Vikings
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Introduction.
导言。
4 Viking Warriors.
4个维京勇士.
7 Viking Ships.
7艘维京船.
8 Discovering a New Land.
8"发现一地".
10 Eric the Red.
10 Eric the Red. (英语).
12 Leif Ericson.
12 (英语). Leif Ericson.
14 Other Viking Conquests.
14 其他维京征服.
18 Glossary.
18 词汇。
20 Introdu Ct Ion What do you think of when you hear the word Vikings?
20 木卫一 当你听到维京人这个词时,你会怎么想?
Do you think of fierce warriors or skilled explorers?
你觉得是凶猛的战士还是熟练的探险家?
Do you think of traders who traveled the world, or do you think of writers and poets?
岂想商人出行于世;抑想作家与诗人乎?
The Vikings were all of these things.
维京人就是这些东西
They were also shipwrights, scientists, farmers, and fisherfolk.
他们也是船工、科学家、农民和渔民。
But often, we only think of Vikings as large and powerful raiding warriors.
但经常,我们只把维京人视为庞大而强大的突袭战士.
It’s true that the Vikings were brave warriors and seldom lost a battle.
维京人是勇敢的战士,
They scared everyone.
他们吓坏了所有人。
Yet their greatest strength may have been their love of exploration.
然而,他们最大的力量可能是热爱探索。
They had the bravery to seek the edges of the unknown ocean.
他们勇于寻找未知海洋的边缘
The period known as the Viking Age lasted between the years of ad 793 and 1066.
被称作"维京时代"的时期持续了793至1066年.
During that time the Vikings discovered and settled both Iceland and Greenland.
在此期间维京人发现了冰岛和格陵兰并定居.
They discovered North America long before Christopher Columbus.
他们早在克里斯多弗·哥伦布之前就发现了北美.
Seeking riches, they invaded many different towns and cities across Europe and Russia.
为了寻求财富,他们入侵了欧洲和俄罗斯各地的许多不同的城镇。
They even raided the city of Jerusalem in the Middle East.
他们甚至突袭了中东的耶路撒冷城.
Monasteries were frequent targets of Viking raids because they had few defenses and often housed many valuable objects.
修道院经常成为维京人突袭的目标,因为它们几乎没有防御工事,而且经常会存放许多有价值物品.
People of that time called Vikings the Nordic people, or Norsemen—men from the north.
当时的人称维京人为北欧人,或称北方人。
They were as harsh and rugged as the coastal lands from which they came—lands that we now know as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.
他们和他们来自的沿海土地一样严酷而崎岖——现在我们所知的土地是挪威、瑞典和丹麦。
At that early time, all Nordic people spoke one language.
在那个早期,所有北欧人都说一种语言.
It was natural for Nordic people to seek their fortune on the ocean.
北欧人自然会在海洋上寻找财富.
Many of them were trained from a young age to be skilled sailors and navigators.
他们中许多人从小接受训练,成为熟练的水手和航海家.
Some sailed away for the adventure.
有人为冒险而出海
Others did it because they could not earn their living at home.
其他人这样做是因为他们无法在家中谋生。
Within each family, only the oldest son inherited the family’s land.
在每个家庭中,只有长子继承了家庭的土地。
Younger sons could work for the oldest son, or leave the area.
年轻的儿子可以为长子工作,或者离开该地区.
Because of this rule, many young men went to sea to find their fortunes.
由于这个规则,许多年轻人去出海寻找他们的财富.
Some turned to fishing or trading.
有些人转向捕鱼或贸易。
Others made their living by stealing.
其他人通过偷窃谋生。
The unguarded small towns and monasteries on the coast of Britain were easy targets.
英国海岸上无人看守的小城镇和修道院都是容易被攻击的目标.
Raiding Vikings would sail in quickly and steal the year’s harvest from villages.
袭击维京人会迅速驶入,
They would load their fast ships and leave immediately.
他们会装上快艇,马上离开
After the success of these early raids, they soon began to raid larger towns and even major cities.
在这些早期突袭成功后,他们很快开始突袭更大的城镇甚至主要城市.
Eventually they attacked Paris and Hamburg—two of the largest cities of Europe at that time.
最终他们袭击了巴黎和汉堡——当时欧洲最大的两个城市.
The Vikings came from a harsh, far northern area of Europe.
维京人出自欧洲一个艰苦而遥远的北部地区.
This area is now divided into the countries of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.
这一地区现在被划分为丹麦,瑞典和挪威等国家.
Vikings sailed far from their homeland to discover new parts of the world.
维京人远道而来,远道而来,发现世界的新地段.
VIk Ing warr Iors Vikings are often pictured as tall, muscular people wearing helmets with horns.
Vik Ing warer Iors Vikings)常被描绘为高高,肌肉强壮的人戴着有角的头盔.
