后来被埋葬在由他儿子在大马士革建造的一栋建筑中.
After Saladin’s death, his family continued to rule over Egypt and nearby lands until 1250.
萨拉丁死后,他的家人继续统治埃及和附近的土地,直到1250年.
At that point, another group gained power.
这时,另一个集团获得了权力.
Jerusalem remained mostly under Muslim rule for centuries.
几个世纪以来,耶路撒冷仍然大多处于穆斯林统治之下。
An Honorable Leader When Saladin was alive, he was respected for his intelligence as well as his political and military skills.
萨拉丁在世时是一位荣誉领袖,他因其智慧以及政治和军事技能而受人尊敬.
Muslims respected him for uniting them and for driving the Crusaders out of Jerusalem.
穆斯林尊敬他团结他们,将十字军赶出耶路撒冷。
Even though the Crusaders were his enemies, they too had high respect for Saladin.
尽管十字军是他的敌人,他们也高度地尊重萨拉丁.
He was known across two continents as a leader who, while fierce in battle, also showed mercy.
他被誉为两大洲的领袖,虽然战事激烈,但也表现出了仁慈.
The time in history when Saladin lived—the Middle Ages—was known for great violence.
历史上的萨拉丁生活的时间——中世纪——以极大的暴力而出名.
Still, one of its most respected leaders is remembered for just the opposite.
然而,它最受尊敬的领导人之一却被人们记住,恰恰相反。
Just before Saladin died, he told his oldest son, “I have become as great as I am because I have won men’s hearts by gentleness and kindness.”
就在萨拉丁死前,他告诉他的长子:"我变得像我一样伟大,因为我通过温和和善良赢得了人心. “
Saladin set an example of an honorable leader during his lifetime, and he continues to set an example today.
萨拉丁在生前树立了一位可敬的领导人的榜样,他今天继续树立了榜样.
A statue of Saladin on horseback stands today in Damascus, South Syria.
今天,在叙利亚南部大马士革有一座骑马的萨拉丁雕像。