and Sandstorms
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Dust in the Sky.
天空中的内容尘埃表.
4 How Sandstorms and Dust Storms Form.
4 沙暴和尘暴是如何形成的。
5 Health Threats.
5 健康威胁。
9 Losing Soil.
9 输取取地.
11 Ways to Settle the Dust.
11 解决尘埃的方法。
13 When the Dust Blows.
13个 尘吹出后.
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Dust in the Sky In September 2009, the people of eastern Australia watched their world change color.
16 Dust in the Sky 2009年9月,澳大利亚东部人民观看了他们的世界变色.
Strong winds had whipped up bone-dry dirt inland.
强风刮起内陆干燥的泥土
The storm rolled eastward, building a moving cloud of dust measuring more than 500 kilometers (311 mi.)
风暴向东滚动,形成行进500多公里(311 mi.
wide and 1,000 kilometers (621 mi.)
宽和1000公里(621米. )
long.
长.
Dust enveloped towns and cities, painting the sky and landscape an eerie reddish-orange.
尘封封了城镇,将天空和地貌描绘成一朵红玫瑰.
Meteorologists called it the worst dust storm the area had seen in almost seventy years.
气象学家称这是该地区近70年来所看到的最严重的尘埃风暴.
Poor visibility forced drivers to slow to a crawl and light their way with headlights.
低能见度迫使司机们慢到爬行并用前灯点亮他们的路.
Airlines canceled flights due to hazardous conditions.
航空公司因危险条件取消航班.
Doctors warned people with asthma and other health issues to stay inside.
医生警告有哮喘和其他健康问题的人留在里面.
By the time the dust settled, the storm had dumped about 2.
至尘埃落定时,风暴已倾出约2.
5 million metric tonnes (2.
500万公吨(2.
75 million tn.)
7500万吨).
of dust into the ocean.
尘埃入海
Meteorologists categorize the dramatic dust storm that struck Australia as an SDS event (sandstorm/dust storm).
气象学家将袭击澳大利亚的戏剧性尘埃风暴归类为SDS事件(沙尘暴/灰尘风暴).
These extreme weather systems pose a serious threat to human health and even the land itself.
这些极端天气系统对人类健康甚至土地本身构成严重威胁。
Australians said the sky during a 2009 dust storm reminded them of scenes from a disaster movie.
澳大利亚人说,2009年尘暴期间的天空让他们想起了一部灾难电影中的场景.
How Sandstorms and Dust Storms Form Thunderstorms and other powerful weather systems that disturb the atmosphere often generate high winds.
沙暴和尘暴如何形成雷暴等扰乱大气的强大天气系统,往往产生出高风.
Whenever strong gusts cross stretches of dry land, the wind blows particles of earth forward or lifts them into the air.
当强气管穿过干地时 风会把地上的颗粒吹向前 或抬入空气中
Earth and wind—that’s the simple recipe for SDS events.
地球与风,
SDS events are most common in Earth’s arid regions—deserts and other places that receive little rain.
SDS事件在地球干旱地区 -- -- 沙漠和其他少有雨的地方 -- -- 最为常见。
These lands cover about 40 percent of Earth’s total land area.
这些土地约占地球土地总面积的40%。
Areas Around the World at Risk for SDS Events Source: United Nations Environment Programme, 2016 ASIA EUROPE AFRICA AUSTRALIA NORTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN SOUTH AMERICA INDIANOCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN Very high High Moderate Low None ANTARCTICA SOUTHERN OCEAN The different types of storms are sometimes lumped together.
资料来源:联合国环境规划署,2016年,非洲 -- -- 北美洲南极洲 甚高中度 黎巴嫩南部 不同类型的风暴有时会被拼凑在一起.
However, some meteorologists and other scientists distinguish between types of SDS events.
然而,有的气象学家和其他科学家区分了SDS事件的类型.
What are the different types?
哪些类型不同?
As their name suggests, sandstorms occur in sandy regions, such as the Gobi Desert, in Asia, and the Arabian Desert, in the Middle East.
正如他们的名字所显示的,沙尘暴发生在沙质地区,如亚洲的戈壁沙漠和中东的阿拉伯沙漠.
