Body Art
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Introduction.
导言表。
4 Body Painting.
4体相画.
5 Tattooing.
5道道相会.
8 Piercing and Ornamentation.
8 穿孔和矫形.
12 Body Shaping.
12 身体形状.
16 Be Smart About Body Art.
16 《聪明的身材艺术》。
21 Glossary.
21 词汇表。
23 Index.
23 指数。
24 Introduction Have you noticed how people decorate their bodies in different ways?
导言 你注意到人们用不同的方式装饰身体吗?
In addition to clothing and hairstyles, people have many ways of adorning their bodies.
除了衣着和发型外,人们还有多种装饰自己身体的方式.
Some think of their body as a blank canvas on which to create art, while others change their body to conform to cultural standards of beauty.
有些人认为他们的身体是一张空白的画布,用来创作艺术;而另一些人则改变身体,以符合美的文化标准.
Body art has been practiced since the first humans were alive.
自先人出世后,身体艺术被实践.
Every culture in the world practices one or more forms of body art.
世界上每一种文化都实行一种或多种形式的身体艺术.
Cultures have unique styles of decoration, as well as unique reasons for doing it.
文化有独特的装饰风格,也有独特的装饰理由.
Read on to learn about some of the ways people around the world create body art.
阅读了解世界各地人们创造身体艺术的一些方式.
Yacouba acrobats in the Ivory Coast wear face paint to perform a traditional dance.
象牙海岸的雅可巴杂技演员会佩戴相貌颜料来表演传统舞蹈.
Piercings of the nose, lip, and ears are a common way to show individuality and creativity.
鼻子,嘴唇和耳朵的穿孔是显示个性和创造力的常见方式.
Body Painting Body painting, the most temporary form of body art, is believed to be at least 30,000 years old.
身体绘画 活体绘画是身体艺术中最暂时的形式,据信至少有3万年的历史.
For thousands of years, people in most parts of the world have painted their bodies for special occasions, such as hunts, war, and mourning.
几千年来,世界上大部分地区的人们都为狩猎,战争,哀悼等特殊场合画出自己的身体.
People also paint their bodies for special ceremonies to mark a rite of passage or a change in social status.
人们也为纪念通过仪式或社会地位的改变而作特别仪式而画出身体.
Many body-painting traditions, passed down from generation to generation, have survived to modern times.
许多作活体涂抹的传统由来已久,代代相传,一直活到现代.
Among the Aboriginal people of Australia, body painting carries spiritual meaning.
在澳大利亚原住民中,身体绘画具有精神意义.
Designs reflect social rank, family and ancestral bonds, and connections with animals and the land.
设计反映了社会地位、家庭和祖传纽带以及与动物和土地的联系。
Red is considered a sacred color by the Maasai tribe.
红色被马赛人部落认为是神圣的颜色.
They use red ochre to paint their bodies.
他们用红色的色斑来涂抹身体.
Aboriginal Australians use traditional designs for face painting.
澳大利亚原住民使用传统设计来作相貌画.
Traditional body painting called mehndi is still practiced in India, the Middle East, and North Africa.
被称为"mehndi"的传统活体绘画仍然在印度,中东,北非等地进行.
Mehndi is worn to help celebrate special occasions.
Mehndi被穿去庆祝特殊场合。
Brides traditionally wear mehndi, and in some ethnic groups the grooms do as well.
布里德传统上穿梅恩地,在一些民族中,新郎也穿.
A reddish-brown paste made from the henna plant is applied to people’s hands and feet using a plastic cone.
由Henna厂制成的红褐色糊涂被用塑料圆锥用在人们的手和脚上。
The intricate, fine-lined designs may last from two weeks to several months.
复杂而精细的设计可能持续两周至几个月。
An Indian bride wearing mehndi (above).
印度新娘穿了梅恩地(上).
Powder from the henna plant is mixed with water to create the dye used for mehndi (inset).
由Henna厂出产的粉末与水相混合以生成用于methndi(inset)的染料.
Tattooing Tattoos, which are permanent body painting, are another form of body art that’s been practiced for thousands of years.
纹身是永久性的活体绘画,
Tattooing involves applying pigments under the skin, often using fine needles, or in earlier days, quills.
纹身需要将色素放入皮肤下,经常会使用细针,或更早的年代会使用被子.
Japanese tattooing, called irezumi, has both decorative and spiritual purposes.
日本的纹身被称作"irezumi",有装饰和精神两种目的.
It is believed to have started more than 10,000 years ago.
据信它始于一万多年前.
Irezumi is an advanced art form in which tattoos cover large areas of the body, including the arms, back, chest, and legs.
岩泉是一款高级艺术形式,纹章覆盖了身体的大片区域,包括手臂,背部,胸部和腿部.
A traditional irezumi “body suit” can cost $30,000 or more, and may require up to five years of weekly tattoo sessions to complete.
传统的Irezumi “身体外衣”可能花费30 000美元或更多,可能需要每周5年的纹身课才能完成。
Tattoo artists use fine needles to create permanent tattoos.
纹身艺术家使用精细的针头来创造出永久的纹身.
