All About Bones

美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习

Table of Contents Body Shapers.

目录 身体形状。

4 Heads Up.

四头向上.

6 Put Your Back Into It.

6,把背对它。

10 And Now the Appendages.

和现在的附录。

14 Don’t Get Out of Joint.

14 不要出关。

18 Inside Your Bones.

在你的骨头里面有18个

20 Keeping Bones Healthy.

20"保持骨头健康".

21 Glossary.

21 词汇表。

23 Body Shapers Lizards have one.

23个身体形状 蜥蜴有一个。

Elephants have one.

大象有一个。

Even fish in the ocean have one.

连大海里的鱼都有一个

You have one, too!

你也有一个!

What do you all have?

你们都有什么?

You all have skeletons.

你们都有骨架

A skeleton is a collection of bones inside an animal’s body.

骨架是动物体内的骨骼集合.

The skeleton is like a frame that has muscles, blood vessels, and skin wrapped around it.

骨架就像一个有肌肉,血管和被包裹的皮肤的框架.

Skeletons give vertebrates—humans and many other animals—their shape and form.

斯凯勒顿给脊椎动物——人类和许多其他动物——它们的形状和形态.

In fact, you can probably identify many animals just by looking at their skeletons.

事实上,你也许可以通过观察许多动物的骨骼来识别它们。

The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones, starting at the top with the skull and ending at the bottom with the toe bones.

人骨架由206个骨骼组成,从头骨起于顶部,从脚趾骨起于底部.

The bones that help us move have muscles attached to them by tendons.

帮助我们移动的骨骼 有肌肉附着在它们上

Some bones protect delicate organs inside our bodies, for example, the heart and the brain.

一些骨骼保护我们体内的微妙器官,例如心脏和大脑.

And many large bones have a special core that produces blood cells.

而许多大骨有特殊的核能产生出血细胞.

Special tissues called ligaments connect the bones to make up the skeleton.

被称作"韧带"的特殊组织将骨骼相接来构成骨架.

To fully appreciate the function of bones, let’s take a closer look at specific body areas.

为了充分理解骨骼的功能,让我们仔细看看具体的身体区域。

Ligaments hold the hand and foot bones together.

韧带将手足骨相接.

Heads Up Press your hand against your forehead— the part of your face above your eyebrows.

人头抬起,用手按住你的额头,即你眉毛上方的脸部。

Does your forehead feel soft, like a pillow, or does it feel hard, like a desk?

你的额头感觉软了,像枕头,还是像桌子一样硬了?

Your forehead feels hard because you can feel your skull, or cranium, under the skin.

你的额头感觉很硬,因为你可以感觉到你的头骨,或者颅骨,在皮肤下.

The cranium, one set of bones in your body, protects your brain, a very important and very delicate organ.

颅骨,你体内的一组骨骼,保护你的大脑,一个非常重要和非常微妙的器官.

In some ways, the cranium is like a crash helmet, except that it is not as strong.

在某些方面,颅骨就像一个坠地头盔,只是没有那么坚固.

For that reason, it’s a good idea to wear a helmet for extra protection when you ride a bike, in-line skate, or participate in certain other sports.

因此,当您骑自行车、在线滑冰或参加某些其他运动时,

These racers wear helmets to protect their skulls.

这些赛车手会戴头盔来保护头骨.

If you feel around your head, your skull appears to be all one piece.

如果你头部有感觉 你的头骨似乎都是一块

Actually, though, the skull is made up of many different bones.

实际上,虽然头骨是由许多不同的骨头所组成的.

The bones come together at special joints called sutures.

骨头聚集在特殊的关节,称为缝合.

Unlike other joints, which allow quite a bit of movement, sutures don’t move much.

与允许相当多移动的其他关节不同, 缝合并不多移动。

Remember touching your forehead?

记得摸你的额头吗?

This part of the skull is the frontal bone.

颅骨的这一部分是前骨.

The ridge of bone above your eyes is the supraorbital ridge.

眼睛上方的骨头脊是超轨道的脊.

The largest part of your skull covers the top and back of your head.

你头骨最大的部分 覆盖了你的上后脑勺

These two bones are the parietal (puh-RY-eh-tul) bones.

这两块骨头是鹦鹉骨(puh-RY-eh-tul).

The part of your skull just above your neck in the back is the occipital (awk-SIP-ih-tul) bone, and the sides of the skull, above the ears, are the temporal bones.

