the Great
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents A Prince Is Born in Macedonia.
内容列表 A王子生于马其顿.
4 A Leader in Training.
4 培训领导。
5 Becoming King.
5成为国王。
8 The Journey Begins.
8"出行记".
10 Conquering Asia.
10征服亚洲.
12 The Legacy of Alexander.
12 亚历山大遗事.
14 Glossary.
14 词汇表。
16 Alexander’s Empire at Its Peak, 323 bc BLACK SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA Euphrates River Hydaspes River ARABIAN SEA CASPIAN SEA PERSIA INDIA ASIA MINOR MACEDONIA EGYPT RED SEA PERSIAN GULF Nile River Alexandria Taxila Babylon Alexander’s empire Exploration route A Prince Is Born in Macedonia More than 2,300 years ago, a prince was born in the Greek state of Macedonia.
16 亚历山大帝国在它的峰顶, 323 bc BLACK SEA MEDITRANANEAN SEA EARBARATES River Hydaspes River 阿拉伯 SEA CASPIAN SEA PERSIA INDIA MINOR MACEDONIA EGYPT RED SEA PERSIAN GULF 尼罗河 亚历山德里亚 塔西拉 巴比伦 亚历山大的帝国探索路线 A Prince Is Born in Macedonia 2300多年前,一位王子生于希腊马其顿国.
The prince grew up to be a powerful king.
王子长大后成为了强大的国王.
As the greatest leader the world had ever known at that time in history, Alexander the Great conquered nations and kingdoms in lands near and far from Greece.
作为当时史上最伟大的领袖,亚历山大大帝在希腊附近和远离希腊的土地上征服了国家和王国.
Alexander the Great was well educated and had developed a thirst for knowledge.
亚历山大大帝受过良好的教育,对知识产生了渴求.
Aside from wanting to grow his empire and gain power, some historians think that curiosity may have played a part in Alexander’s drive to go farther than any Macedonian had gone before.
一些历史学家认为,好奇心除了想要发展他的帝国并获得权力之外,在亚历山大走得比以前任何马其顿人都更远的路程中可能起了一定的作用.
His kingdom would include parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia.
他的王国将包括欧洲,非洲和亚洲的部分地区.
Alexander’s father, Philip II, became king of Macedonia in 359 bc.
亚历山大的父亲腓特烈二世于359bc成为马其顿国王.
Olympias, Philip’s wife, doted on her son Alexander, telling him he would one day be king.
菲利普的妻子奥林匹亚斯(Olympis)用她的儿子亚历山大(Alexander)作伴,告诉他他有一天会成为国王.
A Leader in Training Alexander’s story begins with his father, King Philip II.
一个训练亚历山大的领袖的故事从他的父亲腓特烈二世国王开始.
The title of king is usually handed down from father to son.
国王的头衔通常由父亲传给儿子.
Philip took the throne from his young nephew to become king of Macedonia.
菲利普从他年轻的外甥手中夺取了王位,成为了马其顿国王.
With a strong will and the support of a strong army, Philip ensured that Macedonia and the surrounding Greek states were under his control.
在强大的意志和一支强大的军队的支持下,腓力确保了马其顿和周围的希腊诸国都在他的控制下.
Alexander’s mother, Olympias, was fiercely determined that her son would be king one day and that her position would be secured.
亚历山大的母亲奥林匹亚斯(Olympis)强烈地决定她的儿子有一天会成为国王,她的地位会得到保障.
Alexander’s greatness was in large part due to having inherited drive for power from both of his parents.
亚历山大之所以伟大,很大程度上是因为继承了父母双方的权力。
He was also smart as a young boy.
他小时候也很聪明
When he was twelve years old, his father refused to buy a beautiful but nervous horse.
当他12岁时,他的父亲拒绝购买一匹美丽而紧张的马.
Alexander noticed that the horse was frightened by its own shadow.
亚历山大注意到了马被自己的影子所吓倒.
He calmed it down by turning its head away from the shadow.
他通过把头从阴影中移开来平息.
Alexander was able to control the horse and ride it easily.
亚历山大能控制马匹并轻松地骑行.
The horse, Bucephalus (byoo-SEF-uh-luhs), was important to Alexander for the rest of his life.
马布塞法卢斯(由来-SEF-uh-luhs)对亚历山大的后半生都很重要.
Bucephalus was Alexander’s horse for eighteen years.
布塞法卢斯是亚历山大十八年的马.
When Alexander was growing up, his father was often away, so Philip hired tutors and teachers to prepare his son to be king.
