The Mongol Empire
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Brutal Conquerors from Asia.
T能拥有来自亚洲的Content Brutal Conquerors.
4 Horsemen and Warriors.
4个骑士和勇士
5 Genghis Khan.
5成吉思汗国.
6 The Mongols Attack China.
6,蒙古人进攻中国.
8 The Mongol Armies.
8"蒙古军".
9 The Use of Terror.
9 利用恐怖。
11 Establishing an Empire.
11 建立帝国。
12 The Death of Genghis Khan.
12 成吉思汗之死.
13 New Leaders, New Conquests.
13"新领导人","新征服".
14 Kublai Khan.
14个忽必烈可汗.
16 Division of the Empire.
帝国16师.
19 The End of Mongol Rule.
19"蒙古统治的终结".
21 The Influence of the Mongols.
21"蒙古人的影响".
22 Seeking Genghis’s Burial Place.
22 寻找成吉思的埋葬地.
23 Glossary.
23 词汇表。
24 Brutal Conquerors from Asia Few episodes in history have been as astonishing as the conquests of the Mongols.
亚洲的野蛮征服者 历史上少有几回像征服蒙古人那样令人惊讶.
During the 1200s, these horsemen from Asia established the largest land empire ever created.
在1200年代,这些来自亚洲的骑兵建立了有史以来所建立的最大陆地帝国.
Traditionally, the Mongols have been viewed as brutal conquerors because as they expanded their empire, their armies often leveled entire cities, massacring the people who dwelled in them.
传统上,蒙古人被视为残暴的征服者,因为随着他们的帝国扩张,他们的军队常常平整了整个城市,屠杀了居住在其中的人民.
However, much of this brutality happened under the leadership of Genghis (JEHNG-gihs) Khan and his children.
然而,这种暴行大多是在成吉思(JEHNG-gihs)可汗及其子孙的领导下发生的.
This shows what it might have looked like when the Mongols rode into battle.
这显示了蒙古人出战时的样子.
Horsemen and Warriors The Mongols were a nomadic people, numbering perhaps two million.
骑士和战士 蒙古人是一个游牧民族,人数也许有200万。
They lived in felt tents called yurts on the enormous steppes, or grasslands, of eastern Asia, which today is known as Mongolia.
他们生活在被称作"酵母"的帐篷中,位于亚洲东部的巨型草原上,即草地上,今天被称为"蒙古".
The people were divided into groups called tribes with a leader called a khan.
人民被分成了称为部落的团体,其中有一个首领叫可汗.
The Mongols were expert horsemen and warriors; their lives consisted of endless rounds of hunting and feuding.
蒙古人是精通马术和勇士;他们的生活由无休止的打猎和封建组成.
When the Mongols needed things— horses, food, or mates—they often organized raiding parties and stole them from other tribes.
当蒙古人需要东西——马、食物或伴侣——时,他们经常组织突击队,从其他部落偷来。
Because they were not united, the Mongols posed no threat to anyone outside of Mongolia.
因为没有统一,蒙古人没有给外蒙古人造成威胁.
But with their fighting skills, they had the potential to become a powerful army.
但凭借他们的战斗技能,他们有成为一支强大军队的潜力.
All they needed was a leader to knit all the groups into one nation.
他们只需要一个领导者把所有团体组成一个国家。
Genghis Khan In 1162, the wife of a minor Mongol leader gave birth to a boy named Temujin.
成吉思汗国 1162年,小蒙古首领之妻生下一童子,取名铁木真.
When he was nine, Temujin’s father was murdered by members of another tribe.
9岁时,铁木真的父亲被另一个部落的成员谋杀.
Most of Temujin’s youth was spent helping his fatherless family survive in the harsh environment of the Asian steppes.
Temujin的青年大多被花在帮助他无父的家庭在亚洲草原的恶劣环境中活下来.
By the time he was in his teens, Temujin was demonstrating great intelligence and leadership abilities.
至他十多岁时,铁木真表现出了出色的智力和领导能力.
He was also ruthless in defeating his enemies.
他也无情地击败了敌人.
In adulthood, Temujin became the khan of his tribe.
成年后,铁木真出任其部落可汗.
As khan, he made alliances with other Mongol tribes.
作为可汗,他与其他蒙古部落结盟.