A traditional irezumi “body suit” The Surma people of Ethiopia paint their bodies with chalk and other natural pigments.
埃塞俄比亚的苏尔马人用粉笔和其他天然颜料涂上身体。
These cattle herders have few possessions, and body painting is their main form of artistic expression.
这些牧牛人拥有的财产很少,而身体绘画是他们艺术表现的主要形式.
Children learn body painting from their parents, and close friends often wear matching face paint to display their bonds.
孩子们从父母那里学习了身体绘画,而亲密的朋友经常会穿相配的相貌绘画来展示他们的纽带.
The most common modern body painting is the use of cosmetic makeup by women in Western countries.
现代最常用的活体绘画是西方国家女性使用化妆品化妆.
Some wear makeup to hide skin blemishes, while others try to conform to the media’s images of beauty presented by models and movie stars.
有些人化妆来掩盖外表上的污点,
Westerners also enjoy face painting at Halloween and at festivals.
西方人也享受万圣节和节日的相貌画.
Fans often use it to show team loyalty at sporting events.
粉丝经常用它来在体育赛事中表现出团队的忠诚.
Surma children wear body paint.
苏尔玛儿童会佩戴身体涂料.
A model wears makeup.
模特会化妆
Among the people of Samoa, a South Pacific island, men wear bold, dark gray tattoos that extend from the waist to the knees.
在南太平洋岛萨摩亚人中,男子穿戴从腰部到膝盖的大胆而深灰色的纹身.
Their tattoos include traditional designs such as animals and geometric patterns.
他们的纹章包括了动物和几何图案等传统设计.
Samoan women’s tattoos are more varied but always include a diamond shape on the backs of the knees.
萨摩亚妇女的纹身比较多,但膝盖上总是有钻石形状。
For Samoans, tattoos represent adulthood and a willingness to serve their community.
对于萨摩亚人来说,纹身代表成年,也代表愿意为其社区服务。
Traditional tattoos for males in Samoa Captain James Cook brought tattooing to Western culture from the South Pacific in the late 1700s.
萨摩亚男子的传统纹身詹姆斯·库克船长于1700年代末将纹身带到了来自南太平洋的西方文化.
Many of his sailors returned from Tahiti with a tattoo as a souvenir.
他的许多水手从大溪地以纹身为纪念品而返回.
As others copied this art form, tattooing became a popular form of self-expression in Europe and eventually North America.
随着其他人复制了这种艺术形式,纹身在欧洲并最终在北美成为了流行的自我表达形式.
It remains popular today as a decorative and sometimes humorous expression of freedom and individuality.
它今天仍然被人们所接受,作为自由和个性的一种装饰性,有时是幽默的表达.
Piercing and Ornamentation Body piercing is at least 5,000 years old, as revealed by one of the oldest mummies in the world.
穿孔和矫形 从世界上最古老的木乃伊之一揭示出,身体穿孔至少有5000年的历史.
An ancient mummy, found in 1991 in an Austrian glacier, has pierced ears.
1991年在奥地利冰川中发现的古老木乃伊有穿耳.
Some anthropologists believe that the first piercings may have been done as protection against demons.
一些人类学家认为,最初的穿孔可能是作为对恶魔的保护.
The reasons for piercing, both long ago and today, include fashion, social status, religious ritual, and personal expression.
穿孔的原因包括时尚、社会地位、宗教仪式和个人表达。
In ancient Egypt, piercings were signs of success and reserved for royalty.
在古埃及,穿孔是成功的标志并保留给皇族.
Only the pharaoh, or ruler, was allowed to have a pierced navel.
只有法老或统治者被允许有穿孔的肚脐.
Piercings were a sign of royalty and success.
码头是皇室和成功的迹象。
Tutankhamun, a young king in ancient Egypt, had pierced ears as shown in this mask.
古埃及的一位年轻国王图坦卡蒙曾用这个面具所显示的穿耳.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
What happens when someone gets a tattoo and later changes his or her mind?
当某人得到纹身,后来改变主意时会怎样?
Tattoo removal is a long, expensive, and usually painful process without perfect results.
取道道是一个漫长而昂贵的过程,通常痛苦而无完美结果.
Methods include sanding away layers of skin, surgically cutting out the tattoo, and the preferred method—laser treatments.
方法包括去除地表皮肤的沙子、外科切除纹身,以及最可取的方法——激光器治疗。
People are working to improve ways to remove tattoos.
人们正在努力改进去除纹身的方法.
They’re also working to develop new inks that are less permanent.
他们也致力于开发新墨水,
The septum—the tissue between the two nostrils—is another common location for body piercing.
两个鼻孔之间的组织是身体穿孔的另一个常见地点。
This practice has been most common in warrior cultures.
这种做法在战士文化中最为常见.
Septum ornaments often are, or are made to look like, animal tusks to create a fierce appearance.
饰品常常是或被制作成动物的花纹来形成一种凶猛的外观.
An Asmat warrior from New Guinea proudly wears an ornament used during earlier wars.
来自新几内亚的阿斯马特战士自豪地佩戴了早期战争中使用的装饰.
It is a symbol of strength.
