The Panama Canal
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Treacherous Crossings.
4"地道"出道.
5 The French Take Charge.
5,法国人接管。
8 The Americans Take Over.
8美国人接管。
9 Battling the Mosquito.
九打蚊子来.
11 “Make the Dirt Fly”.
11 “弄出一团苍蝇”。
12 Old Timer.
12 老计时器。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Introduction It was a modern marvel that most people thought would never be built.
导言 这是现代的奇迹,大多数人认为永远不会建造。
Yet thousands cheered on August 15, 1914, as the cargo ship Ancon steamed its way from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.
然而有上千人于1914年8月15日欢呼,当时货轮安康号从大西洋蒸发到太平洋.
It was the first time a ship had sailed through the newly built Panama Canal.
这是一艘船首次从新建的巴拿马运河出航.
For many, Ancon’s voyage was a day of triumph.
对许多人来说,安康的航行是胜利的一天。
Workers had spent ten years gouging earth from the isthmus and beating back countless obstacles.
工人花了十年的时间从地峡挖出地,并击退了无数的障碍。
American technology had made it possible to construct the fifty-mile-long canal, a triumph of human ingenuity.
美国的技术使建造50英里长的运河成为可能,这是人类智慧的胜利.
It was a colossal engineering feat the likes of which the world had never seen before.
这是一个巨大的工程成就 像世界从来没有见过。
The canal spurred global commerce and helped make the United States a world power.
运河刺激了全球通商,帮助使美国成为世界强国.
Nearly one hundred years later, thousands of ships, from yachts to aircraft carriers, still cross the canal from one mighty ocean to the other.
近一百年后,从游艇到航空母舰的上千艘船只仍然从一个强大的海洋穿越运河到另一个海洋.
Ancon makes the first trip through the newly built Panama Canal in 1914.
安康于1914年首次出行于新建的巴拿马运河.
Treacherous Crossings The idea of linking the Atlantic and Pacific with a canal was not new.
恐怖的跨越 将大西洋和太平洋与运河连接起来的想法并不是新的。
Early Spanish explorers first thought of a waterway between the two oceans.
早期的西班牙探险家首先想到了两大洋之间的水道.
In the 1700s, the Spanish lacked the engineering ability to undertake such a venture.
在1700年代,西班牙人缺乏进行这种冒险的工程能力.
Later, in the early 1800s, the British and French governments each developed plans for building a canal.
后来,在1800年代初,英国和法国政府各自制定了修建运河的计划.
PACIFIC OCEAN Equator United States SOUTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN CARIBBEAN SEA New York San Francisco Panama Canal Now That’s a Shortcut!
太平洋海洋赤道 美国南部大西洋加勒比海洋 旧金山 巴拿马 现在运河 这是捷径!
Trip through Panama Canal: 5,300 miles (8,370 km) Trip around South America: 13,000 miles (20,900 km) KEY It was not until 1848 that the idea of a “cross- isthmus” canal took a firm hold in the public imagination.
穿越巴拿马运河:5300英里(8,370公里) 环绕南美洲:13,000英里(20,900公里) 关键 直到1848年,“跨地峡”运河的思想才在公众的想象中得到了坚定的坚持。
That’s when a ranch hand stumbled upon gold in a California streambed.
这时牧场的一只手在加利福尼亚的溪床上碰上金子。
The find spurred a major gold rush, during which thousands of people from around the world raced to California, hoping to strike it rich.
发现引发了大规模的淘金热,期间世界各地有上千人竞相前往加利福尼亚州,希望打得富足.
Many came from the East Coast of the United States, usually making the hazardous journey by sea.
许多人来自美国东海岸,通常通过海上进行危险的出行.
At the time, there were no trains or stagecoaches to ferry people across the country since, in 1848, only five states in the United States were west of the Mississippi River.
当时,由于1848年美国只有五个州位于密西西比河以西,因此没有火车或马戏团来渡过全国各地的人.