Then, he built up an army and trained it to be a disciplined war machine.
随后,他建立了一支军队并训练出一支纪律严明的战争机器.
Finally, he used his army to defeat every one of the Mongol tribes that would not join him.
最后他用他的军队来击败每一个不肯加入他的蒙古部落.
By 1206, all the Mongols recognized their leader as Temujin.
至1206年,蒙古人全部承认其首领为铁木真.
At a meeting that year, the leaders of the Mongol tribes proclaimed him Genghis Khan, which meant “Universal Ruler.”
在当年的一次会议上,蒙古部落领导人宣布他为成吉思汗,意思是“普遍统治者”。 “
In one of his first actions as ruler, Genghis issued a set of laws designed to make the Mongols stop feuding and become a unified nation.
在他作为统治者的最初行动中,成吉思颁布了一套法律来使蒙古人停止了封建并成为一个统一的民族.
Genghis Khan dreamed of the unified Mongols conquering other lands and taking their peoples’ wealth.
成吉思汗梦想着统一的蒙古人征服了其他土地并夺取了他们的人民财富.
And so, in 1209, he led his forces toward China.
于是,在1209年,他带领他的势力向中国前进.
The Mongols Attack China At the time of Genghis Khan’s rise to power, China was divided into three major parts: the Xi Xia (SHEE SHEE-yuh) Empire of the west, the Jin Empire of the north, and the Sung Empire of the south.
蒙古人攻击中国 成吉思汗起事后,中国被分出三大部分:西夏(SHEE SHE-yuh)帝国,北晋帝国,南宋帝国.
Genghis Khan conquered Xi Xia in 1209.
成吉思汗于1209年征服了习霞.
He then attacked Jin.
后又攻打晋.
In 1215, after ferocious battles that left countless Chinese dead, the Mongols entered the Jin capital, Zhongdu (present-day Beijing).
1215年,激战出使了无数华人被活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活
They plundered it and left it a smoking ruin.
他们掠夺了它,让它成为了吸烟的废墟.
All of China except the Sung Empire was now under Mongol control.
除成帝外,全中国现在被蒙古所控制.
But Genghis Khan decided that the conquest of the Sung could wait.
但成吉思可汗决定征服成都可以等待.
Instead, he turned his eyes toward the vast lands west of China.
相反,他把眼睛转向了中国以西的广阔地盘.
In a relentless pursuit of wealth, his armies would soon create havoc in that part of the world.
为了不懈地追求财富,他的军队将很快在世界这一地区制造浩劫。
What Was His Title?
他的头衔是什么?
The leader of the Mongols is usually called Genghis Khan.
蒙古族的首领通常被称作成吉思汗.
However the first part of the title has long been spelled several ways, including Genghiz and Jenghis.
然而,标题的第一部分早已被拼出几种方式,包括成吉思和成吉思.
In recent years, a number of historians have insisted that none of these spellings give the correct pronunciation of the name.
近年来,有不少历史学家坚持这些拼音中没有一个给名字正确的发音.
They say a better spelling is Chingis or Chinngis.
他们说一个更好的拼写是Chingis或Chinngis.
The meaning of the title has also been debated.
标题的含义也曾被辩论.
Although many scholars think the name meant “Universal Ruler,” others disagree.
虽然许多学者认为这个名字的意思是"普遍统治者",但其他人不同意.
They have suggested other meanings, such as “Invincible Prince” and “Spirit of Light.”
他们提出了其他含义,如“不可战胜的王子”和“光明之道”。 “
A Chinese artist’s woodcut of Genghis Khan Some Mongolians still live in tentlike houses, called yurts, on the Asian steppes, which are like the Great Plains of North America.
一个中国艺术家成吉思汗的木刻活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活
The Mongol Armies In the following years, the Mongols defeated every army they faced.
蒙古军队 在随后的几年中,蒙古人击败了所面对的每一支军队.
They broke into every city that tried to defend against them, conquering enormous territories.
他们闯进每一个试图反抗他们的城市,征服了巨大的领土.
So what made the Mongol armies so overwhelming?
蒙古军队怎么这么强大?
It wasn’t the numbers.
这不是数字。
Although the Mongol armies were big, they weren’t gigantic.