亚历山大长大后,他的父亲经常出走,于是菲利普聘请了辅导员和教师来为他的儿子作国王做准备.
Young noblemen of Greece learned to ride horses and hunt as well as to fight with swords, javelins, and bows.
希腊的年轻贵族们学会了骑马和打猎,也学会了用剑,贾维林和弓箭相搏.
Alexander and his boyhood friends would need to be well prepared for the fierce battles they were destined to fight.
亚历山大和他的童年朋友需要做好充分准备,准备他们注定要战斗的激烈战斗.
As Alexander grew older, he passed the Macedonian tests of manhood by killing a wild boar and killing a man in combat.
随着亚历山大逐渐老化,他通过杀死野生野猪和在战斗中杀死一个人来通过马其顿的男子气概测试.
As part of his education and training, Alexander studied with a philosopher named Aristotle.
作为他教育和培训的一部分,亚历山大与一个叫亚里士多德的哲学家一起学习.
Respected for his knowledge, Aristotle helped Alexander understand and value culture and art.
尊重他的知识,亚里士多德帮助亚历山大理解并珍视了文化和艺术.
In addition to teaching him science, philosophy, history, politics, and ethics, Aristotle inspired Alexander’s love of reading and of learning itself.
除了教他科学,哲学,历史,政治和伦理,亚里士多德还启发了亚历山大对阅读和自我学习的热爱.
A statue of Aristotle is on display at his birthplace in Stagira, Greece.
亚里士多德一尊雕像正在他位于希腊斯塔吉拉的出生地展出.
Becoming King Persia was the main empire of Asia and was an enemy of Greece.
成为波斯国王是亚洲的主要帝国,也是希腊的敌人.
Years before, Persia destroyed Greek cities in Asia Minor and took control of the area.
多年前,波斯摧毁了亚洲小地的希腊城市并控制了该地区.
Philip wanted to regain control and conquer Asia.
菲利普想重新控制并征服亚洲.
He would need to fight the Persians.
他需要对抗波斯人。
Alexander was still young when he began taking on leadership duties.
亚历山大开始担任领导职务时还很年轻.
At sixteen, he stopped a small revolution while Philip was away.
16岁时,他阻止了一场小革命,而菲利普却不在.
While still in his teens, Alexander commanded troops in some of his father’s battles.
在他十多岁的时候,亚历山大在父亲的一些战斗中指挥了部队.
Alexander was raised to be king, but when Philip married another woman, it was no longer certain Alexander would be.
亚历山大被立为国王,但腓特烈娶了另一个女人后,亚历山大就不再肯定了.
His mother was not a pure Macedonian.
他的母亲不是纯马其顿人。
If Philip had a baby with his new wife—a Macedonian—Alexander would not be the chosen heir.
如果菲利普与他的新妻子——一位马其顿人——生下孩子,亚历山大不会是被选中的继承人。
In fact, the new queen had a daughter in bc.
事实上,新女王在bc中有一个女儿.
The baby, however, never became a threat to Alexander becoming king.
然而,这个婴儿从未成为亚历山大成为国王的威胁.
A man killed Philip soon after the baby was born.
婴儿出生后不久就有一个人杀死了菲利普.
Guards chased Philip’s assassin, who was killed.
守卫追击被杀死的菲利普刺客.
The baby was too young to rule, and Alexander became king.
婴儿年幼不能统治,亚历山大出任国王.
Alexander immediately rallied his father’s army.
亚历山大立即召集了父亲的军队.
Macedonia and the City-States BLACK SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA AEGEAN SEA MACEDONIA ASIA MINOR (PERSIAN EMPIRE) Pella Delphi Thebes Athens Corinth There were several Greek city-states, each with its own capital.
马其顿和中亚各城市国家 佩拉·德尔菲·特比斯·雅典·科林斯 当时有数个希腊城邦,每个都有自己的首都.
This map shows some of the most powerful capitals.
这幅地图显示了一些最强大的首都.
The areas surrounding the capitals formed the states.
首都周围地区组成了各州。
Persia.
波斯语.
Alexander managed to gain the support of the many Greek states through persuasion, often accompanied by force.
亚历山大通过劝说,经常伴随着武力,设法得到许多希腊国家的支持.
Some of the Greek states and territories around Macedonia still opposed Alexander and wanted to rebel, but his army crushed them.
马其顿周围的一些希腊国家和领土仍然反对亚历山大并想反叛,但他的军队击溃了他们.
He made an example of the rebels by killing them and selling others into slavery.
他以叛军为例,将他们杀死并出卖他人成为奴隶.