Those who did make the journey found the overland trek across mountains, plains, and deserts dangerous and long.
穿越了山地、平原和沙漠,
In comparison, a trip from New York to San Francisco by boat was much safer but took months.
相比之下,乘船从纽约到旧金山的旅行虽然安全得多,但花了几个月时间.
People traveling by ship could go one of two ways.
乘船旅行的人可以走两条路之一
They could sail to Panama, cross the isthmus on foot, then board a different ship and sail to California.
他们可以航行到巴拿马,徒步穿越地峡,然后登上另一艘船并航行到加利福尼亚.
Otherwise, they had to round Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America—a journey made hazardous by heavy winds and rough seas.
否则,他们不得不在南美洲的南端环绕霍恩角 -- -- 这条旅程因大风和粗糙的大海而变得危险。
In the mid-1800s, a group of Americans thought a railroad across Panama would make the journey somewhat easier.
在18世纪中叶,一群美国人认为穿越巴拿马的铁路会使旅程变得有些轻松.
Construction began in 1850 along an old Spanish mule trail.
1850年沿着一条西班牙老骡子小道开始建造.
A Land Called Panama Panama is a curved ribbon of land connecting Central and South America.
A Land Called Panama Panama是一个连接中美洲和南美洲的曲线带地.
Panama is the narrowest strip of land that separates the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
巴拿马是分隔大西洋和太平洋最狭窄的陆地。
Hot, humid, and often rainy, Panama is a diverse land with thick jungles and many types of plants and animals.
巴拿马地势多变,气候炎热潮湿,雨量多出,有茂密的丛林和多种种类的动植物.
The work was difficult.
工作很困难。
It rained most of the year, and the soil was always wet.
大半年相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相去相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相
Workers often fainted in the deadly heat.
工人经常在致命的发热中晕倒.
Insects swarmed everywhere, spreading deadly diseases.
昆虫到处游荡,传播致命疾病.
Despite these challenges, workers finished the railroad in 1855.
尽管面临这些挑战,工人于1855年完成了铁路.
The success of the railroad caused many governments and businessmen to look again at building a canal.
铁路的成功使许多政府和商人重新审视了修建运河的问题.
They believed a canal could make even more money than the railroad.
他们相信运河比铁路能赚更多的钱
PACIFIC OCEAN GULF OF PANAMA CARIBBEAN SEA Panama Panama City Panama Canal Colombia Costa Rica The French Take Charge In 1879, a group of French businessmen formed a company to dig a canal across Panama.
帕纳马加勒比海洋太平洋湾 巴拿马 巴拿马 巴拿马市 哥伦比亚运河 哥斯达黎加 法国人负责 1879年,一群法国商人组成了一家公司,在巴拿马一带开挖一条运河.
At the time, the country of Panama did not yet exist—it was still part of Colombia.
当时巴拿马还不存在——它仍然是哥伦比亚的一部分。
France had to sign a treaty with Colombia before construction could begin.
法国必须在开始建造之前同哥伦比亚签署一项条约.
Heading the project was Ferdinand de Lesseps, who led the construction of another great canal project—the Suez Canal in Egypt.
该项目由费迪南德·德·莱塞普斯领导,他领导建造了另一个大运河项目——埃及的苏伊士运河.
He and another Frenchman, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, moved armies of workers and heavy machinery to the isthmus.
他和另一位法国人菲利普·布瑙-瓦里利亚将由工人和重型机械组成的军队迁移到地峡.
De Lesseps was a great project manager, but he ignored warnings from those who said the jungle would doom the project.
德·莱塞普斯是一位出色的项目经理,但他忽略了那些说丛林会毁灭项目的人的警告.
Digging started slowly as workers carved out tiny slices of the jungle.
当工人在丛林中挖出一小块地时 挖掘工作开始很慢
Then the rains came.
之后雨来.
Day after day, it rained.
后一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日一日
To make matters worse, the jungle was stifling hot.