虽然蒙古军队规模很大,
They usually totaled around 100,000.
他们通常总共约10万人。
The maximum size of the armies has been estimated at 250,000.
军队的最大规模估计为25万人.
But for most battles, the Mongol forces were often divided, attacking widely separated enemies, which caused them to be greatly outnumbered— but they always won.
但对于大多数的战役,蒙古军经常被分道扬镳地分道扬镳地出击,攻击被广泛隔离的敌人,这使他们的人数大大超过——但他们总是获胜.
Historians believe the Mongols were unbeatable because they were the most highly trained and highly disciplined soldiers the world had seen for a thousand years.
历史学家认为蒙古人是不可战胜的,因为他们是世界上一千年来所见到的训练最强,纪律最严明的士兵.
They fought in organized units that coordinated their movements with flags, drums, and other signals.
他们组织起来战斗,用旗帜、鼓等信号协调他们的行动。
In open combat, the Mongols fought on horseback.
在公开战斗中,蒙古人骑马出战.
They wore leather armor and helmets made of leather and metal.
他们身穿由皮革和金属制成的皮革盔甲和头盔.
One of their main weapons was a small, powerful bow that could fire arrows with great force and accuracy.
他们的主要武器之一是能以极大的威力和精度来射出箭的小型而强大的弓.
For close combat, they used lances, battle axes, and short curved swords called scimitars (SIM-ih-tahrs).
对于近战,他们使用长矛,战斧,和被称作"相克"(scimitars (SIM-ih-tahrs))的短曲剑.
They also used gunpowder weapons, such as simple grenades and firelances—bamboo tubes that spewed flames and sparks.
他们还使用了火药武器,例如简单的手榴弹和火药-喷出火焰和火花的放火管。
The Mongols not only learned how to make gunpowder from the Chinese, but they also learned how to smash down the walls of cities.
蒙古人不但从中国人那里学了火药,还学了打倒城墙的方法.
They hired Chinese engineers who built and operated large machines called siege engines.
他们聘请了中国工程师,他们建造和操作了被称为"围城发动机"的大型机器.
These devices included catapults for hurling heavy rocks and ballistas that fired huge arrows.
这些装置包括投出重石的弹弓和放出大箭的活管。
No city was able to withstand the pounding it got from the Mongols’ siege engines.
任何城市都无法承受从蒙古人包围引擎得到的打击。
Modern Mongolians show pride in their history by re-enacting important battles.
现代蒙古人通过再起重要战役来表现出历史的骄傲.
The Mongols were probably the first to use this kind of bow in battle.
蒙古人很可能最早在战斗中使用了这种弓.
The Use of T error Genghis Khan always tried to make a deal with his enemies.
T错误的使用 成吉思汗总是试图与他的敌人达成协议.
This was his offer: Surrender and you will be spared.
这是他的提议:投降,你将免于惩罚。
Resist and you will be wiped out.
反抗,你会被消灭的
A city that opened its gates to the Mongols was left unharmed.
一座向蒙古人敞开大门的城市没有受到伤害.
It was simply required to pay the Mongols tribute.
它只是向蒙古人致敬。
Wealth was what Genghis wanted most.
财富是成吉思最想要的
If he could get it without a fight, that suited him fine.
如果他可以不打架就得到, 那适合他很好。
Cities that tried to hold out behind their walls, or that sent soldiers out to fight, soon regretted it.
试图坚守城墙后或派兵出战的城市,很快后悔了.
The Mongols never failed to take a city.
蒙古人从未失败过攻取一城.
After they broke in, they pillaged the city and then burned it to the ground.
在他们闯入后,他们掠夺了这座城市,然后将它烧为平地.
The Mongols took captive any inhabitants they thought might be useful to them.
蒙古人俘虏了他们认为对他们有用的任何居民。
They killed everyone else.
他们杀了所有人
This policy created widespread terror.
这一政策造成了广泛的恐怖。
As a result, many cities surrendered to the Mongols at once.
因此,许多城市立即向蒙古人投降.
Establishing an Empire For a dozen years after the China campaign, the Mongols conquered everything in their path.
建立一个帝国 中国战役后十几年,蒙古人征服了自己所走道上的一切.
Mongol armies were led not only by Genghis Khan, but also by his four sons.
