Dust Bowl Disaster
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 From Prosperity to Poverty.
4 从繁荣到贫穷。
6 Living in a Dust Bowl.
6活在一尘碗.
9 Living to Tell Their Story.
9"活在讲述他们的故事".
12 Leaving the Dust Bowl.
12 离开尘碗。
16 The Government Steps In.
16 政府采取步骤。
19 Conclusion.
19 结论。
22 Glossary.
22 词汇表。
23 Index.
23 指数。
24 Introduction Hurricanes.
24 导言飓风.
Floods.
水灾.
Forest fires.
森林火灾.
Earthquakes.
地震.
Every year these natural disasters strike somewhere on Earth.
这些自然灾害每年都会袭击地球上的某个地方。
But during the late 1920s and 1930s, two disasters of another kind swept the United States, inflicting pain and suffering on its people.
但在1920年代后期和1930年代,另外两次灾难席卷了美国,给美国人民带来痛苦和苦难.
These disasters were particularly troublesome because they lasted for years rather than hours or days, creating hardships for thousands upon thousands of people.
这些灾害尤其棘手,因为它们持续了数年而不是数小时或数天,给成千上万的人造成了困难。
The first blow was not a natural disaster but an economic one.
第一个打击不是自然灾害,而是经济灾难。
This disaster became known as the Great Depression.
这场灾难被称作"大萧条".
It began with the crash of the stock market in 1929.
始于1929年股市倒闭.
The stock market began falling and by the time it stopped falling, stocks were worth about 20 percent of their previous value.
股票市场开始下跌,当它停止下跌时,股票的价值约为其先前价值的20%.
People lost their life savings, their jobs, and many of their possessions.
人们失去了一生的积蓄,工作,以及许多财产.
Banks and factories closed.
银行和工厂关闭。
Texas New Mexico Kansas Oklahoma Great Plains Dust Bowl area Hardest hit area MEXICO CANADA Colorado Wyoming Montana N.
德克萨斯州新墨西哥州 堪萨斯州 俄克拉荷马州 大平原 尘碗区 哈德最受打击区 墨西哥 科罗拉多-怀俄明-蒙大拿州 N.
Dakota Nebraska Iowa Minnesota Missouri S.
内布拉斯加州 艾奥瓦州明尼苏达州密苏里州 S.
Dakota UNITED STATES The Great Depression was not limited to the United States.
美国达科他州 大萧条不仅限于美国.
It spread to other countries throughout the world and became the worst economic slump in history.
它向全世界其他国家扩散,成为历史上最严重的经济萧条.
To make matters worse, the second blow to strike during the 1930s dried up the soil just like money dried up during the stock market crash.
更糟糕的是,20世纪30年代的第二次打击使土壤干涸,就像股市崩溃时的钱被干涸了一样.
It affected the southern region of the Great Plains of the United States, covering large parts of Texas, Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma, but also stretching throughout the Great Plains and into the prairies of Canada.
它影响了美国大平原南部地区,覆盖了德克萨斯州,堪萨斯州,科罗拉多州和俄克拉荷马州等地的大部分地区,但也伸入了整个大平原并进入了加拿大的大草原.
The disaster was labeled the Dust Bowl, and the period of history became known as the Dirty Thirties.
这场灾难被贴上"尘碗"的标签,历史时期被取名"肮脏的三十年代".
From Prosperity to Poverty Farmers in the Great Plains had been prospering for decades before the Dust Bowl struck.
大平原从繁荣到贫穷的农民在尘碗来袭前几十年一直繁荣。
World War I (1914–1918) prevented European farmers from growing wheat, so farmers in North America sold their wheat to buyers who shipped it overseas.
第一次世界大战(1914–1918)阻止了欧洲农民种植小麦,因此北美农民将小麦卖给了将小麦运往海外的买主.
The demand for wheat drove prices upward.
对小麦的需求使价格上升。
Farmers plowed up more and more of the grasslands to feed the needs of European countries.