A large gust of wind picks up the top layer of sand from the ground.
一大阵风从地上取出上层沙子.
Sandstorms stay close to the ground, rarely rising more than 15 meters (49 ft.)
沙地暴风雨会停留在地上附近,很少上升超过15米(49英尺).
in the air.
{\fn华文楷体\fs16\1cHE0E0E0}在空中
Since dust weighs less than sand, sandstorms usually include dust as well.
由于灰尘比沙子轻,沙尘暴通常也包括了灰尘.
On the other hand, dust storms can happen wherever the ground is dry, especially areas parched by drought.
另一方面,在地面干燥的地方,特别是被干旱淹没的地区,都可能发生沙尘暴.
Without moisture, dirt doesn’t stick together and breaks down into smaller dust particles.
没有水分, 泥土不会凝结在一起,
Because these particles are smaller and lighter than sand grains, winds can carry dust farther and faster than sand.
因为这些颗粒比沙粒更小更轻,风能携带比沙子更远更快的灰尘.
In fact, dust storms often launch dust 10 kilometers (6 mi.)
事实上,尘暴经常发射出10公里(6米)的尘埃.
or higher into the atmosphere!
或进入大气层!
A sandstorm blows across the Middle Eastern country of Jordan.
一场沙暴吹遍了中东国家约旦。
How Haboobs Form Haboobs are a specific type of SDS event triggered by severe weather.
How Haboobs Form Haboobs是恶劣天气所引发的一类SDS事件.
They can occur wherever conditions for SDS exist.
只要存在战略部署储存的条件,就可能发生这种情况。
Haboobs erupt when a powerful weather front, such as one created by a thunderstorm, generates explosive cold, high winds.
当强烈的天气战线,如由雷暴所形成的战线,产生出爆炸性寒冷高风时,哈布布斯会爆发.
Gusts traveling swiftly downward can pick up an enormous amount of sand and dust from the ground.
从地上取出大量的沙子和灰尘
The winds create giant walls of these materials measuring 457 to 1,524 meters (1,500–5,000 ft.)
风会造出457至1,524米(1,500至5,000英尺)等材料的巨墙.
“black blizzards.”
“黑风雪。 “
The storms can cover enormous areas—up to 160 kilometers (100 mi.)
风暴可以覆盖巨大的地区,高达160公里(100英里).
wide.
宽度。
They can also travel as far as 320 kilometers (200 mi.)
它们也可以远行至320公里(200米.
, and occasionally even farther, such as across the Pacific Ocean.
有时甚至更远,例如跨太平洋
Haboobs happen during thunderstorms.
哈布布斯在雷暴期间发生.
Cold air moves from high in the sky to the ground, forcing sand and dust to rise to great heights.
冷空气从高空移动到地上,迫使沙子和尘埃升起到高地.
Haboob comes from the Arabic word for “wind” or “to blow”: habb.
Haboob来自阿拉伯语中的“风”或“吹”:habb。
Haboob means “blowing furiously.”
Haboob的意思是“愤怒地吹来吹去。 “
Each year, dust storms carry orange dust from the Sahara Desert across the Atlantic Ocean to North and South America.
每年,沙尘暴都会从横跨大西洋的撒哈拉沙漠携带出橙色灰尘到北美和南美.
That’s a distance of about 2,600 kilometers (1,616 mi.)
距离大约为2,600公里(1,616米)。
A massive haboob moves across Phoenix, Arizona, in 2012.
2012年在亚利桑那州凤凰城发生大规模出动.
How frequent and how severe SDS events are depends on the location and conditions.
战略部署储存事件的频率和严重程度取决于地点和条件。
Sandstorms and dust storms generally occur during the driest seasons.
沙尘暴一般发生在最干燥的季节.
In much of China and other parts of Asia, that period may last from November to April.
在中国大部分地区和亚洲其他地区,这一时期可能从11月到4月.
SDS events in North Africa’s Sahara Desert most often flare up from June to September.
在北非撒哈拉沙漠,
In Arizona and other parts of the American Southwest, haboobs are common during the summer months, when heavy rains are frequent.
在亚利桑那州和美洲西南部的其他地区,在夏季多雨的月份中出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出入出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出出
Health Threats When sandstorms and dust storms strike, they can make life very unpleasant.