蒙古军队不仅由成吉思汗率领,还由他的四个儿子率领.
By 1227, when Genghis Khan turned 65, the Mongols had established an empire.
至1227年成吉思汗出使65后,蒙古人已建立帝国.
It stretched from the east coast of northern China to the Persian Gulf, the western boundary of present-day Iran.
它从中国北部的东海岸延伸至波斯湾,即当今伊朗的西部边界.
That was a distance of about 5,600 kilometers (3,500 mi).
距离约5 600公里(3 500米)。
Throughout that vast area, vassal states paid annual tribute to the Mongols.
在整个广大地区,巫州每年向蒙古人致敬.
There would be more conquests, making the empire even larger.
将会有更多的征服,使帝国更加庞大.
But Genghis Khan would not take part in them.
但成吉思可汗不会参与其中.
His days were coming to an end.
他的日子即将结束。
The Death of Genghis Khan Genghis Khan died in the summer of 1227 while leading another attack against Xi Xia.
成吉思汗之死 1227年夏可汗在率领另一起对习霞的进攻中去世.
That Chinese vassal state was being punished for refusing to supply troops for a recent Mongol campaign.
中华活佛国因拒绝为近代蒙古战役提供军队而受到惩罚.
The cause of Genghis’s death is uncertain.
成吉思死因不明.
Many historians think he died from internal injuries received when he fell from a horse.
许多历史学家认为他死于从一匹马倒下时得到的内伤.
Soldiers placed the khan’s body in a felt coffin fastened with three golden straps.
士兵们把可汗的尸体放入一个有感觉的棺材中,
Then they transported it back to Mongolia.
后被运回蒙古.
There, the great leader was buried in a secret place.
在那里,伟大的领袖被埋葬在一个秘密的地方.
According to Mongol accounts, 800 men on horseback rode back and forth over the gravesite to obscure it.
根据蒙古人的说法,有800名骑马的人前后骑马过墓地来遮掩.
Then they, and all others who had any knowledge of the gravesite, were killed.
然后,他们和其他所有知道墓地的人被杀死。
Thus, no one would ever be able to reveal where Genghis Khan was buried.
因此,没有人能够透露成吉思汗被埋葬的地点。
New Leaders, New Conquests Genghis Khan left his empire to his four sons.
新领袖,新征服成吉思汗将他的帝国留给了四个儿子.
They each received a large area to rule as a khan.
他们各自得到一个大片地区作为可汗统治.
However, it was Genghis Khan’s wish that his third son, Ogadei (oh-GAH- day-ee), be the overall ruler.
然而,成吉思汗希望他的第三子克加德伊(英语:Ogadei (oh-GAH- day-ee))成为总统治者.
The Mongols officially gave Ogadei the title of Great Khan in 1229.
蒙古人于1229年将"大可汗"的称号正式授予了奥加代.
Ogadei established a Mongol capital on the steppes and built a palace with strong walls made of black stone.
奥加代在草原上建立了蒙古首都,并用由黑石砌成的坚固的城墙修建了宫殿.
Ogadei called the capital Karakorum, which meant either “Black Stones” or “Black Walls.”
Ogadei称首都为Karakorum,意思是“黑石”或“黑墙”。 “
Ogadei launched a new series of conquests.
奥加德伊发起了新的一系列征服.
Mongol armies brought Russia and other parts of eastern Europe under their control.
蒙古军队将俄罗斯和东欧其他地区置于其控制之下.
In 1241, they were about to invade western Europe, but then Ogadei died.
1241年,他们正要入侵西欧,但后被奥加代所灭.
The invasion was called off until a new Great Khan was chosen.
入侵被召去,直到选出了新的大可汗.
This tortoise marks a corner of the ancient Mongol capital city Karakorum.
这只龟标志着古代蒙古首都卡拉可鲁姆的一角.
By the time Ogadei died, his three brothers were also dead.
至奥加代去世后,他的三个兄弟也相继去世.
Genghis Khan’s grandsons competed bitterly for the position of Great Khan.
成吉思可汗的孙子们苦苦地争夺大可汗的地位.
For ten years, the Mongol world was in turmoil.
十年来,蒙古世界动荡.
Finally, in 1251, order was restored.
最后于1251年恢复了秩序.
