of Autism
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Meet Noah.
内容表见诺亚.
4 What Is Autism?
4 什么是自闭症?
6 Characteristics of Autism.
6自闭症特征.
9 Supporting Friends with Autism.
9 支持有自闭症的朋友。
13 More Understanding, More Opportunities.
13 更理解,更多机会。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Meet Noah Noah Mundt enjoys taking pictures with his i Pad, watching videos, swimming, hiking, playing video games, and listening to music.
16 见诺亚·诺亚·蒙特(英语:Noah Noah Mundt)喜欢用他i Pad来拍照,观看视频,游泳,徒步旅行,玩电子游戏,并收听音乐.
His favorite tunes include Korean pop, disco, rock and roll, and even polka.
他最喜爱的曲调有韩国流行,迪斯科,摇滚等,甚至波尔克.
He’s been a fan of Clifford the Big Red Dog since he was a little boy.
他从小就喜欢克利福德红狗。
His mom, Daina Mundt, thinks Noah can relate to Clifford.
他的妈妈Daina Mundt认为诺亚可以和克利福德有关.
Mrs.
夫人,请原谅
Mundt is a middle school language arts teacher in Wisconsin.
穆德特是威斯康星州的一名中学语言艺术教师.
Eighteen-year- old Noah is a big guy.
18岁 诺亚是个大人物
He stands 6 feet, 6 inches (2 m) tall and weighs 275 pounds (124.
他站了6英尺,高6英寸(2米),体重275磅(124.
7 kg).
(中文(简体) ).
“He laughs a lot,” his mom says.
他的妈妈说,
“He likes being hugged, touched, and tickled.”
“他喜欢被拥抱、触摸和痒痒。 “
Noah is like most other teens—with some important differences.
诺亚与其他青少年一样,
He’s not very comfortable making eye contact with others.
他与他人的眼神接触不太舒服。
He understands what people are saying to him, but he usually doesn’t start conversations.
他理解人们对他说的话,
When he does talk, he might be asking for help with the Internet or repeating lines from favorite movies.
当他说话时,他可能会寻求互联网的帮助,或者重复最喜欢的电影中的台词.
Sometimes he flaps his hands and rocks his head back and forth, almost like a dance.
有时会打起手来打起头来,几乎像跳起舞来.
When he’s nervous or going somewhere new, he may cover his ears and chat to himself.
当他紧张或去新地方时,
Noah is an autistic person.
诺亚是个自闭症患者
Autism is a brain difference that affects how people communicate, act, and learn.
自闭症是一种大脑差异,影响人们的沟通,行动,学习方式.
A common saying among autism experts is “When you’ve met one autistic person, you’ve met one autistic person.”
自闭症专家常说:「当你遇到一个自闭症患者时, “
In other words, every autistic person experiences autism differently.
换句话说,每个自闭症患者都不同地经历自闭症.
While some autistic people speak and write well, others are nonverbal.
虽然有些自闭症患者说话和写作都很好,但另一些患者是非言语性的.
Some autistic students need little support at school, while others require more help.
一些自闭症学生在学校不需要什么支持,而另一些学生则需要更多的帮助.
Autism includes a wide range of characteristics and behaviors.
自闭症包括了广泛的特征和行为.
Autism has many faces.
自闭症有许多面相.
What Is Autism?
什么是自闭症?
Science has yet to pinpoint what causes autism.
科学尚未确定自闭症的原因。
Research suggests that genetics may be a major factor.
研究表明,遗传学可能是一个主要因素.
We inherit genes from our parents.
我们继承了父母的基因
These genes function like building plans that tell our bodies and brains how to grow.
这些基因的功能就像构建计划 告诉我们身体和大脑如何生长
Other studies are exploring whether autism has environmental factors, too.
其他研究正在探讨自闭症是否也有环境因素。
Some researchers wonder if childhood illnesses or chemicals in the environment might contribute to autism.
一些研究人员怀疑儿童疾病或环境中的化学品是否会助长自闭症。
Whatever the causes, autistic brains form differently from neurotypical brains.
无论原因为何,自闭症大脑与神经典型大脑形成不同.
Neurotypical is a term used for people who don’t have any kind of developmental disorder.
神经病(Neuropical)是无任何发育障碍的人使用的术语。
(Neuro- refers to the nervous system, which sends signals between the brain and other body parts.)
(神经-指神经系统,在大脑和其他身体部位之间发出信号. )
Some experts describe autism as differences in “wiring.”
一些专家将自闭症描述为“摇摆相去。 “
The cells in autistic brains communicate in unusual ways.
自闭症大脑中的细胞以不同寻常的方式进行交流.