健康威胁 当沙暴和沙尘暴袭击时,它们会让生活变得非常不愉快.
Blowing dust forces people to stay indoors.
吹起尘埃会迫使人们留在室内.
High winds can knock out electrical power.
高风能击倒电力.
Drivers may also face great risk.
司机也可能面临巨大风险。
The blinding dust from a sudden storm can result in car accidents.
突然暴风雨所引发的入微尘埃会引发车祸.
To stay safe, officials urge vehicles to pull off the road until a dust storm clears.
为了保持安全,官员敦促车辆停放出道,直到一阵尘暴清场.
However, the worst effects of SDS events usually appear after storms pass.
然而,SDS事件最坏的影响通常会出现在风暴过后.
Around three million people die each year due to air pollution.
每年约有300万人死于空气污染。
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that some of those people become sick as a result of SDS events.
世界卫生组织(卫生组织)估计,其中一些人因战略部署储存事件而生病。
However, it is difficult to quantify the number of people who suffer as a direct result of sandstorms and dust storms.
然而,由于沙暴和沙尘暴的直接后果,难以量化受苦受难的人数.
As a preventive measure, WHO recommends that people wear masks if they must walk or work outdoors during an SDS event.
作为一项预防措施,卫生组织建议,如果人们在战略部署储存活动期间必须行走或在户外工作,就应当佩戴口罩。
In particular, those with asthma or lung and heart problems are urged to stay indoors.
尤其敦促有哮喘或肺和心脏问题的人留在室内。
Drivers in Kuwait, in the Middle East, faced dangerous conditions during a sandstorm in 2014.
科威特和中东的司机在2014年沙暴期间面临危险条件。
Other major threats from SDS events are bacteria, viruses, and fungal spores that sand and dust particles can carry.
来自SSD事件的其他主要威胁是:沙尘颗粒能携带的细菌,病毒和真菌孢子.
Once lifted into the atmosphere, these particles become easier to inhale.
一旦升入大气层,这些粒子就更容易被吸入.
Research indicates that SDS events can spread serious infections great distances.
研究表明,特别安全区事件可能传播严重感染。
In North Africa, for example, these storms have been linked to thousands of cases of meningococcal meningitis (muh-nin-juh-KAH-kuhl meh-nin-JY-tiss).
例如,在北非,这些风暴与数以千计的脑膜炎病例有关。
This serious bacterial infection of the brain and spinal cord can result in death.
这种严重的脑和脊髓细菌感染会导致死亡.
In the American Southwest and northern Mexico, dust storms sometimes carry fungal spores that cause an illness called valley fever.
在美国西南和墨西哥北部,尘暴有时会携带真菌孢子,引起一种称为"山谷发热"的疾病.
Symptoms include chest pain, coughing, rashes, and respiratory infections.
症状包括胸痛,咳嗽,皮疹和呼吸道感染等.
In some cases, valley fever can also result in death.
在某些情况下,山谷发热也会导致死亡.
A woman in Beijing, China, protects herself during a sandstorm in 2010.
中国北京一女子,2010年沙尘暴期间自保.
Africa in the Amazon Not all dust storms bring bad news.
亚马逊的非洲不是所有的尘暴都会带来坏消息。
Each year, atmospheric winds carry about 18 million metric tonnes (20 million tn.)
每年有1,800万公吨的大气风(2,000万吨)。
of dust from Africa’s Sahara Desert across the Atlantic Ocean.
非洲撒哈拉沙漠尘埃横跨大西洋
Much of it settles in South America, including the huge region of rainforest around the Amazon River.
大部分地处南美洲,包括亚马孙河一带的雨林大区.
The African dust delivers important nutrients that the Amazon area lacks.
非洲尘埃提供亚马逊地区所缺乏的重要营养。
Without that dust, the Amazon would not be a lush rainforest.
没有尘埃 亚马逊就不会是一片茂密的雨林
Losing Soil Sandstorms and dust storms pose a different kind of threat to farmland and food production.
失去土壤沙尘暴和沙尘暴对农田和粮食生产构成了另一种威胁。
The most vulnerable areas affected have little plant life to prevent erosion—the process of soil being washed away by water or ice or blown away by wind.
