Beautiful Twist
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents The Beautiful Twist.
(原始内容存档于2017-10-21). Totable of Content The Beautiful Twist.
4 Rosalind Franklin.
4罗莎琳德·富兰克林.
5 A Life in Science.
5 科学生活。
8 The Secrets of Life.
8"生命之秘诀".
11 Watson and Crick’s Big Idea.
11 华生与克力克的大思想.
14 Happier Days.
14个快乐的日子
17 Rosalind Remembered.
17 罗莎琳德回忆.
20 Glossary.
20 词汇表。
23 The Beautiful Twist Have you ever seen this elegant shape?
23 美丽的弯曲 你见过这种优雅的外形吗?
It’s a double helix, and even if you don’t recognize it, it’s an important part of you.
这是双螺旋, 即便你不承认,
The double helix is the shape of DNA, which is like a blueprint contained within the cells of every living thing.
双螺旋是DNA的外形,这就像每个活物的细胞内包含的蓝图.
It’s a plan for how to build you!
这是如何建设你的计划!
DNA in the cells of your cat or dog contains the precise instructions for building your pet.
猫或狗细胞里的DNA 包含了建立宠物的精确指示
DNA from one cell of an apple tree holds all the information required to create the entire apple tree.
苹果树一个细胞的DNA保存着创建整个苹果树所需的全部信息.
DNA is short for “deoxyribonucleic acid.”
“脱氧核糖核酸”的DNA简称。 “
Even though it has a long name, DNA is so tiny that you can’t get a clear look at it with an ordinary microscope.
虽然名字很长, 但DNA很小,
Scientists didn’t even realize that this molecule existed until 1869.
科学家甚至到1869年才意识到这种分子的存在.
Then they understood that it was important and complex, but they couldn’t understand how its atoms were arranged.
但他们无法理解原子是如何排列的。
So how did we learn about the double helix?
我们怎么得知双螺旋的?
Doing so involved many people, a lot of work, and, most of all, the determination of one brilliant woman.
这样做涉及很多人, 很多工作, 最重要的是, 一个杰出女人的决心。
Rosalind Franklin In 1920, Rosalind Elsie Franklin was born in England.
1920年,罗莎琳德·埃尔西·富兰克林生于英国.
Even as a little girl, she was remarkably smart—to the point that some people were a little scared of her.
即使作为一个小女孩,她非常聪明——以至于有些人有点害怕她。
At six years of age, she enjoyed doing math problems for fun, and she always got them right.
6岁时,她喜欢做数学问题以取乐,她总是说对了.
In England in the 1920s, many people thought it was a waste of time for girls to study math rather than just getting married and having babies.
在20世纪20年代的英国,许多人认为这是对女孩学习数学的浪费,而不是仅仅结婚生子.
Rosalind loved school, but she wasn’t merely a bookworm—she loved playing sports, too.
罗莎琳德热爱学校,
At her school, girls played hockey, cricket, and tennis, and Rosalind was good at them all.
在她学校,女孩们会打曲棍球,板球和网球,而罗莎琳德也都擅长.
She enjoyed hiking with her family and friends, but her favorite activity was mountain climbing.
她喜欢与家人和朋友一起徒步旅行,但她最喜欢的活动是登山.
During her entire life, Rosalind found nothing more relaxing than traveling to other countries to climb new mountains.
在她整个生平中,罗莎琳德发现没有什么比去其他国家攀登新山更能放松了.
Rosalind at a young age Rosalind Franklin loved to travel to other countries.
罗莎琳德年轻时就喜欢去其他国家旅行.
One thing she never put up with was listening to people when she knew they were wrong.
她从未忍受的一件事 就是当她知道别人错了时 倾听他们的声音
Although she loved her father, she thought he was old- fashioned and too conservative.
虽然她爱她的父亲,但她认为他很老了,而且过于保守.
When she felt he was wrong, she didn’t hesitate to express her opinion.
当她觉得他错了时,
Sometimes they fought, but mostly they debated, discussing their disagreements without getting angry.
有时他们吵架,但大多是辩论,讨论他们的分歧而不生气.