This extreme punishment guaranteed submission of all the Greek city-states.
这种极端的惩罚保证了所有希腊城市国家的屈服。
A year after becoming king, Alexander was ready to expand Macedonian control beyond Greece.
在成为国王后一年,亚历山大准备将马其顿的控制范围扩大到希腊以外.
The Mighty Phalanx Thousands of Alexander’s soldiers fought in tight groups in the phalanx formation.
万能的法兰克 数以千计的亚历山大的士兵在phalanx阵型中以紧密的阵营出战.
Each phalanx had about sixteen rows of men.
每只花兰克斯有大约16行人。
Soldiers carried spears that were often 6 meters (20 ft.)
士兵所携带的长矛多为6米(20英尺).
long.
长.
The Journey Begins Alexander strengthened his troops with equipment, including body armor, shields, helmets, daggers, and enormous spears.
Journey Begins Alexander用装备加强了他的部队,包括机身装甲,盾牌,头盔,匕首和巨大的长矛.
He increased the number of cavalry and sent foot soldiers in a strong formation called a phalanx that would follow the cavalry and crush any enemy soldiers left standing.
他增加了骑兵人数并派遣了步兵以坚固的阵形取名"花花克"(phalanx)来跟随骑兵并击溃任何留下的敌军士兵.
Alexander was a strong leader, able to share his vision and rally his troops.
亚历山大是一位坚强的领袖,能够分享他的远见并召集他的军队.
He led by example, always going into battle in front of his men and standing by them when things got rough.
他以身作则,总是在部下面前出战并站在他们一边,当事情变得艰难.
He had good instincts that allowed him to know how, when, and where to attack.
他有很好的直觉,让他知道如何、何时和在哪里攻击。
Alexander left for Asia Minor (now Turkey) in the spring of 334 bc.
亚历山大于334 bc之春出走去亚洲小地(现为土耳其).
When he arrived, he boldly threw his spear into the ground, claiming the land for himself.
到达后,他大胆地将长矛倒入地上,为自己要求土地.
Soon after, Alexander had his first battle with the Persian army at the Granicus River.
不久后,亚历山大在格拉尼库斯河与波斯军队进行了第一次战斗.
The Persian king, Darius III, was not there to lead.
波斯国王大流士三世当时并不在那里领导.
Both armies were well trained with foot soldiers and cavalry, but the Persians were less prepared.
两军都训练有素,有步兵和骑兵,但波斯人准备不足.
During the bloody hour-long battle, Alexander narrowly escaped death.
在血腥长达一小时的战斗中,亚历山大勉强逃脱了死亡.
Alexander’s army moved on along the Aegean Sea, taking back Greek city-states and fighting those who resisted.
亚历山大的军队沿着爱琴海前进,夺回了希腊的城邦并和反抗者作战.
In 333 bc, in the Battle of Issus, Alexander again met a larger Persian army, this time with Darius.
333 bc)中,在伊苏斯之战中,亚历山大再次遇到一个更大的波斯军队,这次是同大流士.
The Persians still lost the hard- fought battle.
波斯人仍然输了艰苦的战斗.
Darius escaped.
大流士逃脱了
Frustrated that he hadn’t captured Darius, Alexander headed south to conquer the Persian fleet by capturing cities along the Mediterranean Sea, in what is today Syria and Lebanon.
亚历山大在今天的叙利亚和黎巴嫩占领了地中海一带的城市, 从而向南征服了波斯舰队。
Some cities surrendered, but in 332 bc the city of Tyre resisted for seven months before it was defeated.
一些城市投降了,但在332 bc中,提尔市在被击败之前抵抗了七个月.
With Tyre captured, Alexander continued along the Mediterranean coast and arrived in Egypt later in 332 bc.
随着提尔被俘,亚历山大继续沿着地中海沿岸,后于332 bc抵达埃及.
The Persian ruler there stepped down.
那里的波斯统治者下台.
Alexander had respect for Egyptian religion and appointed Egyptian governors.
亚历山大尊重埃及宗教并任命埃及总督.
Egypt welcomed him.
埃及欢迎他。
After starting plans for the city of Alexandria, Alexander moved east toward other sections of the Persian Empire in Asia.
在开始亚历山大城的计划后,亚历山大向东迁移到亚洲波斯帝国的其他部分.
Conquering Asia Alexander traveled east of Asia Minor (Iraq today) in 331 bc and met Darius in the Battle of Gaugamela.
征服亚洲 亚历山大于331 bc出行于亚细亚以东(今伊拉克),并在高伽梅拉战役中与达利乌斯相遇.