That means autistic people experience their surroundings differently than neurotypical people do.
这意味着自闭症患者对周围环境的体验与神经典型患者不同。
For example, sounds in a classroom may not irritate a non-autistic person.
例如,课堂上的声音可能不会激怒非自闭症患者.
To an autistic student, though, the same sounds may seem unbearably loud.
但是,对于自闭症学生来说,同样的声音可能似乎难以忍受。
A girl visits an airplane cockpit in a program that helps autistic children feel comfortable traveling.
在帮助自闭症儿童感到旅行舒适的节目中,女孩参观了飞机驾驶舱.
The term autism began to be widely used in the 1940s.
自闭症一词从1940年代开始被广泛使用.
Before that, autistic people were sometimes diagnosed with a brain injury or a developmental disorder, although there was more to their diagnosis.
在此之前,自闭症患者有时被诊断出患有脑损伤或发育障碍,尽管他们的诊断更多.
Autism was usually used to describe people who struggled with social interactions or who had very intense interests.
自闭症通常被用来描述那些与社会互动有斗争或有非常强烈兴趣的人.
It grew to include other mental and emotional differences.
它逐渐包括了其他的精神和情感差异.
For a long time, autism was viewed as scary.
长期以来,自闭症被认为是可怕的。
Autistic children were often sent away from their families to special institutions.
自闭症儿童往往被送离家庭,送往特殊机构。
As parents, doctors, and educators have learned more about autism, though, more autistic children have remained at home and attended regular schools.
由于父母、医生和教育工作者对自闭症有了更多的了解,但更多的自闭症儿童仍然留在家中,上正规学校。
Vaccinations Do Not Cause Autism Vaccines are medicines that help prevent serious diseases.
接种疫苗 不要因为自闭症疫苗是有助于预防严重疾病的药物.
Some parents fear that vaccines cause autism.
一些父母担心疫苗会导致自闭症.
Many medical studies around the world have researched this and concluded that there is no link between vaccinations and autism.
世界各地的许多医学研究对此进行了研究并得出结论,疫苗和自闭症之间没有联系.
Some autistic students require additional help in school.
一些自闭症学生在学校需要额外的帮助.
Today, there are about 1.
今天,大约有1个。
5 million autistic people in the United States.
美国有500万自闭症患者.
More and more diagnoses have been made in recent years.
近年来,越来越多的人进行了诊断。
Researchers are unsure whether this significant rise is due to more autistic people being born or to doctors getting better at diagnosing autism.
研究人员并不确定这种显著上升是因为更多的自闭症患者出生,还是因为医生在诊断自闭症方面越来越好。
Autism is four times more common in boys than girls.
自闭症在男孩中比女孩多出四倍.
Autism and its treatment often cause controversy.
自闭症及其处理经常引起争议.
Some autism advocacy groups want to concentrate on preventing or finding a cure for autism, as if it were a disease.
一些自闭症宣传团体想将注意力集中在预防自闭症或找到治疗自闭症的方法上,好像它是一种疾病.
Other groups, though, say autism shouldn’t be treated like a sickness.
其他团体则说,
They want to focus more on meeting the needs of autistic people.
他们希望更加关注满足自闭症患者的需求.
Instead of trying to “fix” them, the goal of those groups is to help them live fuller, happier lives.
这些团体的目标不是试图“修复”它们,而是帮助他们过上更充分、更幸福的生活。
People on different sides of the issue have very strong feelings and opinions.
问题不同方面的人们有着非常强烈的感情和观点.
This study by the U.
U的研究。
S.
师曰.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention monitored the number of eight-year-old children diagnosed with autism.
疾病控制和预防中心监测诊断出自闭症的8岁儿童人数。
How have the numbers changed?
号码怎么变的?
Why do you think the change is happening?
曰为甚么变相.
Characteristics of Autism Life can sometimes be complicated for autistic people.
自闭症生命的特征有时对于自闭症患者来说可能很复杂.
What seems easy for others can be confusing and challenging for an autistic person.
对其他人来说,这似乎很容易使自闭症者感到困惑并面临挑战。
Aubrey, who is nine, has a lot of loves and likes.
年仅九岁的奥布里,有着多多的爱和喜欢.
“I love making art,” she says.
她说,“我喜欢制作艺术。”
“I like coloring books.
“我喜欢彩色书籍。
I like to eat apples, pears, pizza, cheese, and apple juice.
我喜欢吃苹果,梨子,比萨饼,起司和苹果汁.
I like playing video games like Minecraft and Super Mario.
我喜欢玩Minecraft和超级马里奥等电子游戏.