农民为养活欧洲国家的需要而种植了越来越多的草地.
The farmers of the Great Plains continued to prosper while many others suffered under the Great Depression.
大平原的农民继续繁荣,而许多其他农民则在大萧条下受苦受难.
But the prosperity would soon end.
但繁荣将很快结束。
Wheat fields cover the plains as far as the eye can see.
小麦地能覆盖平原,能眼所见.
Plowing up the grasslands to grow more wheat caused two problems that the farmers did not expect.
开垦草地种植更多的小麦,造成了农民们没有预料到的两个问题.
First, it made so much wheat available that wheat prices began to drop.
首先,它提供了大量小麦,使小麦价格开始下跌。
Storage bins became filled to capacity, and farmers began to dump their harvested wheat onto the ground and onto roads.
储存箱被装满,农民开始将收获的小麦倒入地上和公路上。
Second, when the Great Plains entered a period of prolonged drought, plowing up the grasslands caused the fields to dry up.
二,大平原进入长期干旱时期后,开垦草地使田地干涸.
With too little moisture to support crops, the fields were left bare.
由于水分太少,无法支撑农作物,田地被剥去.
From one hot summer to another, the sun baked the soil.
从一个炎热的夏天到另一个夏天,太阳烤出土壤来.
When winds increased, the exposed dry dirt was whipped up into dark clouds of choking dust that swept across the land.
当风力增强时,被暴露出干燥的泥土被刮去,被堵住的灰尘笼罩在地上。
The thick, billowing walls of dirt hid the sun and forced people to light lamps in the midday darkness.
厚厚的平地墙掩藏了太阳并迫使人们在正午的黑暗中取出灯光.
Math Minute From July 1930 to July 1931, wheat prices dropped from 68¢ a bushel to 25¢ a bushel.
从1930年7月到1931年7月,小麦价格从一棵树皮的68分跌到一棵树皮的25分.
In 1930, farmer Beck planted 100 acres of wheat and harvested 12 bushels per acre.
1930年,农民贝克种植了100英亩的小麦并每英亩收获了12只灌木.
In 1931, he planted another 100 acres and harvested 12 bushels per acre.
1931年,他又种植了100亩地,每亩收获了12只灌木.
How much more did he make in 1930 than he did in 1931?
1930年他比1931年赚了多少?
A choking dust storm whips across the plains.
令人窒息的尘暴横行平原
Living in a Dust Bowl For years, the Dust Bowl gripped the Great Plains.
住在尘碗里 多年来,尘碗笼罩了大平原
Every time the wind whipped up the dirt and carried it skyward, another dust storm moved across the Great Plains.
每次风刮起泥土并随地飘去时,又一阵尘暴飘过大平原.
These storms took on names like dusters and black blizzards.
这些暴风雨都以尘埃和黑色暴风雪等命名.
People living in the plains did everything they could to keep the dust from entering their homes and their lungs.
平原上的居民尽了一切所能来阻止尘埃进入家园和肺部.
Windows and doors were stuffed with newspapers and rags.
视窗和门被塞入了报纸和破布.
Men, women, and children tied rags over their faces.
男人、女人和孩子把布绑在脸上
Children even went to bed with damp cloths over their mouths and noses to keep the dust out.
孩子们甚至用潮湿的布把嘴和鼻子都遮住去睡觉去遮住尘埃.
Still, the dust found its way into homes and into the bodies of every living creature.
然而,尘埃却进入了家园,进入了每一个生物的身体。
It clogged up motors in cars and trucks.
它堵住汽车和卡车的马达
Livestock wandered blindly in the clouds of dust.
畜生盲目地徘徊于出尘之云.
Many animals fell dead when their lungs became caked with dust.
许多动物在肺被尘埃所烤出后死亡.
Outside, dust piled up like snowdrifts during a blizzard.
外面的灰尘在暴风雪中像雪地一样堆起.
The only difference was that the dust drifts did not melt.