受影响最脆弱的地区几乎没有植物活来防止被侵蚀——土壤被水或冰冲走或被风吹走的过程。
The roots of trees, bushes, and grasses usually hold soil in place.
树根,灌木丛和草本植物的根部通常会固定土壤.
Without them, erosion can cause soil to disappear once a sandstorm or dust storm blows through.
没有它们,一旦沙尘暴或尘埃暴吹过,水土流失就会使土壤消失.
Dry conditions can turn topsoil into dust.
干燥的条件可以把地表土变成灰尘.
Plants need this vital layer of earth to obtain the nutrients they need to grow.
植物需要这个至关重要的地层来得到生长所需的营养.
When winds strip away topsoil, the remaining land is bare and impossible to cultivate.
当风将地表地表剥去时,所剩土地已一无所有,无法耕种.
In the United States, the Dust Bowl in the 1930s offers an extreme example of what dust storms can do to land.
在美国,1930年代的"尘碗"为尘暴登陆提供了一个极端的例子.
Farmers in the Plains states, located in the middle of the country, suffered a severe drought throughout the 1930s.
平原州的农民地处全国中部,整个1930年代遭受了严重的干旱.
Beginning in 1934, major dust storms made conditions even worse.
从1934年开始,大沙尘暴使条件更糟糕.
The Dust Bowl was one of the major causes of the Great Depression, during which many Americans faced hunger and homelessness.
尘碗是大萧条的主要原因之一,期间许多美国人面临饥饿和无家可归.
A farmer in Yemen, in the Middle East, herds his animals during a drought in 2014.
也门,中东的一个农民,在2014年的一次干旱中将他的牲畜放牧.
In the areas affected most, animals suffocated and houses were half-buried under banks of dirt.
在受影响最严重的地区,动物被窒息,房屋被半掩埋在泥土的岸下。
By 1940, some 2.
到1940年,大约2个.
5 million people had fled Dust Bowl areas to start fresh somewhere else.
5百万人逃离了尘碗区,到别的地方开始新鲜生活。
In response to this crisis, the U.
为应对这一危机,U.
S.
师曰.
government instituted programs to help rural areas.
政府制定了帮助农村地区的方案。
Efforts included education to teach farmers better ways to protect the soil and prevent erosion.
努力包括教育农民更好地保护土壤和防止侵蚀。
Another major threat of SDS events is the spread of deserts, a process known as desertification.
SSD事件的另一个主要威胁是沙漠的蔓延,这个过程被称为荒漠化.
Every year, topsoil near the edges of deserts dries out and blows away, causing desert areas to expand.
每年沙漠边缘附近的地表地表干涸并被吹走,导致沙漠地区扩张.
Frequent and severe SDS events cause this process to intensify.
经常和严重的战略部署储存事件导致这一进程加剧。
China’s State Environmental Protection Administration has noted that the country is losing almost a million acres of farmland each year.
中国国家环境保护总局指出,全国每年损失农田近一百万亩.
In parts of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, desertification is forcing farmers and villagers off their land.
在亚洲、非洲和中东部分地区,荒漠化迫使农民和村民离开自己的土地。
Without healthy soil, fields and gardens can no longer grow food.
没有健康的土壤,田地和花园就无法再种植食物.
Ways to Settle the Dust The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) monitors sandstorms and dust storms around the world.
世界气象组织(气象组织)监测世界各地的沙尘暴和沙尘暴。
It warns that the number and intensity of these storms are rising and worries that the increase in storms is a troubling sign of climate change.
它警告说,这些风暴的数量和强度正在上升,并担心风暴的增加是气候变化令人不安的迹象.
Normal, gradual climate change is a natural process.
正常、渐进的气候变化是一个自然过程。
Over a long period of time, the amount of energy produced by the Sun changes.
在很长一段时间内,由太阳所生产的能耗会发生变化.
However, Earth is currently warming at an alarming rate.
然而,目前地球正在以惊人的速度变暖.
Most scientists blame certain human activities for causing climate change.
大多数科学家将某些人类活动归咎于导致气候变化.
The mass destruction of forests and the burning of fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, are two major examples.