I like playing board games and playing with my toys.
我喜欢玩板上游戏和玩具
I like playing with my sister, Sophie, and Aubrey Dog.”
我喜欢和我姐姐索菲和奥布里·道克玩。”
(Aubrey Dog is her stuffed toy that goes everywhere with her.)
(奥布里狗是她的玩具 随她而去)
“I am very good at adding, and I love making friends.”
“我非常善于补充,我喜欢交朋友。 “
Aubrey (right) plays with her sister, Sophie, in their backyard.
奥布里(右)与她的妹妹索菲一起在他们的后院出演.
Aubrey is just beginning to figure out what it means to have autism.
奥布里才刚开始明白 患自闭症意味着什么
She knows that loud noises like fire drills and the kitchen blender really bother her.
她知道像消防演习和厨房搅拌机之类的噪音 让她很困扰
When she’s doing a favorite activity, she gets very upset if she has to stop.
她若必须停止,
She feels confident about math but struggles with reading.
她对数学很有信心,却在阅读中挣扎。
She likes to make up stories and share them out loud, but sometimes the people she’s talking to don’t understand what she’s talking about.
她喜欢编故事,
“Being autistic can make things a little hard for me, like reading and paying attention and listening,” Aubrey shares.
Aubrey 分享, “自闭症会让我有些难受,
“But I try really hard.
“但我确实很努力。
People should still treat me nicely because it hurts my feelings when they don’t.
民众仍应善待我,
I always try to be nice.
我总是试着好起来
I’m still just a regular kid.”
我还是个普通孩子。 “
Aubrey loves to draw with Aubrey Dog.
奥布里喜欢和奥布里狗一起画画.
Knowing common autistic traits of people like Noah and Aubrey can help those around them feel more comfortable and develop more understanding.
了解像诺亚和奥布里这样的人的共同自闭症特征,可以帮助周围的人感到更自在并发展出更多的理解.
Every autistic person is different, but characteristics of autism often include: Different sensory experiences: Loud noises and bright lights can be upsetting.
每个自闭症患者都不同,但自闭症的特点往往包括: 不同的感官体验: 响亮的噪音和明亮的灯光可能令人不快.
Unique ways of learning: At school, kids may learn some subjects easily but struggle with others.
独特的学习方式: 在学校里,孩子们可能容易学习一些科目,但会与其他人挣扎.
Fascination with specific subjects: Intense interests can include almost anything.
对特定学科的迷恋: 强烈的兴趣几乎可以包括任何东西。
Stimulating movement, or “stimming”: Autistic people may rock back and forth, flap their hands, or perform other repetitive actions to relax if they’re nervous or to entertain themselves if they’re bored.
刺激运动,或“刺激”: 自闭症者可能会摇起起身来,挥起手来,或者采取其他重复的行动来放松,如果他们很紧张,或者如果觉得无聊就娱乐自己。
A need for routine or order: Autistic people may enjoy lining things up or organizing things.
需要常规或命令: 自闭症患者可能喜欢把事情排好或组织起来。
Many prefer a predictable daily routine.
许多人更喜欢一种可预测的日常做法。
Difficulties communicating: Autistic people may struggle to understand what someone means or not be able to tell others what they want or need.
沟通困难: 自闭症者可能难以理解某人的意思,或者无法告诉他人他们想要或需要什么.
Some do not communicate verbally or prefer to communicate in writing or with devices.
一些人不口头交流,或宁愿书面或用设备进行交流。
Social difficulties: Autistic people may feel uncomfortable in social situations.
社会困难: 自闭症患者可能在社会状况下感到不舒服.
Autistic people are telling their stories more than ever before.
自闭症患者讲述的故事比以往任何时候都多.
Through writing, speaking, and art, they are sending messages about what their lives are like.
通过写作、演讲和艺术,他们正在传递关于自己生活状况的信息。
They are letting people know that they have unique needs and require support.
他们让人们知道,他们有独特的需要,需要支助。
At the same time, they want people to treat autistic people respectfully.
同时,他们希望人们尊重自闭症患者。
One example is Temple Grandin, who was diagnosed with autism at age two.
一个例子是Temple Grandin,他在2岁时被诊断出自闭症.
She received speech therapy to help her develop language and social skills as well as other abilities.
她接受了语言治疗,以帮助她发展语言和社会技能以及其他能力。
Grandin grew up to become a professor of animal science at Colorado State University.
格兰丁从小成为科罗拉多州立大学的动物学教授.
She says that being autistic helps her understand how animals think and behave.
她说,自闭症有助于她理解动物的思维和行为.
She also travels the world to talk about rights for autistic people.