更糟糕的是 丛林里被冻得热死了
Insects, snakes, swamps, accidents, and disease all took a toll on the workforce, killing twenty thousand.
昆虫、蛇、沼泽、事故和疾病都给劳动力造成了损失,造成2万人死亡。
After seven years, the project crumbled like the mudslides that killed so many.
7年后,这个项目像泥石流一样崩溃了 造成这么多人死亡
De Lesseps left Panama a failure.
德·莱塞普斯让巴拿马失败了.
An investment of more than $287 million—over $7 billion today—had resulted in very little progress.
投资超过2.87亿美元——今天超过70亿美元——进展甚微。
The Americans Take Over For the next ten years, no one lifted a finger to build a canal in Panama.
美国人接管 在接下来的十年里,没有人举起一指来在巴拿马建造运河.
Still, while many people saw the region as a miserable swamp of death and disease, the United States took a different view.
然而,虽然许多人将该区域视为死亡和疾病的悲惨沼泽地,但美国却持不同的看法。
America was becoming a world power.
美国正在成为一个世界强国。
The United States had a lot to gain by building a Central American canal.
美国建造了一条中美洲运河,因此受益匪浅.
When President Theodore Roosevelt took office in 1901, he believed a Central American canal was the path to America’s future.
当西奥多·罗斯福总统于1901年上任时,他认为一条中美洲运河是通向美国未来的道路.
He saw the channel as a way to link businesses in the United States to new markets in Asia.
他认为该频道是将美国企业与亚洲新市场联系起来的一种方式.
He also saw the canal as a highway for American warships.
他还将运河视为美国军舰的高速公路.
Panama Canal: A Timeline Nov.
巴拿马 运河: 时间线11月.
18, 1903: United States signs treaty with the newly independent Republic of Panama to begin work on the canal June 28, 1904: First American workers arrive in Panama Nov.
18, 1903年:美国同新独立的巴拿马共和国签订条约,于1904年6月28日开始运河工程:第一批美国工人抵达巴拿马.
12, 1904: First steam shovel arrives Nov.
12, 1904年: 第一台蒸汽铲车于11月抵达.
21, 1904: First documented case of yellow fever among workers July 26, 1905: John Stevens arrives to take charge of the project Aug.
21,1904年:1905年7月26日工人黄热病首例有记载: 约翰·史蒂文斯(John Stevens)赶来负责奥格项目.
15, 1914: Canal officially opens Jan.
15, 1914年:运河正式开通于一月.
1, 2000: Panama takes over control of the canal At first, the Americans wanted to build the canal farther north, in Nicaragua.
1, 2000: 巴拿马接管了运河的控制权. 起初,美国人想在尼加拉瓜建造更北的运河。
Bunau-Varilla, who had worked with de Lesseps, convinced officials to dig in Panama instead.
曾与德·莱塞普斯合作的布瑙-瓦里利亚说服官员到巴拿马去挖掘.
There was only one problem: Panama was still part of Colombia.
只有一个问题:巴拿马仍然是哥伦比亚的一部分。
The United States signed a treaty with the Colombians to dig the canal.
美国与哥伦比亚人签订"挖出运河"条约.
However, the Colombian congress rejected the treaty, believing it was unfair to their country.
然而,哥伦比亚国会否决了这项条约,认为这对哥伦比亚不公平.
Roosevelt refused to take no for an answer.
罗斯福拒绝接受拒绝作为答案.
He helped Panamanian revolutionaries overthrow the government.
他帮助巴拿马革命者推翻了政府.
On November 3, 1903, rebels began to seize control.
1903年11月3日,叛军开始夺取控制权.
The revolution was over by sundown.
革命在日落时结束.
The United States formally recognized Panama’s independence three days later.
美国三天后正式承认巴拿马独立.
Thousands of workers soon flocked to the new country, bringing with them steam shovels as big as buildings.
数以千计的工人很快涌向了新国家,带来了和建筑物一样大的蒸汽铲.
They began digging the 50-mile (80.
他们开始挖掘50英里(80.