In fact, many Viking helmets were decorated, but they most likely did not have horns.
事实上,许多维京人头盔被装饰,但他们最有可能没有角.
Metal helmets were expensive, and leather caps and shields were a much more common form of defense.
金属头盔很昂贵,而皮帽和盾牌是一种更常见的防御形式.
Some Vikings also used chain mail shirts for protection.
一些维京人还用连锁邮服来保护.
Spears and axes were the most common Viking weapons.
卫矛和斧头是最常见的维京武器.
Many warriors also used swords, knives, or bows.
许多战士还使用剑,刀,或弓.
Berserkers were special Viking warriors who fought without wearing any armor.
贝塞尔人很特别 维京勇士无所穿甲出战.
They often wore the skins of bears or wolves and fought in a rage so great that they would ignore any wounds they received during battle.
他们常常穿戴熊或狼的皮肤并愤怒地战斗,以至于他们忽略了在战斗中受到的任何伤口.
VIk Ing sh Ips Each type of Viking ship was built for a different use.
Vik Ing sh Ips 每一种维京船的建造用途不同.
Some were built to cross the narrow sea passages, or fjords.
有的被建造来穿过狭窄的出海通道,或说峡湾.
Others were used to carry cargo between towns.
还有的被用来在城镇之间运送货物。
Larger ships were built to be coastal traders or as seagoing warships.
建造较大的船只是为了成为沿海贸易商或作为出海的军舰.
Different woods were used to build each type of ship.
不同的树林被用来建造各种类型的船只.
Most Viking warships were made of oak in order to be strong enough for long voyages in rough seas.
大多数维京军舰都由橡木制成,以足够坚固来进行在粗糙海域的长航.
Their fast ships, called dragons, often had a carved dragon’s head high on the bow.
他们的快船被称作"龙",在船头上经常有被雕刻出龙头高高.
The dragon’s head warned others of the mighty warriors aboard these ships.
龙的头警告其他人,这些船上有勇士。
Viking warships had a shallow draft, meaning that the bottom of the ship, or hull, wasn’t deep.
维京军舰有一份浅薄的草案,
Because of this feature, Viking ships were not limited to docking in ports.
由于这个特点, 维京船不仅限于停靠港口.
Viking ships could appear anywhere.
维京船随时可能出现
They could sail right onto the shore.
他们可以直航到岸上
Warriors could leap from the ship onto the beach, ready for battle.
勇士们可以从船上跳入海滩 准备出战
The ability to land anywhere along the coast by surprise gave the Vikings a huge advantage in battle.
能够以出人意料的方式在海岸一带任何地方登陆,使得维京人在战斗中获得了巨大的优势.
People along the coasts and rivers lived in fear because no one knew where the Vikings might strike next.
沿海和河流沿岸的人们生活在恐惧中,因为没有人知道维京人下一步会在哪里出击.
Despite their fearsome reputation, not all Vikings remained warriors or raiders.
尽管他们的名声令人恐惧,但并非所有维京人仍然是勇士或突袭者.
Vikings often settled down and stayed in the lands they conquered.
维京人经常定居并留在所征服的土地.
They put away their swords to become farmers and traders.
他们收起剑来成为农民和商人.
They worked hard and lived honestly.
他们辛勤工作 诚实地生活
One brave Viking, Gardard Svavarsson, wanted to find new, unknown lands.
一个勇敢的维京人,Gardard Svavarsson,想找到新的,未知的土地.
He sailed far to the north and west.
他远航到北上和西上.
After many tiring days at sea, the Viking pioneer found a large uninhabited island.
维京先锋号在海上度过了多起累累的日子后,发现了一座无人居住的大岛.
The weather was cold and harsh, but he found good areas to build villages.
天气寒冷而严酷,但他找到了好地段来建设村庄.
Today, the island he discovered is known as Iceland.
今天他所发现的岛屿被称为"冰岛".
Years later, Iceland’s good location attracted another man who was searching for a new home.
许多年后,冰岛的好地点吸引了另一个正在寻找新家的人.
His name was Folke Vilgerdsson, and he was from Norway.
他的名字叫Folke Vilgerdsson,他来自挪威.
At the time, Norway was ruled by a strict king.
当时挪威由严格的国王统治.
Sadly, the king’s rules were harsh, and many people were unhappy.
可悲的是,国王的规则很严厉,许多人不高兴.
The king feared being attacked by some of his subjects.
国王害怕受到他的一些臣民的攻击.
He ordered Folke and others who wouldn’t follow his rules to leave Norway.
他命令Folke等人离开挪威,
The shallow Viking longship was built to be similar in the front, the bow, and the back, the stern.
浅的维京长舰被建造成与前部相类似,后部为弓形,后部为船尾.
This design allowed the Vikings to j ump in the ship and immediately row away from the coast.