唯一的区别是尘埃漂移没有融化。
They just got higher and higher, burying tools, farm equipment, and small buildings.
他们越来越高 埋葬工具 农用设备 还有小建筑
Roads had to be plowed, and trains were literally stopped on tracks covered by heaps of dirt.
道路必须被犁地,火车被从字面上拦住在被堆积的泥土所覆盖的轨道上.
Conditions got so bad that winds carried the dust eastward to fall across cities such as Chicago, Atlanta, and New York.
情况变得如此糟糕 风将尘埃向东飘去 穿过芝加哥、亚特兰大和纽约等城市
Dust even blew over the Atlantic Ocean and fell upon decks of ships at sea.
尘埃甚至吹过大西洋并倒入了海上船只的甲板上.
Word Wise During the winter, winds often whipped up a mixture of snow and dust.
冬天的Word Wise在,风常常会把雪和灰尘混合在一起。
These storms became known as snusters.
这些风暴被称作"斯努斯特".
A tractor sits unused after being buried by the dust.
被尘埃所掩埋后,拖拉机坐落未用.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
A mysterious disease known as dust pneumonia infected thousands of people living in the path of the dust storms.
一种被称作"尘肺炎"的神秘疾病感染了数以千计生活在尘暴路径上的人.
The disease killed men, women, and children, especially the very young and the very old.
这种疾病杀死了男人、女人和儿童,特别是非常年轻和年老的人。
A farmer puts on a mask before working.
一个农民在工作前戴上口罩。
Perhaps the worst day of all during the Dust Bowl occurred on Black Sunday—April 14, 1935.
也许尘碗期间最糟糕的一天发生在1935年4月14日黑色星期日。
The day began with the sun rising in a clear blue eastern sky and a gentle breeze whispering from the west.
白天从太阳升起开始,天空晴朗而东,微风从西方悄悄地吹来.
Without warning, a gigantic wall of dirt and dust appeared on the horizon and rushed across the rolling plains at 60 miles (96.
在没有警告的情况下,地平线上出现了一堵巨大的泥土和灰尘墙,并在60英里(96.
5 km) per hour.
每小时5公里).
It rushed eastward so fast that the storm swallowed up birds and rabbits trying to out-fly and outrun it.
它急于向东飞去以至于风暴吞噬了鸟和兔子试图飞出并跑出它.
Animals dropped to the ground, dying of exhaustion and suffocation.
动物倒地而死,因疲劳和窒息而死.
People ran for any shelter they could reach—sheds, barns, homes, and cars.
人们跑到任何可以到达的避难所——棚屋、谷仓、房屋和汽车。
Living to Tell Their Story Some people who lived through the Dust Bowl recorded accounts of their experiences.
活在讲述他们的故事 一些活过"尘碗"的人记录了他们的经历.
Melt White of Dalhart, Texas, was just a child when Black Sunday occurred.
德克萨斯州达尔哈特的梅尔特·怀特(Melt White of Dalhart)在"黑色星期日"发生时还只是个孩子.
He described his memories of that day in interviews for a documentary film about the Dust Bowl.
他在为一部关于"尘碗"的纪录片而接受采访时描述了他当日的回忆.
He described the wind blowing very hard and the house shaking violently.
他描述风吹得非常猛烈,房子也剧烈地摇晃.
He was frightened that the house might blow away.
他害怕房子会爆炸
Outside, the dust filled the sky until it became very dark.
外面,尘埃填满了天空 直到它变得非常黑暗。
He tried to see his hand in front of his face and couldn’t.
他试图看到他的手在他面前,
He kept bringing his hand closer to his face.
他一直把手放在他脸上
It was so dark that even when he touched his nose with his hand, he couldn’t see it.
即使他用手摸鼻子,
Visualize Take a moment and think of what it must have been like on April 14, 1935.
可视化 慢慢想一想1935年4月14日的场景
Draw a picture of the scene as you visualize it.