你头骨正上方的后颈是骨骼(awk-SIP-ih-tul),而头骨的侧面是耳部上方是时间骨骼.

Major Skull Bones In all, your skull has twenty-two bones, not counting the six in your middle ears and one in your throat.

骷髅骨少校 总而言之,你的头骨有二十二个骨骼,不计中耳有六分,喉有一分.

Beneath the skin on your cheeks, you can probably feel your cheekbones, or zygomatic bones.

在你脸颊上皮肤下方,你可能可以感觉到你的颊骨,或zy骨.

Your jaw is made up of two bones—the upper jaw, or maxilla, and the lower jaw, or mandible.

你的下巴由上下巴、下巴、下巴或可修补的两根骨头组成。

The lower jaw is one of the few bones in your skull that can move on its own.

下颚是您头骨中为数不多的能自行移动的骨头之一.

Bones Bonus Y our ears also have bones—the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, which are attached to the eardrum.

Bones 奖金 我们的耳朵还有骨头 -- -- 锤子、铁杆和起子,它们都附在耳膜上。

These bones are the tiniest bones in your body.

这些骨头是你体内最微小的骨头

When the eardrum picks up sounds and vibrates, the eardrum moves the hammer.

当耳膜接起声音并震动后,耳膜会移动锤子.

The hammer then vibrates, which makes the anvil vibrate, which in turn pushes the stirrup.

锤子会震动,使阴道震动,而阴道震动又会推倒起起起动.

Nerves detect these vibrations and send them to the brain, which makes meaning of the sounds.

神经会探测出这些振动并送入大脑,这让声音具有意义.

If you look at a skeleton, you might see something missing from its face—a nose.

如果你看到一具骨架,你可能会看到它的脸上缺少的东西——一鼻子.

The part of your nose that sticks out is not made of bone but rather of a tissue called cartilage (CAR-tih-ledj).

你鼻子上粘出的部分不是由骨骼所成,而是被称作软骨(CAR-tih-ledj)的组织所成.

Touch your nose and move it around.

取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取.

It can bend, whereas bones cannot.

它能弯曲,而骨头不能弯曲。

Cartilage, also found at the ends of bones, keeps one hard bone from rubbing against another one.

也发现于骨端的软骨使一硬骨不会被另一硬骨所摩擦.

Skeletons also have teeth, but teeth are not bones.

斯凯莱通斯也有牙齿,但牙齿不是骨头.

Teeth are harder than bones.

牙齿比骨头更硬.

The outside of a tooth is made of a substance called enamel, which is the hardest substance in the body.

牙齿外出由一种叫"纳米"的物质所制取,这是体内最难得到的物质.

Cartilage is softer than bones, but teeth are harder.

软骨比骨骼柔软,但牙齿更硬.

Put Your Back Into It The skull connects to a major system of bones—the spinal column, or backbone.

头骨连接着骨骼的主要系统——脊柱或骨干。

You can feel the first few parts of the spinal column along the back of your neck.

你可以感觉到脊柱上沿后颈部的前几个部分.

These ridges continue down your back, all the way to your hips.

这些山脊继续从你的后部,一直到你的臀部。

The ridges, called vertebrae (VER-teh-bray), are the individual bones of your backbone.

脊柱被称作"椎"(VER-teh-bray),是您脊椎的单个骨骼.

The spinal column has thirty-three vertebrae in all.

脊柱共有33个脊椎.

Seven vertebrae—the cervical vertebrae—are found in the neck.

颈部有7个椎-颈椎.

Twelve vertebrae—the thoracic (thor-AH-sik) vertebrae—run from the top of your back to about the middle of your back.

12个椎骨——胸椎(thor-AH-sik)从背部上部跑到背部中部左右.

Five lumbar vertebrae are located at the back of your waist, followed by five fused sacral vertebrae, which sit between your hips.

5根腰椎位于腰后部,后有5根被引信接通的圣椎,位于臀部之间.

The remaining vertebrae form the coccyx (KOK-siks) at the bottom of your spinal column.

所剩的椎骨会形成脊柱下部的coccyx(KOK-siks).

Bones Bonus The top two vertebrae are the atlas and axis.

Bones 奖金 上两个椎是地图和轴.

These two vertebrae allow you to nod and shake your head.

这两个脊椎可以让你点头摇头.

Your spinal column has two important functions.

你的脊柱有两个重要的功能.

First, it protects the delicate spinal cord, which runs through the vertebrae.

首先,它保护了精致的脊髓,脊椎穿行.