A Life in Science At the age of twelve, Rosalind decided to become a scientist.
科学生活 12岁时,罗莎琳德决定成为一名科学家.
Her father didn’t approve of her decision, but by the time she was old enough for college, he knew better than to argue the point with her.
她父亲不赞成她的决定, 但到她上大学时,
Rosalind always accomplished what she committed to do, and in 1938, she attended Cambridge University in England.
罗莎琳德始终如一地完成了她所承诺的工作,1938年她就读于英国的剑桥大学.
She even won a scholarship because she earned the highest score on the chemistry exam.
她甚至因为在化学考试中获得最高分而获得了奖学金.
At Cambridge, women had to cope with gender discrimination.
在剑桥,妇女必须应付性别歧视。
For every nine men admitted to the university, only one woman was allowed to enroll.
每9名男子进入大学,只有1名妇女获准入学。
There was a double standard: women were required to obey different rules than men about where they could go and what they could do.
存在双重标准:妇女必须服从与男子不同的规则,以了解她们可以到哪里去和可以做什么。
Although she had to put up with unequal treatment, Rosalind was thrilled to study chemistry, physics, and math.
虽然她不得不忍受不平等待遇,但罗莎琳德对研究化学,物理和数学感到兴奋.
She became an expert in X-ray crystallography, a way of using X-rays to examine molecules.
她成为了X射线晶体学专家,这是用X射线来检查分子的一种方法.
In 1939, when World War II began, most British men enlisted in the military, and everyone who couldn’t fight wanted to work on something that would help England defeat Germany.
1939年,二战开始,大多数英国人参军,无法参战的每个人都想做一些能帮助英国打败德国的事.
Even Princess Elizabeth worked as a mechanic during the war years!
连伊丽莎白公主在战争期间也是机械师
By 1942, when she was almost finished with school, Rosalind found a job in the coal industry.
至1942年她几乎完成学业后,罗莎琳德在煤炭工业找到了一份工作.
Coal, an important fuel, was used to heat homes, power factories, and run machines during the war.
煤是一个重要的燃料,在战争期间被用于给住宅,发电厂取暖,并经营机器.
Using X-ray crystallography, Rosalind made discoveries about coal’s structure—how the atoms in its molecule were put together.
Rosalind利用X射线晶体学发现了煤炭的结构——其分子中的原子是如何组合的。
Her work advanced science, industry, and the war effort.
她的作品推动了科学,工业和战争努力.
Other experts on molecules admired Rosalind’s skill in the laboratory.
其他分子专家对罗莎琳德在实验室中的技巧表示钦佩.
She finished her Ph.
她完成了她的博士学位。
D.
D类.
, the highest degree of education, in 1945.
- 1945年,最高学历
After the war, in 1947, Rosalind worked in France.
战后,1947年,罗莎琳德在法国工作.
She preferred France to England because the French people didn’t seem as old-fashioned as her father and many other English people.
她更喜欢法国,
Her coworkers believed in equality between men and women, and she got along well with them.
她的同事相信男女平等,她和她们相处得很好。
They worked hard but also took time to have fun.
他们努力工作,但也花时间去玩.
Every day, they lunched at their favorite cafe and then brewed coffee with the same lab equipment they used for experiments.
每天,他们都在自己最喜欢的咖啡馆吃午饭,然后用他们用来实验的同一种实验室设备来酿造咖啡.
That might sound strange, but for Rosalind, cooking was simply a form of chemistry.
这听起来可能很奇怪 但对于Rosalind来说 烹饪只是一种化学形式
She loved France and would have remained there forever, but her family missed her and begged her to come back to England.
她热爱法国,本来会永远留在那里,但她的家人想念她并恳求她回到英国.
Rosalind in the Tuscany region of Italy.
意大利托斯卡纳地区的罗莎琳德.
She loved the relaxed way of living and working that she found in France and Italy.
她喜欢她在法国和意大利所发现的宽松的生活和工作方式.
Even Princess Elizabeth, the future queen of England, worked as a mechanic to support the war effort.
甚至英格兰未来女王伊丽莎白公主也曾出任机械师,支持战争努力.