她还环游世界,谈论自闭症患者的权利.
“If I could snap my fingers and be non-autistic, I would not,” she says.
她说:“如果我能断下手指,
“ Autism is part of who I am.”
“自闭症是我本人的一部分。 “
Some autistic people use communication devices or i Pads to speak, like this student ordering lunch at the school cafeteria.
一些自闭症患者使用通讯设备或i Pads说话,比如这名学生在学校食堂订购午餐.
Supporting Friends with Autism When Noah Mundt was in seventh grade, his teacher enlisted a crew of three neurotypical boys.
诺亚·蒙特七年级时支持自闭症的朋友,他的老师招募了三个神经典型男孩的团队.
They became Noah’s friends and mentors.
他们成为了诺亚的朋友和导师.
By hanging out with them, Noah picked up more about greeting people, getting along with others, and handling himself when he was upset.
诺亚通过和他们相伴,得到了更多关于迎接人们,与他人相处,以及在他心烦意乱时处理自己的事情.
Noah’s buddies had a new friend and a greater understanding of the challenges he faced.
诺亚的朋友有了新朋友,
Noah felt accepted in ways he never had before.
诺亚觉得接受的方式 他从来没有过。
“These boys dedicated time and energy in a genuine manner that turned out to be a win-win for them all,” Noah’s mom says.
诺亚的妈妈说,
“Noah opened up to others as a result of their attention.”
“诺亚因其关注而对他人开放。 “
Sometimes autistic children must deal with teasing and bullying from people who don’t understand their struggles.
有时自闭症儿童必须面对那些不了解自己斗争的人的取笑和欺负。
Since autistic people don’t always recognize social cues, they can become confused and agitated when people are mean or ignore them.
自闭症患者并不总能识别社会暗示,
Often, those who do the teasing don’t understand the challenges that autistic people deal with all day, every day.
自闭症患者每天面对的挑战,
Connecting with an autistic friend can change the way we see others, Noah’s mom says.
诺亚的妈妈说,
“They may not understand the world around us like we do, but they feel the same emotions, perhaps more strongly than the rest of us.”
“他们可能不像我们那样理解我们周围的世界,但他们感到同样的情绪,也许比我们其他人更强烈。 “
Being a Friend and Ally If you have autistic friends or classmates, here are ways you can be a friend and ally to them: • Learn more about autism and share that knowledge with family and friends.
作为朋友和盟友 如果你有自闭症的朋友或同学,你可以做他们的朋友和盟友: • 更多地了解自闭症并与家人和朋友分享这种知识。
fun of behaviors that may seem odd, like hand flapping.
有趣的行为 可能看起来很奇怪, 像手拍打。
• Remember that autistic children have different comfort levels.
• 支助 记住,自闭症儿童有不同的舒适程度。
Bright lights and loud noises can be upsetting.
明亮的灯光和响亮的噪音可能令人不快.
While some autistic people like being hugged, others don’t.
有些人喜欢被拥抱,
stand up for them.
支持他们。
what you’re doing together.
你们一起做的事情。
• Be a friend by saying hi, asking questions, and sharing thoughts.
• 支助 以相相相相相相相相相为友相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相
Plan parties or other get-togethers in ways that let autistic people feel comfortable.
计划派对或其他聚会 让自闭症患者感到舒服
projects.
项目。
Be ready to offer them the support they need.
准备向他们提供所需的支持。
More Understanding, More Opportunities Science is only beginning to understand the complexities of autism.
更了解、更多机会 科学才刚刚开始理解自闭症的复杂性.
It’s an exciting field of research as society explores how families and communities can best support autistic people.
这是一个令人兴奋的研究领域,
In addition, more autistic people are sharing their personal needs, wants, and hopes.
此外,更多的自闭症患者正在分享个人需求、愿望和希望。
More than ever before, people are showing—and seeing—the many faces of autism.
人们比以往任何时候更加表现出,并看到自闭症的许多面孔。
Programs and camps all around the world help autistic people develop skills, such as concentration and language.
世界各地的方案和营地帮助自闭症患者发展技能,如集中和语言。
Glossary advocacy (n.)
词汇宣传(n.)
the act or process of actively supporting a cause (p.
积极支持某一事业的行为或过程(p.
8) autism (n.)
8)自闭症(n.
a developmental disorder that can cause repetitive behavior patterns or difficulty communicating and interacting socially (p.
一种能引起重复行为模式或社会交流和互动困难的发育障碍(p.
5) characteristics (n.)
5) 特性 (n.
(adj.)
(中文(简体) ).
(adj.)
(中文(简体) ).
(adj.)
(中文(简体) ).