The spinal cord is the place where all the nerves in your body meet to transmit information to your brain.

脊髓是身体中所有神经相会的地方,用来向大脑传递信息.

The second function of the spinal column is to allow you to bend, twist, roll, and flip.

脊柱的第二个功能是允许您弯曲,扭曲,滚动和翻转.

Because the backbone is a chain of bones instead of one solid bone, it is very flexible and can move in many directions.

由于骨干是一连串的骨骼而不是一而再而三地坚固的骨骼,因此它非常灵活,可以向许多方向移动.

Spinal Column Front View Side View The skull is not the only set of bones attached to the backbone; the ribs and pelvic bones are attached to it, too.

脊柱前视图侧视图 颅骨不是骨干上唯一附着的骨骼;肋骨和骨盆骨也附着于骨骼上.

Along with giving shape to your chest, the ribs serve an important purpose—protecting the lungs and heart.

除了给胸口造型外,肋骨还起到保护肺和心脏的重要作用。

These organs lie inside the ribs, enclosed in the rib cage.

这些器官位于肋骨内,被围入肋骨笼.

If you pound on your chest, your lungs and heart don’t get squashed because the ribs provide a sturdy wall around them.

肺部和心脏不会被挤压,

Your rib cage has twelve bones on each side, each of which is connected to one of the twelve thoracic vertebrae.

你的肋骨笼每边有十二个骨骼,每个骨骼都与十二胸椎中的一个相接.

And Now the Appendages Your arms and hands, legs and feet—your appendages— enable you to perform many different activities.

现在的附录 你的手臂和手、腿和脚——你的附属物——使你能够从事许多不同的活动。

Your arms and hands allow you to lift and hold things, while your legs and feet help you to move around.

手臂和手可以让你抬起并握住东西,而腿和脚可以帮助你移动.

Being able to perform these actions is partially possible because of the bones in your appendages.

能够做这些动作 部分是可能的 因为你的附属骨骼。

Your arms are made up of three bones each—the humerus, the radius, and the ulna.

你的手臂由3个骨骼组成——胡默鲁斯,半径和乌纳.

The humerus is the upper-arm bone, attached at the top to the shoulder.

hum是上臂骨,上部被接入肩上.

The radius and the ulna make up the lower part of the arm, between the elbow and the wrist.

半径和乌鸦构成手臂下部,在肘和腕之间.

These kids use their arms to help hold themselves up.

这些孩子用手臂扶起自己

Near the top of the spinal column, you will also find a scapula and clavicle on each side.

在脊柱上方的上方,你也会在两侧各找出一副相片和锁骨.

Scapula is the technical term for the shoulder blade, and clavicle is the technical term for the collarbone.

Scapula是肩部叶片的技术名词,而锁骨是锁骨的技术名词.

The scapula and the clavicle make up the shoulder.

须弥相与克克克相接而起.

Near the bottom of the spinal column, two hip bones form the pelvis.

脊柱下部附近有两根臀骨组成骨盆.

On each side, a pelvic bone looks like a shallow dish or bowl.

每边有盆骨外观为浅道或碗.

That’s because your intestines and other lower-body organs rest inside it.

这是因为你的肠子和其他下体器官都在里面休息。

Boning Up The skeleton of a newborn baby is not the same as the skeleton of an adult.

击出 新生儿的骨架与成年人的骨架不同.

An unborn baby has cartilage instead of bones.

未出世的婴儿有软骨而不是骨骼.

As the unborn baby grows and develops, the cartilage hardens and turns to bone.

随着未出世婴儿的生长和发育,软骨会硬化并变成骨骼.

By the time the baby is born, most of the cartilage has become bone.

至婴儿出世后,大部分软骨已经变成骨骼.

As babies become children and then adults, their bones continue to harden or even j oin together.

随着婴儿成为了孩子,然后成为了成年人,他们的骨头继续硬化,甚至连j oin在一起.

One of the last sets of bones to j oin together is the group that makes up the pelvis.

组成骨盆的组别是最后一组骨骼一起取出join.

These bones become one solid structure when a person is in his or her late teens or early twenties.

当一个人十多岁或二十多来岁时,这些骨骼就成为一个坚实的结构。

Your wrist and hand together have more bones than any other part of your body—twenty-seven!

你的手腕和手的骨骼,比身体的任何部分都要多。

That’s a total of fifty-four bones for both hands.

这是两只手总共54个骨头。

Because wrists and hands have so many bones, they are very flexible and dexterous, allowing us to do small, precise activities such as writing, drawing, playing the piano, and tying shoelaces.