The Secrets of Life King’s College, London, where Rosalind found a new job in 1951, differed greatly from her workplace in France.
罗莎琳德于1951年在伦敦生命王学院找到新工作的秘密,与她在法国的工作场所大相径庭.
Gender discrimination was accepted as part of the culture at the college.
性别歧视是学院文化的一部分。
The campus even included dining rooms where women were not allowed.
校园中甚至包括了不允许女性入住的餐厅.
Rosalind couldn’t adjust to this environment.
罗莎琳德无法适应这种环境。
The men played pranks on each other, which Rosalind disliked because lab work was serious to her.
男人们互相恶作剧,罗莎琳德不喜欢,因为实验室的工作对她来说是严肃的.
In addition, she didn’t approve of how the men gave their coworkers nicknames.
她不同意男人如何给同事取外号。
They called her Rosy, a nickname that she hated.
他们称她为"罗西",是她讨厌的外号.
Her boss, John Randall, was a brilliant scientist, but he wasn’t a great boss.
她的上司约翰·兰德尔是个杰出的科学家,
He knew how to bring talented scientists together, but he didn’t understand how to keep them happy.
他知道如何将有才华的科学家聚集在一起,
Still, he encouraged Rosalind’s work.
他鼓励Rosalind的工作。
In 1951, scientists were sick of war and death, so they found inspiration in studying molecules from living things.
1951年,科学家们厌倦了战争和死亡,因此在从活物中研究分子时找到了灵感.
They wanted to know where plants and animals stored their genes, which hold the biological information that guides growth and development.
他们想知道植物和动物的基因存放在何处,这些基因蕴藏着指导生长和发展的生物信息.
Some people thought the genes were located within DNA, which exists in every cell of every plant and animal.
有些人认为基因位于DNA内,DNA存在于每个植物和动物的每个细胞中.
John Randall asked Rosalind to study DNA to explore this possibility.
约翰·兰德尔要求罗莎琳德研究DNA以探索这种可能性.
Maurice Wilkins was a scientist who worked in Rosalind’s lab.
莫里斯·威尔金斯是一位在罗莎琳德实验室工作的科学家.
Rosalind and Maurice had the same amount of education and experience, but they doubted that they had anything else in common.
罗莎琳德和莫里斯的受教育程度和经验相同,但他们怀疑自己是否有其他共同点.
They were supposed to be peers, or equals, but they didn’t get along and couldn’t cooperate.
他们本来是同龄人,
John Randall didn’t help the situation, and some of his actions seemed designed to encourage them to fight.
他的一些行动似乎旨在鼓励他们参战。
Some people thought Maurice discriminated against Rosalind because she was a woman.
有些人认为莫里斯歧视罗莎琳德是因为她是个女人.
Other people remember that Maurice was the one who suggested to John Randall that he ask Rosalind to study DNA in the first place.
其他人记得,莫里斯是向约翰·兰德尔建议他让罗莎琳德首先研究DNA的那个人.
Regardless of Rosalind’s relationship with Maurice, everyone involved with the project recognized that Rosalind took the finest X-ray pictures.
不论Rosalind与Maurice的关系如何,
King’s College needed Rosalind’s talent to discover the secrets of life.
国王学院需要罗莎琳德的才华来发现生命的秘密.
Determined as always, Rosalind threw herself into her work.
罗莎琳德一如既往地坚持不懈地投身于她的工作之中.
When her equipment or techniques didn’t work, she improved them herself.
她自己改进了设备或技术。
X-raying DNA wasn’t a simple process.
X光DNA不是一个简单的过程。
It took one hundred hours to create one picture.
花了一百个小时创造了一张照片。
Sometimes the results were blurry or were taken from a bad angle, but she persevered.
有时结果模糊不清或取自坏角度,但她坚持不懈.
Her pictures kept improving and drawing more attention.
她的照片不断改进,引起更多的关注.
In 1952, she took Photograph 51, the most amazing picture of DNA that anyone had ever taken.
1952年,她拍摄了51号相片,这是任何人都拍摄过的最惊人的DNA相片.
For every photograph she took, Rosalind spent days doing math to understand her results, recording everything in her notebooks.