这是力量的象征。
Ears, noses, and lips are common places for piercings.
耳,鼻,唇是穿孔的常见地.
Some of the most spectacular lip piercing is found among certain African tribes.
一些最壮观的唇穿孔在某些非洲部落中被发现.
Girls of the Mursi tribe of Ethiopia start wearing a plate in their lower lip around age 15.
埃塞俄比亚穆尔西部落的女孩在15岁左右开始在下唇穿一盘.
A round clay disk is inserted into a pierced hole.
圆形粘土盘被插入穿孔.
The lip gradually stretches as plates of increasing size are inserted over time.
唇会随着尺寸越来越大的板块的插入而逐渐伸展.
The larger the plate, the more wealth in the form of cattle the girl’s father will receive when she marries.
女孩的父亲结婚后,其家产会越多。
Other tribes, including the Suyá of Brazil, wear a similar body ornament.
其他部落,包括巴西的苏亚人,也佩戴相类似的身体装饰.
Before contact with Europeans in the late 1400s, septum piercing was practiced throughout the Americas by the Maya, Aztec, Inca, and other tribes.
1400年代后期与欧洲人接触之前,被玛雅人,阿兹特克人,印加人等部落在整个美洲进行塞普通穿刺.
Septum piercing is still popular among many South Pacific island cultures.
穿孔在很多南太平洋岛屿文化中仍然很受欢迎。
In Papua New Guinea, body art among men is an important part of ceremonies and festivals.
在巴布亚新几内亚,男子的身体艺术是仪式和节日的重要组成部分。
Members of different clans display their cultural roots through body painting, piercing and ornamentation, and elaborate headdresses.
不同部族的成员通过身体绘画、穿孔和装饰来展示其文化根源,并精心设计其地址。
Tribesmen in Papua New Guinea take part in a traditional ceremony.
巴布亚新几内亚的部落参加传统仪式。
Body Shaping Cultures around the world also have many methods of shaping bodies.
身体形状 世界各地的文化也有多种塑造身体的方法.
Women of the Padong culture of Myanmar and Thailand begin wearing heavy brass neck coils at the age of five.
缅甸和泰国帕东文化的女性从5岁开始穿起重铜颈圈.
The coils press down on the rib cage and shoulder muscles to make the neck look longer, which is considered attractive.
线圈压下肋口笼和肩肌使颈部看起来更长,这被认为是有吸引力的.
A young Padong girl wears neck coils.
一个年轻的帕东女孩戴着颈圈.
Skull shaping dates back at least 10,000 years in Australia.
在澳大利亚,骷髅造型至少可以追溯到一万年前。
Prehistoric people in the Americas also practiced skull shaping.
美洲史前人也进行颅骨活化.
Today, on the Pacific Island nation of Vanuatu, mothers bind the head of infants using soft tree bark covered with a basket and rope.
今天,在太平洋岛国瓦努阿图,母亲使用用篮子和绳子覆盖的软树皮将婴儿的头捆绑起来。
Over the next six months, the child’s head slowly takes on a more elongated shape.
在接下来的六个月里,孩子的头部慢慢地长出更长的形状.
Elongated heads are considered a sign of intelligence and spirituality in the Vanuatu culture.
长头被视作瓦努阿图文化中智慧和精神的标志.
Skull shaping is also practiced by the Mangbetu tribe in central Africa.
骷髅造型也由非洲中部的芒格贝图部落进行.
Chinese footbinding began in the tenth century and continued until 1949, when it was made illegal by the newly formed government of the People’s Republic of China.
中国足约束始于10世纪并持续到1949年被中华人民共和国新组建的政府定为非法.
Women tucked under the four smaller toes of their young daughters’ feet and wrapped each foot tightly with strips of cloth.
妇女被困在自己女儿的脚下,
The binding was tightened every two days.
捆绑每两天收紧一次.
Footbinding broke bones, caused severe pain and infections, and made it almost impossible to walk.
脚绑断了骨头,造成严重疼痛和感染,几乎无法行走.
In the Chinese culture, bound feet were considered beautiful and were believed necessary for a woman to marry and have a good life.
在中国文化中,被捆绑的脚被认为是美丽的,被认为是女性结婚并过上美好生活所必须的.
European women wore corsets starting in the 1500s.
欧洲女人从1500年代开始就穿着胸罩.
A corset was a tight undergarment that created a tiny waist, which was fashionable through the early 1900s.
穿衣是一身紧身的内衣,产生了细小的腰部,从1900年代起就很时髦.
In addition to discomfort, some women who wore corsets suffered from painful broken ribs and disturbed internal organs.
除了不适外,一些穿胸衣的妇女还遭受了痛苦的肋骨骨折和内脏被打乱.
The fashion gradually became less popular as women began to work outside the home and needed to move about freely without a tight corset.
时尚逐渐变得不太受欢迎,因为妇女开始在外出工作,需要在没有紧身衣饰的情况下自由出行.
Wearing a corset created a tiny waist.
穿起胸衣就形成了一条小腰.
Teeth are another target of body shaping.
牙齿是身体塑造的另一个目标.