That year, a grandson named Mongke was proclaimed Great Khan.
当年,被封为"大可汗"的孙子蒙克.
Mongke resumed the Mongol conquests.
蒙克恢复了蒙古征服.
He sent his brother Hulegu to subdue the Middle East.
他派弟弟胡莱古征服了中东.
In 1258, Hulegu attacked the Muslim capital of Baghdad, in what is now the country of Iraq.
1258年,胡莱古袭击了现在的伊拉克国内的穆斯林首都巴格达.
When the city fell, Hulegu ordered one of the most terrible slaughters ever carried out by a Mongol army.
城陷后,胡勒古下令将蒙古军队进行的最可怕的屠宰之一.
By some estimates, 800,000 people were killed.
据估计,有80万人被炸死。
While Hulegu’s army was in the Middle East, another army was in China.
当胡莱古的军队在中东时,另一支军队在中国.
Mongke was determined to finally destroy the Sung Empire, the empire Genghis never defeated.
蒙克决心最终摧毁成帝国,成吉思帝国从未被打败.
Kublai Khan The leader of the attack on China was another brother of Mongke’s named Kublai.
忽必烈可汗 进攻中国的首领是被蒙克取名"忽必烈"的又一兄弟.
The campaign was not going well, so Mongke joined the fight.
竞选进展不顺利,于是孟克加入了战斗.
But in 1259 he died suddenly.
但是在1259年他突然去世了.
A small assembly of Mongols then proclaimed Kublai the new Great Khan.
蒙古人小会后宣布忽必烈为新大可汗.
He became known as Kublai Khan.
后被誉为"忽必烈可汗".
But most Mongols never accepted him as their supreme leader.
但大多数蒙古人从未接受他为最高领导人.
They thought he was becoming less Mongolian and more like the Chinese.
他们认为他变少了蒙古人,更像中国人.
The Mongol world was beginning to lose its unity.
蒙古世界开始失去统一.
To make matters worse, the Mongols finally suffered a defeat.
更糟糕的是,蒙古人最终遭受了失败.
In 1260, a Mongol army lost a battle in what is now the country of Israel.
1260年,一蒙古军队在现在的以色列国战败.
That ended the Mongol conquests in the West.
这结束了蒙古人在西方的征服.
The people of western Europe, who had feared that they would be the next victims of these terrifying invaders from Asia, were now safe.
西欧人民担心自己将成为这些来自亚洲的可怕入侵者的下一个受害者,现在他们已经安全了。
Kublai A Persian manuscript from the 1300s shows the Mongol siege of Bagdad, Iraq, in 1258.
忽必烈一出出自1300年代的波斯文手稿,显示蒙古于1258年围攻伊拉克巴格达德.
Kublai Khan settled in as the ruler of China.
忽必烈可汗定居为中原统治者.
Although he was khan of all the Mongols, he no longer had much interest in the rest of the empire.
虽然他在所有蒙古人中都是可汗,但他对帝国的其余部分不再感兴趣了.
He devoted all of his time to the Yuan Dynasty.
他全心全意投入到元朝.
His government mostly excluded the native Chinese.
他的政府大多排斥了本地华人.
All the best jobs were filled with Mongols and other foreigners.
所有最优秀的工作都是由蒙古人和其他外国人所为.
Kublai Khan, though, still had a taste for conquest.
然而忽必烈可汗仍然有征服的口味.
He extended his rule over some areas south of China, but he failed to conquer the island nation of Japan.
他将统治范围扩大到了中国以南的一些地区,但未能征服日本岛国.
Twice he sent large fleets of ships to Japan, but both fleets were destroyed by terrible storms.
他两次向日本派出了大型分舰队,但这两支分舰队被可怕的风暴所摧毁.
Kublai gave up annexing Japan into the empire.
忽必烈放弃吞并日本入帝国.
But in the East, Kublai Khan continued the effort to conquer the Sung.
但是在东方,忽必烈汗继续了征服成都的努力.
And in 1264, he turned his back on the Mongolian capital, Karakorum, and settled permanently in China.
而1264年他又转而出征蒙古首都卡拉可鲁姆并长期定居于中国.
He established a new Mongol capital in northern China on the site of Zhongdu, the destroyed Jin capital.