因为手腕和手有这么多的骨头,它们非常灵活和有弹性,让我们可以做一些小的,精确的活动,比如写作,绘画,弹钢琴,并捆绑鞋带等.

An X-ray of a hand Many for Manipulating Y our fingers may be smaller than your arms, but they have more bones.

手的X光片 用于操纵Y 我们的手指可能比你的手臂小 但骨头更多

Here’s how the number of bones in each part of your arms and hands compare.

以下是你手臂和手的骨头数量对比。

Arm: 3 bones Wrist: 8 carpals Palm: 5 metacarpals Each finger: 3 phalanges (fuh-LAN-jeez) Each thumb: 2 phalanges Fingers and thumb: 14 phalanges total The structure of the legs and feet is comparable to the structure of the arms and hands.

臂:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨:骨. 每个指: 三指花(fuh-LAN-jeez) 每只拇指: 二根花纹 手指和拇指: 共14个长指 腿和脚的结构与手臂和手的结构相仿.

The top portion of the leg is one solid bone—the thighbone, or femur.

腿上部为一根实骨-大腿骨或股骨.

The bottom part of the leg has two bones— the shinbone, or tibia, and the fibula.

腿下部有两根骨骼——shin骨(shinbone),即t骨(tibia)和纤维.

Between the upper and lower parts of the leg is one more bone— the kneecap, or patella.

腿上部和下部之间再有一根骨-膝盖骨,或帕特拉.

The patella lies over the knee joint, protecting the tendons beneath it that allow the leg to bend.

帕地拉位于膝关节上方,保护下方能使腿向下弯曲的垂体.

Bones Bonus The longest, strongest, and largest bone in your body is in your leg.

Bones 奖金 身体中最长,最强,最大的骨头就在你的腿上.

It’s the thighbone, or femur.

是大腿骨或股骨。

The femur extends from the pelvis to the knee.

股骨从骨盆延伸至膝盖.

T o break the femur requires a large amount of force—for example, you would have to fall from a great height or have a high-speed collision while skiing or skating.

T o 断出股骨需要大量的力量——例如,你必须从高地上摔倒,或者在滑雪或花样滑冰时发生高速相撞.

Like the hand, the foot is a complex collection of many bones.

和手一样,脚也是一种由许多骨骼组成的复杂集合.

Each foot has only one less bone than a hand—twenty-six—for a total of fifty-two bones for both feet.

每只脚的骨骼只比一只手少一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分分一分一分一分分一分一分分分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分一分分一分一分分分分分分分分分分分分分去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去

The ankle and heel of a foot have seven tarsal bones, and the ball of a foot has five metatarsal bones.

脚踝和脚跟有7个被子骨,一脚的球有5个被子骨.

Like the hand, the foot has fourteen phalanges—two for the big toe and three each for the remaining toes.

和手一样,脚有14个长发——大脚趾有2个,其余脚趾各有3个.

Skin and tissue on the bottoms, or soles, of the feet protect the bones from the impact of jumping and running.

脚下或脚底的外皮和组织能保护骨骼免受跳跃和跑动所撞击.

Foot bones are cushioned by the skin and tissue around them so they don’t break when you run, jump, and hop.

脚骨被周围的皮肤和组织所衬住,

Don’t Get Out of Joint Along with 206 bones, the adult human body has over 100 joints.

成人身体有超过100个关节。

Joints are the places where bones meet.

关节是骨头相会的地方.

Bones are hard and unbending, but because bones are connected at joints, our bodies can bend and twist.

骨头是坚硬而无穷的,但是由于骨头在关节相接,我们的身体可以弯曲和扭动.

Y our joints allow you to bend and twist into unusual positions.

我们的关节允许你弯曲和曲折 进入不寻常的位置。

Bones Bonus Sometimes we say that people are double- j ointed, which doesn’t mean that they have two j oints instead of one.

Bones 奖金 我们有时会说人们是双乳糖,

Double- j ointed people are more flexible than the average person because the ligaments between their j oints are looser.

双子膏人比一般人更灵活,因为他们的j膏之间的韧带更松.

These loose ligaments allow them to bend in unusual ways.

这些松散的韧带使它们能以不寻常的方式弯曲.

Inside Your Bones It might seem as if a bone is nothing more than a hard, dead object, like a rock, but that isn’t the case.