画出场景的相片,当您想象它。
The Black Sunday storm nearly overwhelms a couple of people.
黑色的星期天风暴几乎压倒了几个人.
The Black Sunday storm approaches a town in the Texas panhandle.
黑色星期天风暴逼近德克萨斯州平顶山的一个城镇.
During With the Great Plains gripped in a drought, Svobida’s thoughts were much different.
在大平原陷入干旱期间,斯沃比达的想法大相径庭。
He described the wind and the dust that cut visibility to almost nothing.
他描述了将能见度削减到几乎一无所获的风和尘埃.
People’s eyes would be filled with dust and wearing goggles didn’t even help.
人们的眼睛会满是灰尘,
In a documentary film, Svobida talks about the ferocity of the wind and how it seemed to never stop.
在一部纪录片中,斯沃比达讲述了"狂风"的凶猛性,以及它如何看起来永不停歇.
He had never even imagined such a wind.
他从未想象过这样一阵风
It felt to him like everything would be blown away, and wherever he looked, his fields were empty.
他觉得一切都会被吹走 无论他看哪 他的地盘都是空的
In his book, Svobida wrote about how the experience changed his feelings on farming, which had once provided him with joy.
斯沃比达在他的书中写道,这一经历如何改变了他对于耕作的感受,这曾经为他提供了欢乐.
When he knew his crops were irrevocably gone, he described feeling as if there had been a death.
当他知道他的收成已经不可挽回地消失时,他描述感觉好像有死亡.
Nature had flouted his desire to work the land and the dreams he had of being a farmer.
大自然无视他务农的愿望和做农民的梦想。
He felt like giving up on everything, including any attempts to make something of his life.
他想放弃一切, 包括任何试图 制造他生活的东西。
One Kansas farmer, Lawrence Svobida, kept an extensive written record of his experience and later wrote a book about being a farmer on the Great Plains before, during, and after the Dust Bowl.
一位堪萨斯州农民劳伦斯·斯沃比达(Lawrence Svobida)对自己的经历保持了广泛的书面记录,后来写了一本关于"尘碗"之前,期间和之后是"大平原上的一个农民"的书.
Here is a description of what he said: Before Svobida described the beauty of seeing many miles of waist-high wheat fields swaying in the breeze.
以下是他所说的: 在斯沃比达描述看到多英里腰高的小麦地在微风中摇晃的美感之前.
He could think of nothing in the world more beautiful than a golden wheat field in the summer sun.
他能想到世上最美的 就是夏日中一个金麦地
The sight would take his breath away.
视线会夺走他的呼吸
During the Dust Bowl, farmers hoped to see blowing wheat instead of blowing dust.
在"尘碗"期间,农民希望看到吹小麦而不是吹出"尘".
After Svobida, like many others, still clung to the hope that rain would end the drought.
在斯沃比达之后,和许多其他人一样,仍然坚持希望雨水能结束干旱。
In his book, he talked about searching the sky every day for rainclouds.
在他的书中,他谈到每天去寻找天空来寻找雨云.
He watched his neighbors’ crops die out one by one, until finally the skies poured out five inches of precipitation over two days.
他看着邻居的收成逐一倒灭,
The water soaked into the soil and finally stopped the dust and drought.
水被浸入了土壤,并终于阻止了尘埃和干旱.
Eventually, inhaling blowing dust for years seriously affected Lawrence Svobida’s health.
最终,吸入吹起多年以来的尘埃,严重影响了劳伦斯·斯沃比达的健康.
He had to admit defeat and leave the Great Plains.
他不得不承认失败并离开大平原.
Leaving the Dust Bowl People living in the Great Plains were hearty souls who settled the area when there were no houses, water wells, roads, or fields.
在没有房屋、水井、道路或田地时,离开生活在大平原的尘碗人民是定居该地区的心腹灵魂。
They were accustomed to difficult times.
他们习惯了艰难的时代。
Many persevered one way or another through the Dirty Thirties.