他在被破坏的晋国都城 Zh都遗址上,在中国北部建立了新的蒙古首都.
He called it Khanbalik, meaning “City of the Khan.”
他称之为Khanbalik,意为“可汗市”。 “
He built an enormous palace there.
他在那里建造了一座巨大的宫殿.
In 1279, Kublai Khan won a final victory over the Sung Empire.
1279年,忽必烈可汗取得对成帝国的最后胜利.
That year, he established a new dynasty to rule China, the Yuan (yoo-WAHN) Dynasty.
当年,他建立了新的王朝来统治中国,即元(yoo-WAHN)王朝.
All of China was now under Mongol rule.
现在全中国都在蒙古人统治下.
Marco Polo The famous Italian merchant and traveler Marco Polo spent seventeen years in China (1275–1292) during the reign of Kublai Khan.
马可·波罗 著名的意大利商人和旅行家马可·波罗在忽必烈汗国统治时期在中国度过了十七年(1275年-1292年).
He marveled at the capital of Khanbalik (also spelled Cambaluc).
他在汗巴利克的首都(也叫坎巴卢克)感到惊讶。
He was especially impressed by the Great Khan’s palace.
他尤其对大可汗的行宫印象深刻.
He said it was “the greatest palace that ever was.”
他说,这是“有史以来最伟大的宫殿。 “
Marco Polo traveled to Khanbalik on what was known as the Silk Road, a trade route leading from Europe to China.
马可·波罗出行于被称作"丝绸之路"的可汗巴利克,是一条从欧洲通向中国的贸易路线.
Kublai Khan’s Mongolian army attacks Japanese ships.
忽必烈汗所部蒙古军出击日舰.
The Mongol conquests—both east and west— were finally coming to an end.
蒙古人的征服——东西方——终于结束。
The Mongol empire was now bigger than the present areas of the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Central America combined.
蒙古帝国现在比现在美国,加拿大,墨西哥,中美洲等地的总和还要大.
For a while, under Mongol rule, the world was at peace.
有一段时间,在蒙古统治下,天下安平.
Division of the Empire Kublai Khan died in 1294, yet even before his death, the Mongol Empire had been fragmenting.
帝国忽必烈分会 1294年可汗去世,然而甚至在他去世之前,蒙古帝国就已经分裂了.
It was simply too huge to be governed from a single location.
仅仅从一个单一地点管理太过庞大。
With Kublai’s death, the division became complete.
随着忽必烈的逝去,师部逐渐完整.
The empire split into four large parts called khanates, each ruled by its own khan.
帝国分裂为四大部分,称为可汗国,由自己的可汗统治.
There was no longer a Great Khan.
没有大可汗了
The largest khanate was the Yuan Dynasty, centered in China.
最大的可汗国是以中国为中心的元朝.
The other khanates were the Il-Khanate in Persia and what is now Iraq; the Chagatai Khanate, in central Asia; and the Kipchak Khanate in Russia which became known as the Golden Horde.
其他可汗有波斯的伊克汗国和现在的伊拉克;中亚的查加泰汗国;俄罗斯的基普查克汗国被称作"金色之地".
The khanates maintained relationships with one another, but they were all independent; yet one by one, they were overthrown.
汗国维持了彼此的关系,但他们都是独立的;然而,一个接一个地被推翻了。
Spread of Culture from East to West As the Mongol armies traveled, so did the craftspeople that helped make up their nomadic communities.
文化从东到西的传播 随着蒙古军队出行,帮助构成游牧民族的工匠也随之出行.
Stringed instruments, such as this Mongolian horse head fiddle and paper money from Kublai Khan’s Yuan Dynasty, are just two of the goods that were adapted and became part of the cultures of people the Mongols conquered.
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The End of Mongol Rule With their fighting days over, the Mongols ceased to be hardened warriors.
蒙古统治的终结 随着战斗的结束,蒙古人不再成为坚硬的战士.
They became corrupt and weak.
他们变得腐败而软弱。
The people they ruled, sensing that weakness, revolted against them.
他们的统治者 感觉到了这种弱点 反抗他们
In 1335 the Il-Khanate in Persia became the first Mongol khanate to be overthrown.
1335年,波斯的伊克汗国成为第一个被推翻的蒙古汗国.
The Yuan Dynasty was next.