5 km) canal from Colón to Panama City, on the Pacific coast.
5km) 从科隆到巴拿马城的运河,位于太平洋沿岸.
U.
吴.
S.
师曰.
President Theodore Roosevelt tests a steam shovel during the construction of the canal in 1906.
西奥多总统 罗斯福在1906年修建运河期间测试了一台蒸汽铲.
Battling the Mosquito Malaria and yellow fever were constant problems in Panama.
扑灭蚊子疟疾和黄热病是巴拿马长期存在的问题。
By 1906, more than 85 percent of canal workers had been treated for diseases carried by mosquitoes.
到1906年,超过85%的运河工人接受了蚊子携带的疾病治疗.
Workers often panicked when someone came down with yellow fever.
工人们经常惊慌失措 当有人被黄热病感染时
Roosevelt asked Dr.
罗斯福问医生
William Gorgas, an army doctor, to fight the mosquitoes.
威廉·戈尔加斯(William Gorgas)是一名陆军医生,负责对抗蚊子.
Because mosquitoes lay their eggs in water, Gorgas organized teams of Panamanians to roam the streets looking for barrels full of standing water to dump out.
由于蚊子将蛋放入水中,戈尔加斯组织一群巴拿马人到街上漫游,寻找装满站立水的桶来倒出.
An army of fumigators cleaned homes with insecticides.
一支由熏蒸器组成的军队用杀虫剂清理了房屋。
Gorgas drained swamps and ordered workers to put netting over their beds at night to keep from being bitten.
高加斯将沼泽排出,并命令工人在夜间将网状的网状物放入他们的床上来防止被咬.
His ideas worked.
他的想法奏效了。
By August 1906, the number of yellow fever cases had fallen by nearly half, to twenty-seven.
至1906年8月,黄热病病例减少了近一半,为27起.
By November, the number of cases had dropped to one—the last yellow fever victim Gorgas would see.
到11月,病例已降至1起——最后一名黄热病受害者戈尔加斯会看到.
Dr.
医生
Gorgas inspects a construction area as part of his effort to control deadly diseases spread by mosquitoes.
Gorgas检查一个建筑区,作为他控制蚊子传播的致命疾病的努力的一部分.
“Make the Dirt Fly” The world watched as construction began in 1904.
“使泥蝇飞翔” 1904年开始建造时,全世界都看到了.
An engineer named John Wallace was in charge.
一位名叫约翰·华莱士的工程师负责.
Roosevelt ordered Wallace to “make the dirt fly.”
罗斯福命令华莱士“使泥土飞扬。 “
It was a difficult order to obey.
服从命令很困难
The dirt excavated by the steam shovels was not dry—it was sticky mud.
蒸汽铲出土的泥土不是干燥的 -- -- 是粘泥。
The mud slid back down into freshly dug trenches.
泥地滑回了刚开挖的壕沟
By June 1905, most American workers had left Panama, overwhelmed with the task.
至1905年6月,大多数美国工人已离开巴拿马,不堪重负.
The project was in peril.
该项目处于危险之中。
Wallace quit.
华莱士辞职了
His replacement was a hard-driving engineer named John Stevens.
他的接班人是一位叫约翰·史蒂文斯的硬驾驶工程师.
Stevens came to Panama as the morale of his workers sagged.
史蒂文斯来到巴拿马 是因为他的工人士气低落
Some seventeen thousand men waited for someone to tell them what to do.
约一万七千人等取人相告.
Workers use steam-powered machines to cut through the mountains in the middle of Panama in 1913.
1913年,工人使用蒸汽动力机在巴拿马中部取道山地.
Stevens took his time getting to work.
史蒂文斯花时间上班了
He knew the mightiest steam shovels were no use if the dirt they excavated was not taken away immediately.
他知道最强大的蒸汽铲 如果挖出的泥土没有被立即取走 就没用了
He solved the problem by building a railroad and roads to haul away the mud.
他通过修建铁路和道路来拖走泥地来解决了这个问题.