在你的骨头里 似乎骨骼只是坚硬而枯萎的物体,

Bones are definitely alive with millions of bone cells that need oxygen and food to survive, just like other types of cells.

骨头肯定有数百万个骨细胞 需要氧气和食物才能活下来 就像其他类型的细胞一样

On the outside, a bone is hard and solid.

外出一骨坚硬坚固.

This outer layer is the compact bone.

这个外层是紧凑的骨头.

Below the compact bone is the spongy bone, which contains tiny holes to keep the bones light in weight so our muscles can lift them.

紧凑骨下方是海绵骨, 它含有小孔来使骨骼轻轻地重量,这样我们的肌肉就能抬起它们.

Below the spongy bone and also within it is the bone marrow.

在海绵骨下方 里面还有骨髓

Bone marrow is important because it is the place where the body makes blood cells.

骨髓很重要,因为它是人体产生血细胞的地方.

The bone marrow in a typical adult produces over 50 billion red blood cells every day!

典型成年人的骨髓每天产生超过500亿个红血球!.

Not all joints are the same.

并不是所有的关节都是相同的.

The joints where the humerus connects to the shoulder bone and where the femur connects to the pelvis bone are ball-and-socket joints.

胡梅花与肩骨相接的关节和股骨与盆骨相接的关节为球与口接.

The top ends of the humerus and femur have a ball shape, each of which fits snugly into a round socket in the shoulder and pelvis respectively.

hum和股骨的上端有球形,每个相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相相接相接相相相接相接相相相相接相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相

The elbow joint and the knee joint are examples of hinge joints, which can only bend in one direction.

肘关节和膝关节是关节的例子,只能向一个方向弯曲.

The joints between the vertebrae of your spine, which are swivel joints, enable your body to tilt and turn.

脊椎椎间接的关节是摇摆的关节,使身体能倾斜而转.

The last type of joint is a suture, like those found on the skull.

后一种关节是缝合,就像在头骨上发现的缝合.

Sutures connect the skull bones but don’t allow much movement.

缝合会连接颅骨,

The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint.

臀关节为球口相接的关节.

Keeping Bones Healthy Even though bones are very strong, they can break if they are struck with enough force.

保持骨头健康 尽管骨骼非常坚固,但是如果被足够强力地击打,可以打碎.

Healing a broken bone requires a little help from a doctor and a great deal of help from bone cells.

治愈骨折需要医生的一点帮助和骨细胞的大量帮助.

For a bone to heal properly, the bone must be put back together exactly the way it was before the break.

骨能正常疗伤,必须完全按照断裂前的样子把骨头放回原处.

Depending on the severity of the break, doctors may need to move around the broken bones to put them back in position.

根据断裂的严重程度,医生可能需要围绕断骨移动来将断骨放回原位.

Then they place a cast around the body part where the bone was broken.

然后在骨折的地方 放置了一块石膏

The cast prevents the body part from moving so the bone has time to heal.

石膏能防止身体部位移动,使骨骼有时间治愈.

As soon as a bone breaks, bone cells immediately begin repairing it.

一旦骨折,骨细胞立即开始修复.

Holding the broken bone in place with a cast allows the bone cells to do their job.

将被折断的骨头用铸块固定在原地,使骨细胞能够完成任务.

A cast helps hold a broken bone in place so it can heal.

铸件可以帮助将骨折的骨骼固定在原地,使其能痊愈.

Bones need to stay healthy to remain strong.

骨头要保持健康才能保持强壮

Exercising regularly is the best way to keep your bones in good working order.

定期锻炼是让你的骨头保持良好工作状态的最佳方法.

Eating a well-balanced diet helps the bone marrow to produce healthy blood cells.

食用平衡的饮食能帮助骨髓产生健康的出血细胞.

Legumes (such as pinto beans or peas), other vegetables, and fruits are good for your bones.

豆子(如平豆或豌豆),其他蔬菜和水果对骨骼都有好处。

Foods rich in calcium, such as dairy products and fortified soy milk, rice milk, and orange juice, can also help bones to grow.

富含钙的食品,如乳制品和强化豆奶,米奶,和橙汁等也能够帮助骨骼生长.

Your bones give your body its shape, and they also give you much more.

你的骨骼让你的身体呈现出它的形状,它们也给你更多的.

They give you the ability to move, sit, stand, and write.

他们给你能力 移动,坐,站,写。

You wouldn’t be you without your bones!

没有骨头,

Bones help you do all kinds of fun activities.

Bones帮助你从事各种有趣的活动.