大规模破坏森林和燃烧石油和煤炭等化石燃料是两个主要例子。
As long as global temperatures continue to rise, the threat of stronger and more frequent SDS events remains constant.
只要全球气温继续上升,更强大和更频繁的战略部署储存事件的威胁就一直存在。
Planetary scientists are fascinated by giant dust storms on planets other than Earth, such as Mars.
行星科学家被火星等地球以外的行星上的巨大尘暴所迷倒.
Some of these storms grow so large that they encircle the planet.
有些风暴生长得如此之大,以至于包围了地球.
They can even be observed through telescopes on Earth.
它们甚至可以通过地球上的望远镜来观测.
Martian dust poses special challenges for space missions to the Red Planet.
火星尘埃对去红星球的太空任务构成特殊挑战.
It sticks to equipment and blocks solar panels that recharge electrical batteries.
它粘住设备 堵住充电电池的太阳能电池板
An artist made this image of what a dust storm on Mars might look like.
一个艺术家造出了火星上尘暴的画面
Wowser!
哗!
WMO officials urge communities and countries to do more to prepare for SDS events.
气象组织官员敦促各社区和国家作出更多努力来筹备战略部署储存活动。
One method to reduce the negative effects of future SDS events is to protect vulnerable land, mainly by reducing erosion.
减少未来战略部署储存事件负面影响的方法之一是保护脆弱的土地,主要是减少侵蚀。
At the national level, people and governments are fighting desertification by planting and reforesting at- risk areas.
在国家一级,人民和政府正在通过种植和再造林风险地区来防治荒漠化。
Well-placed rows of trees and shrubs function as windbreaks capable of blocking strong winds.
地势良好的一行树木和灌木可以起到能阻挡强风的断风作用.
They also hold dirt and moisture in place.
它们也保存有泥土和水分。
Farmers in West Africa have been planting and caring for trees that help preserve soil and crops, and help prevent the Sahara Desert from encroaching on more farmland.
西非的农民一直在种植和照顾有助于保护土壤和作物并有助于防止撒哈拉沙漠侵占更多农田的树木。
Efforts have restored millions of acres of trees to hold back the desert.
努力恢复了数百万英亩的树木以阻挡沙漠.
Improved forecasting and monitoring of SDS events can also help limit the damage they cause.
改进对战略部署储存事件的预测和监测,也有助于限制所造成的损害。
Like other types of weather reports, forecasts can alert people of storm conditions so they can take precautions.
与其他类型的天气报告一样,预报可以提醒人们注意风暴的情况,以便他们采取预防措施.
Monitoring sandstorms and dust storms also leads to the collection of valuable data about where and how they form, their behaviors, and their impacts.
监测沙暴和沙尘暴还导致收集了有关沙尘暴在何处形成、如何形成、行为和影响的宝贵数据。
A woman plants a tree for the Great Green Wall project, which combats desertification along the Sahara Desert.
一名妇女为在撒哈拉沙漠一带防治荒漠化的绿色长城项目种植一棵树。
When the Dust Blows Climate scientists have noted an increase in sandstorm and dust storm activity in the last fifteen years.
当"尘吹"气候学家注意到过去15年沙暴和尘暴活动增加.
They have also reported an alarming growth of arid regions around the world.
它们还报告说,世界各地干旱地区出现了令人震惊的增长。
Warmer global temperatures are causing more frequent and more powerful thunderstorms and winds.
温暖的全球气温正在造成更频繁更强大的雷暴和风.
With these strong winds come more frequent SDS events.
随着这些强风的来袭,SDS事件更为频繁.
The stage has been set for a sandier, dustier, and stormier future in the driest parts of the world.
舞台布置在最干燥地段的更沙地,更灰地,更暴风雨的未来.
Changing the conditions that contribute to this surge in SDS events will require substantial global efforts, including new ideas and long-term planning.
改变造成战略部署储存事件激增的条件,需要全球作出大量努力,包括提出新的想法并进行长期规划。
A sandstorm from the Sahara Desert turned snow in Russia and eastern Europe orange.
来自撒哈拉沙漠的沙尘暴在俄罗斯和东欧的橙色地区变成了雪地.