对于她拍摄的每一张照片,罗莎琳德花了好几天的数学时间来了解她的结果,记录了笔记本上的一切.
She wasn’t worried about how long it took because it was most important to her to be certain about her conclusions before she shared them with the world.
她并不担心要花多长时间, 因为对于她来说,
She didn’t know everything, but she was learning more than anyone else ever had about the DNA molecule.
她并不了解一切, 但她比任何人都更了解DNA分子。
Watson and Crick’s Big Idea Rosalind Franklin wasn’t the only person trying to discover the shape of DNA.
华生和克立克的"大思想"罗莎琳德·富兰克林并非唯一试图发现DNA形状的人.
Maurice Wilkins was, too, as well as a famous American chemist named Linus Pauling.
莫里斯·威尔金斯(Maurice Wilkins)也是美国著名化学家,取名"莱纳斯·鲍林".
And not far away, back in Cambridge, James Watson and Francis Crick were working just as hard.
而在不远处,回到剑桥,詹姆斯·沃森和弗朗西斯·克里克同样努力地工作.
Rosalind was an experimental scientist; she performed tests under controlled conditions to try to prove or disprove scientific theories.
罗莎琳德是一位实验科学家;她在受控条件下进行测试,试图证明或反驳科学理论.
Watson and Crick were theoretical scientists; they read others’ experiments and discussed ideas.
沃森和克里克是理论科学家;他们阅读了他人的实验并讨论了各种想法.
While Rosalind worked with X-rays and DNA in the laboratory, Jim and Francis built big models out of pieces of metal that represented atoms.
在罗莎琳德在实验室中与X光和DNA合作的同时,吉姆和弗朗西斯用代表原子的金属碎片来制造出大模型.
Their models were similar to the building toys that many kids play with in preschool.
他们的模特儿和许多孩子在学前学校玩的建筑玩具类似.
Rosalind doubted that they could learn much that way, and she and Jim argued frequently.
罗莎琳德怀疑他们能这样学到很多东西,她和吉姆经常争论.
It didn’t help matters that he liked to tease her and call her Rosy behind her back.
也无济于事,
It was a shame that Jim and Rosalind argued so often because Jim was really interested in her work and knew that her photographs could help him.
可惜吉姆和罗莎琳德经常争论,因为吉姆对她的工作非常感兴趣,知道她的照片可以帮助他.
Jim and Francis wanted to be the first to understand DNA so they would achieve fame and honor for the discovery.
Jim和Francis想成为第一个理解DNA的人 这样他们就能为这个发现获得名声和荣誉.
They believed that they were racing Linus Pauling, Rosalind Franklin, and every other scientist to the solution—except that nobody else thought of it as a race.
他们相信他们正在赛跑莱纳斯·鲍林,罗莎琳德·富兰克林,以及所有其他的科学家对这个解决方案的看法——除了没有人认为这是一场竞赛.
Jim Watson suspected that Rosalind was close to finding the answer.
吉姆·沃森怀疑罗莎琳德已经接近找到答案.
He went to hear her lecture about her work, and he visited her lab, where they fought, as usual.
他去听她关于她工作的演讲,他访问了她的实验室,他们在那里战斗,和往常一样.
When Rosalind wasn’t looking, Maurice Wilkins showed Jim Photograph 51.
当罗莎琳德不看时,莫里斯·威尔金斯给吉姆看了51号照片.
Jim was astonished and ran back to Cambridge to tell Francis Crick.
吉姆惊讶地跑回剑桥告诉弗朗西斯·克里克.
Later on, they gathered more of her work and a copy of her photograph.
后来,他们收集了更多她的作品和相片的副本.
They didn’t ask her if they could see it because they knew she would refuse, so they were sneaky.
因为他们知道她会拒绝,
Using Rosalind’s photograph and the help of another chemist, they built a model of the double helix just as we know it looks today.
他们利用Rosalind的照片和另一位化学家的帮助,建立了一个双螺旋模型,正如我们今天所知。
A modern molecule building kit Jim Watson used Rosalind’s work to discover the shape of DNA.