Darius had rebuilt his larger army, but Alexander’s army overpowered them.
大流士重建了更大的军队,但亚历山大的军队压倒了他们.
Darius fled in defeat, along with much of his army.
大流士在被打败后出逃,与他的大部分军队一起出逃.
Alexander moved farther into the Persian Empire, conquering cities, exploring Persian ways, and trying to capture Darius.
亚历山大更远地走入了波斯帝国,征服了城市,探索了波斯的方法,并试图夺取了大流士.
Before he could reach him, Darius was killed in 330 bc by a man who was later executed.
在他到达他之前,大流士于330bc被一个后来被处决的人所杀.
Alexander was now considered king of Persia.
亚历山大现在被认为是波斯的国王.
Far from his home in Macedonia, Alexander started transforming his lifestyle to include Persian customs.
远在他马其顿的家,亚历山大开始将他的生活方式改造为包括波斯风俗.
He married two local princesses and began to expect Macedonians to honor him with low bows, as Persians did.
他与当地的两位公主结婚,并开始期望马其顿人以低低的弓来纪念他,就像波斯人那样.
Many Macedonians did not like Alexander’s new behavior.
许多马其顿人不喜欢亚历山大的新行为.
Alexander was kind to his soldiers as long as they followed him.
亚历山大只要跟随他的士兵,就对他心怀好意.
Those who rebelled were sometimes executed.
反叛者有时被处决.
This painting depicts the Battle of the Hydaspes.
这幅画描绘了海德士人之战.
Alexander was in new territory in many of his travels.
亚历山大在许多出行中都在新地盘.
His military expertise is evident in his ability to make quick decisions in battles.
他的军事专长体现在他在战斗中能够迅速作出决定.
His army was exhausted, but Alexander managed to convince them to move farther east to what he knew as India (Pakistan and Afghanistan today).
他的军队已经精疲力尽,但亚历山大设法说服了他们更远地向东移动到他所知的印度(今天的巴基斯坦和阿富汗).
In 326 bc, Alexander fought Porus, a leader who resisted him.
在326 bc中,亚历山大与波鲁斯作战,波鲁斯是一位反抗他的领导人.
Alexander met Porus’s troops at the Hydaspes (hy-DAS-peez) River.
亚历山大在Hydaspes (hy-DAS-peez)河接见了波鲁斯的军队.
Soldiers of this area used elephants in battle.
这个地区的士兵在战斗中使用了大象.
Porus’s elephants, having done some damage to the Greeks, eventually panicked due to the intensity of the fight and retreated.
波鲁斯的大象对希腊人造成了一些伤害,最终由于战斗的激烈而惊慌失措并撤退.
Porus surrendered to Alexander.
普鲁斯向亚历山大投降.
It was Alexander’s last big battle.
这是亚历山大最后一次大战.
There was great unrest among his soldiers.
他的士兵之间发生了巨大的动乱.
Unable to convince them to go any farther, he agreed to turn back.
他无法说服他们走得更远 他同意回头
He made it to Babylon, where he came down with a fever in the spring of 323 bc.
他到达了巴比伦,他于323 bc的春天发了热而下.
He died there in June of that year.
当年6月他在那里去世.
Many people believe Alexander the Great was one of the strongest leaders the world has ever known.
许多人相信 亚历山大大帝是世界上最强大的领导人之一。
The Legacy of Alexander Alexander was undoubtedly a powerful man and an exceptional leader.
亚历山大·亚历山大的遗事无疑是一个有权有势的人和杰出的领导人.
His empire included parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
他的帝国包括了欧洲,亚洲,非洲的部分地区.
By today’s thinking, Alexander was brutal.
在今天的思考中,亚历山大是残酷的.
The number of people killed under his rule was close to 750,000.
在他统治下被杀死的人数已接近75万人.
However, Alexander’s conquests were not just about controlling people and land.
然而,亚历山大的征服不仅仅是控制人和土地.
He explored the history and customs of all the places he traveled.
他探索了所出行各地的历史和风俗.
Alexander became a model for generations of leaders who followed.
亚历山大成为了几代追随者领袖的模范.
He opened doors of knowledge about the places he traveled and learned about new religions and governments.
他打开了关于他出行地点的知识之门,并了解了新的宗教和政府.
He also opened the eyes of the people he met to Greek ways and created a world that was more open to trading new materials and new ideas.
他还为所遇之人打开了对希腊方式的视线并创造了一个对交易新材料和新思想更加开放的世界.