许多人通过30多岁 坚持这种或那种方式
When they couldn’t grow wheat, they turned to raising thistles and a plant called soapweed, which could be chopped up and fed to livestock.
当他们无法种植小麦时, 他们转而饲养了一株叫肥皂草的tle子,
Many farmers turned to raising dairy cattle at the beginning of the Dust Bowl years.
许多农民在"尘碗"之年之初转向饲养奶牛.
Part of the milk was skimmed off and fed to pigs and chickens.
一部分牛奶被取出并喂给猪和鸡.
But as the drought worsened, farmers could no longer raise enough feed for their cattle and other livestock.
但随着干旱的恶化,农民无法再为牲畜和其他牲畜筹集到足够的饲料。
Farmers wait for rain that won’t come for years.
农民等待多年不会到来的雨水。
Not much was left for cattle to eat in Oklahoma in 1936.
1936年俄克拉何马州牛食用所剩不多.
With no source of income, farmers grew tired and hungry.
由于没有收入来源,农民变得疲惫和饥饿.
Many could not keep up payments on their farms.
许多人无法维持农场的付款。
They eventually left the Great Plains to seek a better life elsewhere.
他们最终离开大平原去其他地方寻求更好的生活.
Thousands were drawn westward to California to seek work in the state’s rich farmlands.
数千人被引向西去加利福尼亚州寻找该州富农地的工作.
But there were fewer jobs there than there were people.
但那里的工作比人少。
John Steinbeck describes the westward migration in his famous 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath.
约翰·斯泰因贝克(John Steinbeck)在他的1939年出名的小说"怒花之葡萄"中描述了向西的迁徙.
He wrote about the hundreds of thousands of people who came over the mountains towards California.
他写道数十万人从山上走来向加利福尼亚.
They came in cars loaded with all their worldly possessions and often slept in their cars or in tents.
他们乘坐装满了他们所有世界性物品的汽车,常常睡在汽车上或帐篷上.
Some formed caravans, or groups of cars that traveled together, for safety.
一些为安全起见组成了大篷车,或成群的汽车。
People didn’t stay in one place long.
人们没有在一个地方停留很长时间。
They were always moving, searching for work, and desperate for food.
他们总是在移动,寻找工作,渴望食物。
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
By the end of the 1930s, 2.
至上世纪30年代末为 2.
5 million people had left the Plains states.
500万人离开了平原州。
Two hundred thousand of them ended up in California.
其中有20万人最终被困在了加利福尼亚.
John Steinbeck and his book The Grapes of Wrath Think About It Imagine coming to the Great Plains in the early 1900s and starting a farm.
约翰·斯泰因贝克(John Steinbeck)和他所著"愤怒的葡萄"(The Grapes of Wrath Thought)一书"想象它在1900年代初来到了大平原并开始一个农场".
You have built a home, dug a well for water, plowed up grassland to grow wheat, and raised a family.
你建了个家,挖了个井取水,耕了个草地来种小麦,养了个家.
A drought comes and makes it difficult to grow crops.
干旱降临,使农作物难以种植.
What do you do?
你们是做什么的?
Do you stick it out?
你坚持吗?
How do you survive?
你怎么生存下来的?
Or do you pull up stakes and move to another place?
还是你拉起桩子搬到别的地方去?
The Government Steps In It was clear that people living in the Great Plains needed help.
政府采取的步骤 生活在大平原的人们显然需要帮助。
They were losing their land, their farms, and their hope.
他们失去了土地、农场和希望。
Millions more had lost their jobs because of the Great Depression and had no hope of finding new jobs.
另有数百万人因大萧条而失业,没有找到新工作的希望。
All were hungry and poor.
所有人都饥饿而贫穷。
Many were dying.
许多人正在死亡。
In 1932, the citizens of the United States had elected Franklin Roosevelt as their next president.
1932年,美国公民选举出富兰克林·罗斯福为下任总统.