一个现代的分子构建工具吉姆·沃森(Jim Watson)利用了罗莎琳德的作品来发现DNA的外形.
Jim and Francis wrote an article to inform the world about the double helix.
吉姆和弗朗西斯写了篇文章,向世界通报双螺旋.
Rosalind’s work was published in the same magazine, but Jim and Francis didn’t acknowledge that they had based their work on hers.
罗莎琳德的作品发表在同名杂志上,但吉姆和弗朗西斯并没有承认他们的工作是基于她.
They implied that their discovery was made without her help and that her work only proved their theories.
他们暗示他们的发现是在她帮助下进行的,而她的工作只证明了他们的理论.
They became famous for discovering the structure of DNA, and Rosalind never knew that they had stolen her work.
他们以发现DNA的结构而出名,而罗莎琳德从不知道他们偷走了她的作品.
No one knew because Jim and Francis didn’t give her credit.
没有人知道,
Happier Days As soon as possible, Rosalind found another job.
快乐的日子 尽快地,罗莎琳德又找到了一份工作.
Even though Birkbeck College had less funding, crumbling buildings, and inadequate equipment, she liked it better than King’s.
尽管伯克贝克学院的资金较少,建筑倒塌,设备不足,她还是比国王更喜欢.
She was the boss, with a team of talented and respectful scientists working for her.
她是老大 有一群有才华和敬业的科学家为她工作
They studied viruses—diseases that attack, sicken, and sometimes destroy living things.
他们研究病毒 -- -- 疾病、疾病,有时甚至摧毁活物。
As a result of her important discoveries, other scientists invited her to lecture all over Europe.
由于她的重要发现,其他科学家邀请她在欧洲各地讲学.
Traveling and speaking always delighted her.
旅行和说话总是让她高兴。
She felt honored to visit America, where many scientists were eager to hear her ideas.
她有幸访问美国,许多科学家渴望听到她的想法。
As always, she found time for hiking and climbing new mountains in addition to science and learning.
一如既往地,她除了科学与学习外,还找到了徒步和攀登新山的时间.
Everywhere she traveled, people found her extremely knowledgeable and incredibly talented, although she still got angry when she heard things she didn’t like.
虽然她听到一些她不喜欢的东西,
She continued making new friends.
她继续交新朋友。
She even forgave past disagreements and became friends with Jim Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins.
她甚至原谅了过去的分歧,并和吉姆·沃森,弗朗西斯·克里克和莫里斯·威尔金斯成为了朋友.
On her second trip to America, Rosalind began to feel sick.
在她第二次出访美国时,罗莎琳德开始感到不舒服.
She was only thirty- seven when she died in 1958.
1958年她去世时只有37岁.
She had cancer; no one can say for certain why.
她得了癌症,没有人能肯定原因。
Perhaps it was written in her DNA, but we know that overexposure to X-rays can cause cancer.
也许这是写在她的DNA, 但我们知道,过度接触X光会导致癌症。
It might have been her excellent and determined work to take pictures of DNA and other molecules that caused her to die so young.
拍摄DNA和其他分子的照片 可能是她的出色而坚定的工作 导致她如此年轻地死去
Rosalind Franklin was only 37 when she died.
罗莎琳德·富兰克林去世时才37岁.
During her illness, she continued working.
在她生病期间,她继续工作。
She also spent time with all her favorite people, mostly her family.
她还和所有她最爱的人一起度过了时间,主要是她的家人.
She even vacationed with Francis Crick and his wife.
她甚至和弗朗西斯·克里克和他的妻子一起度假.
After she died, Jim and Francis began to publicly acknowledge the importance of her work.
她死后,吉姆和弗朗西斯开始公开承认她工作的重要性.
They admitted that they couldn’t have cracked the complex structure of DNA without the help of her photograph.
他们承认如果没有她的照片,他们不可能打破DNA的复杂结构。
But Rosalind never knew they had used her work without her knowledge.
但罗莎琳德从不知道他们在她不知情的情况下利用了她的作品.
Rosalind Remembered Four years after Rosalind died, Jim, Francis, and Maurice won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work on DNA and genetics.