Stevens even built churches, hospitals, mess halls, and schools to improve workers’ morale.
史蒂文斯甚至建造了教堂,医院,食堂和学校来提高工人的士气.
He also changed construction plans.
他还改变了建筑计划.
The original plan called for workers to dig the canal at sea level.
最初的计划要求工人从海平面上挖出运河.
To do that, they would have to dig through the mountains, which would add years to the project.
要做到这一点,他们就必须从山上挖出,这将增加项目的时间。
A river that ran high along the mountains was also an obstacle.
沿山而行的一条河流也是一个障碍。
To solve these problems, Stevens proposed building a series of locks—each more than three football fields long—over the mountains.
为了解决这些问题,史蒂文斯提议在山上建造一系列锁-每个锁都长于三个足球场-.
Stevens also decided to dam the river and create a huge lake.
史蒂文斯也决定给河上起坝并创建一个巨大的湖泊.
He said the locks would allow ships to sail to the top of the mountain and on to the new lake.
他说锁能让船只起航去山顶和新湖.
Another series of locks would lower ships down the mountain range to the ocean below.
另一系列的锁会把下行山脉的船只降低到下行的海洋.
Stevens directed the workers to dig from both ends and meet in the middle.
史蒂文斯指示工人从两端挖出并中间相会.
Building these monster locks took four years.
建造这些怪物锁花了四年时间.
Each lock was 70 feet (21.
每个锁有70英尺(21.
3 m) deep and 110 feet (33.
3米)深110英尺(33.
5 m) wide.
5米)宽.
Locks are watertight chambers with huge steel doors at each end.
锁是紧水密室,每端有巨大的钢门.
In a lock, engineers can raise and lower the water level.
在锁中,工程师可以提高并降低水位.
When a ship wants to pass through a lock, the front door opens, allowing the ship to sail into the chamber.
当一艘船想从一扇锁上通过时,前门会打开,允许这艘船驶入舱内.
Once inside, the chamber door closes.
入室后入室门相闭.
Engineers then open valves, which allow water to flow into the compartment from the lock above the ship.
工程师随后打开了阀门,使水从舰上方的锁入舱.
As a result, the water level increases, raising the ship up to the level of the next lock.
因此,水位升高了,使舰只升至下一闸.
The ship rises through three locks until it reaches the inland lake.
舰只从三道锁起行至内湖.
At the other end, the reverse happens.
在另一端,反向发生.
Instead of adding water to a lock, engineers drain the water.
工程师们没有在锁上加水,而是排出水来.
When that happens, the ship is lowered to the level of the next lock.
当发生这种情况时,飞船被降低到下一个锁的高度.
Old Timer When workers finished the canal in 1914, the locks worked better than anyone had dreamed.
老计时器 1914年工人完成运河后,锁的功用比任何人所梦想的要好.
The United States controlled the canal until the end of 1999, when Panama took it over as part of a treaty agreement.
美国控制了运河,直到1999年底,巴拿马作为条约协定的一部分接管了运河。
By the early twenty-first century, the canal was showing its age.
至21世纪早期,运河已显出其年代.
It badly needed a makeover to allow it to handle larger ships and resolve the problem of traffic jams.
它急需一个改造,以便它能够处理更大的船只并解决交通堵塞的问题.
In 2006, the people of Panama voted to build two new sets of locks and two new navigation lanes to connect those locks to the existing channels.
2006年,巴拿马人民投票决定建造两套新锁和两条新通航道,以连接这些锁与现有通道.
In 2016, forty-thousand workers completed the $5.
2016年有40名工人完成5元工程.
4 billion, ten-year construction project.
40亿元,十年建设项目.
The new locks allow much larger ships to pass through the canal, effectively doubling the amount of cargo it can handle each day.
新的锁能使更大型的船舶能从运河中通过,有效地将每天能处理的货物量增加一倍.
The expansion is yet another marvel of engineering in the canal’s long history.
在运河的漫长历史中,