元朝时为后.
A rebel leader named Chu Yuan-Chang led a successful revolution against the Mongols.
一位叫朱元hang的造反派领袖,领导了一场反对蒙古人的成功革命.
In 1368, he established a new Chinese ruling family, the Ming Dynasty.
1368年,他建立了新的中国统治家族"明朝".
The last bastion of Mongol power was the Golden Horde.
蒙古国势力的最后一个堡垒是金色的霍尔德.
A Russian prince, Ivan III, finally overthrew it in 1480.
一位俄罗斯王子伊凡三世于1480年最终推翻了它.
With the end of the Golden Horde, the Mongols were defeated.
金荷德灭后被蒙古人所败.
The Influence of the Mongols The Mongolian people remember the Mongol Empire with pride.
蒙古人的影响 蒙古人民自豪地怀念蒙古帝国.
They especially honor the memory of Genghis Khan, who is a national hero.
他们尤其纪念成吉思可汗为民族英雄.
Most other people in the world look back with horror on the period of the Mongol invasions.
世界上其他大多数人对蒙古人入侵时期的恐怖回想.
It was a time of unbelievable bloodshed and destruction.
当时发生了令人难以置信的流血和破坏。
Historians estimate the number of people killed by the Mongols ranges from 60 million to 150 million.
历史学家估计被蒙古人杀害的人数从6000万到1.5亿.
Some historians claim that such numbers are ridiculous.
一些历史学家声称这样的数字是荒谬的.
They say the Mongols couldn’t possibly have killed that many people, and perhaps they’re right.
他们说蒙古人不可能杀了那么多人,
Even World War II, the largest war ever fought, didn’t cause that many deaths.
连二战(史上最大的战争)也没有造成如此多的死亡。
We will never know what the true number was as detailed records were not kept, but the number was well into the millions.
我们永远不会知道什么是真实数字,因为详细记录没有保存,但数字却好到数百万。
In 2006, the Mongolian president, N.
2006年,蒙古国总统N.
Enkhbayar, unveiled a statue of Genghis Khan as part of a festival to bring tourism to Mongolia.
恩克巴雅尔为成吉思汗的一尊雕像揭幕,作为给蒙古带来旅游的节日的一部分.
This mausoleum contains artifacts from the reign of Genghis Khan, whose burial site remains unknown.
此陵所出有成吉思汗统治时期出土的出土文物,其葬地至今不详.
Seeking Genghis’ s Burial Place During the 2000s, archaeologists have been searching for the burial place of Genghis Khan.
考古学家在2000年代寻找成吉思的埋葬地,
In 2001 and 2004, groups of archaeologists announced that they had made important finds of Mongolian ruins and tombs.
2001年和2004年,考古学家小组宣布,他们已经对蒙古遗迹和墓穴进行了重要的发掘.
As of yet, the remains of Genghis Khan had still not been located.
至此,成吉思汗的遗体仍未找到.
Some historians also argue that the Mongol Empire brought benefits to the world.
一些历史学家也认为蒙古帝国给世界带来了好处.
They point out that the empire, once established, brought peace across Asia and the Middle East.
他们指出,帝国一旦建立,就给亚洲和中东带来了和平。
Indeed, this period in history is called the Mongol Peace.
事实上,历史上这一时期被称为"蒙古和平".
The Mongol Peace made it possible for travelers to cross all of Asia and the Middle East in safety.
蒙古人 和平使旅行者能够安全地穿越整个亚洲和中东。
The Mongols encouraged trade, helping people not only in Europe, but also in isolated areas to learn more about one another.
蒙古人鼓励通商,不仅帮助了欧洲的人,而且帮助了偏远地区的人互相学习更多的知识.
According to at least one historian, the Mongol Peace actually set the stage for the Renaissance, the rebirth of culture and learning that began in Italy in the 1300s.
根据至少一位历史学家的说法,蒙古和平实际上为文艺复兴,从1300年代起从意大利开始的文化和学习的再生奠定了基础.
So, should the world be thankful for the Mongol invasions?
那么,世界应该感谢蒙古人的入侵吗?
One can guess what the victims of Genghis Khan’s Mongols would have thought about that question.
人们可以猜出成吉思汗蒙古人的受害者会对此问题怎么想。