罗莎琳德记得 罗莎琳德死后四年,吉姆,弗朗西斯和莫里斯因DNA和遗传学方面的工作而获得诺贝尔化学奖.
Rosalind herself might also have won if she hadn’t died, but only living people can win the Nobel Prize.
若她没死, 罗莎琳德本人也可能获胜,
Most people forgot Rosalind, while Jim and Francis became famous for their work.
大多数人忘记了 罗莎琳德,而吉姆和弗朗西斯则以作品出名.
In 1968, Jim Watson published a book about their discovery.
1968年,吉姆·沃森出版了一本关于他们的发现的书.
He wrote some rude things about Rosalind, even while showing how much he needed her work.
他写了些关于罗莎琳德的粗鲁之事,甚至在展示他多么需要她的工作的同时.
He made fun of how she looked and how she dressed.
他嘲笑她的样子和打扮
He insisted that she never understood DNA because she disagreed with him.
他坚持说,她永远不懂DNA,因为她不同意他的意见。
In reality, she never said anything until she was absolutely sure it was true.
在现实中,她从未说过任何话,直到她绝对确信这是真的.
Jim was the opposite; he loved to talk about his ideas, even if he couldn’t prove them.
他喜欢谈论自己的想法, 即使他无法证明这些想法。
Linus Pauling was a world-famous scientist who also worked to understand the structure of DNA.
莱纳斯·鲍林是一位世界著名的科学家,他也致力于理解DNA的结构.
Before he published his book, Jim Watson showed it to other people.
在他出版他的书之前,吉姆·沃森向其他人展示了这本书.
Maurice Wilkins, Francis Crick, and Linus Pauling all urged him not to write about Rosalind the way he had because it was mean and untrue.
莫里斯·威尔金斯,弗朗西斯·克里克,和莱纳斯·保林都敦促他不要像他那样写罗莎琳德,因为这样既卑鄙又不真实.
Jim didn’t want to change his story, so he added one paragraph at the end, saying that he didn’t believe those terrible things anymore.
Jim不想改变他的故事, 所以他最后增加了一段,
He admitted that he and Francis wouldn’t have understood DNA without Rosalind and that she had to work twice as hard just because she was a woman.
他承认,没有罗莎琳德,他和弗兰西斯不会理解DNA,她只因为是女人而不得不工作两倍.
Most people who knew Rosalind did not think this one paragraph did her justice.
大部分认识Rosalind的人认为这段没有对她伸张正义。
Partly because of the awful things Jim Watson wrote, Rosalind got more famous.
部分因为吉姆·沃森所写的可怕事,罗莎琳德更出名.
Today, more people honor Rosalind and her work.
今天,更多的人尊敬罗莎琳德和她的工作.
In 1984, Cambridge opened the Rosalind Franklin Design, Technology, and Engineering Workshop.
1984年,剑桥开设了罗莎琳德·富兰克林设计,技术,和工程车间.
In 2000, King’s College named a new lab the Franklin- Wilkins Building after her and Maurice.
2000年,国王学院以她和莫里斯的名字将富兰克林-威尔金斯大楼命名为一个新的实验室.
Books and movies have also been made about her life.
书和电影也曾被拍过关于她生活的.
Rosalind never set out to prove that women made great scientists—she just knew that she loved her work.
罗莎琳德从未出发去证明女性是伟大的科学家——她只是知道自己爱她的工作.
Sometimes she resented people standing in her way, and sometimes she argued when it might have been better to compromise, but nothing ever kept her from doing her job.
有时她会怨恨阻碍她的人,有时她会争论,当妥协可能更好的时候,但没有任何东西阻止她做她的工作.
Even when she was sick, she kept working until the end of her life.
即使她生病了,她也一直工作到生命的尽头.
Her determination to do her work well, even in the face of discrimination, led to one of the most important discoveries in the history of science.
她即使面对歧视也决心做好自己的工作,这导致了科学史上最重要的发现之一.
Rosalind using a microscope The University of Cambridge is one of several institutions that have named buildings after Rosalind.
使用显微镜的Rosalind 剑桥大学是几个以罗莎琳德命名建筑的机构之一.