这种设计使得维京人得以一跃而入并立即从海岸划出.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
Folke, along with several other exiled families, sailed to Iceland.
福克会与其他几个被放逐的家庭一起航行到冰岛.
They built a village on the island.
他们在岛上建立了一个村庄.
Within fifty years, four hundred people lived in this new country.
50年之内,有400人生活在这个新国家.
The new settlers in Iceland created one of the first democracies.
冰岛的新定居者创造了第一批民主国家之一。
In a democratic government, people can vote on ideas, laws, and rulers.
在民主政府中,人们可以就思想,法律和统治者投票.
The idea or person with the most votes usually wins.
想法或得票最多的人通常胜出.
Iceland continued to attract strong, brave people who wanted to have a voice in their own lives.
冰岛继续吸引那些在自己生活中有发言权的强大而勇敢的人.
The settlement was a success.
和解是成功的。
Iceland eventually grew to become one of the happiest and most successful countries in the world.
冰岛最终成长为世界上最幸福和最成功的国家之一.
Iceland seemed like an ideal place to live to many people.
对于许多人来说,冰岛似乎是一个理想的居住地。
But not everyone fit in there.
但并不是每个人都适合在那里。
Most people in Iceland wanted a peaceful life.
冰岛大多数人都希望过上和平的生活.
One reckless man, named Eric the Red, was often in trouble with the authorities.
一名鲁莽的人被取名为"红色的埃里克"(Eric the Red),经常与当局发生麻烦.
One day he killed three men in a fight.
一天他在一场战斗中杀了三个人.
The officials of Iceland grew tired of Eric and ordered him to leave.
冰岛官员对埃里克渐渐感到厌倦并命令他离开.
Eric had heard rumors of land even farther west than Iceland.
埃里克听到的关于土地的传闻 比冰岛还要西.
Since he had to leave the island anyway, he set sail for this unknown land, not knowing if it even existed.
既然他必须离开该岛,他启程前往这片未知之地,不知它是否存在.
Eric the Red was named for his thick red hair.
红色的埃里克因其浓红发被取名.
Nine hundred of the most commonly used words in English come from the Vikings (including sky, skin, scrape, skirt, husband, bubble, and window).
英语中最常用的900个单词来自维京人(包括天空,皮肤,刮刮,裙子,丈夫,泡泡和窗户等).
Eric the Red sailed west and found this new land after only two days.
红人埃里克出海向西航行,只过了两天就发现了这片新地.
He wanted other settlers to come there to start new lives.
他希望其他定居者到那里开始新的生活。
He told them stories about how green it was.
他告诉了他们绿色的故事。
He said it had rich valleys and game animals to hunt.
他说它有丰富的谷地和游戏动物可以猎取.
He named this new land he had found Greenland.
他给这个他发现的格陵兰新地命名了.
People believed Eric’s stories.
人们相信埃里克的故事。
The next year, Eric returned to Greenland, leading a group of twenty-five ships filled with people.
次年,埃里克返回格陵兰,率领由25艘满载人员的船只组成的一队.
They expected an easy journey, but the sea was very rough.
他们预计旅途会很轻松,但海面非常崎岖.
Only fourteen of the twenty-five ships reached Greenland safely.
25艘舰只中只有14艘安全抵达格陵兰.
The people who did arrive built two new communities about 644 kilometers (400 mi) apart.
抵达的人在相距约644公里(400米)的地方新建了两个社区。
They set up a democratic government like the one in Iceland.
他们建立了一个像冰岛那样的民主政府.
Within ten years nearly 3,000 people had come to live in Greenland.
在十年内,有近3 000人来到了格陵兰。
Greenland is the world’s largest island.
格陵兰岛是世界上最大的岛屿。
Today, about 56,000 people live there.
今天,大约有56,000人生活在那里。
Perhaps the most famous Viking of all was the second son of Eric the Red.
也许最出名的 维京是红人埃里克的次子.
His name was Leif (pronounced leaf).
他的名字叫Leif(发音为"叶").
In the Viking tradition, because he was “Eric’s son,” his name became Leif Ericson.
在维京传统中,因为他是"埃里克的儿子",他的名字就变成了"莱夫·埃里克森".
Like most Vikings, Leif trained to be a warrior and sailor.
像大多数维京人一样, 莱夫训练成战士和水手
Because he was the second son, he wasn’t given land to farm.
因为他是次子,
He wasn’t sure what he wanted to do with his life.
他不知道自己想做什么。
Leif decided to sail to Norway, his family’s original homeland.
莱夫决定出海去挪威,这是他家族的原始家园.
Leif Ericson is one of the most famous explorers in history.
莱夫·埃里克森是历史上最出名的探险家之一.
Do You Know?
你知道吗?
While in Norway, Leif heard a wild tale told by a trader.
在挪威期间,莱夫听到一个商人讲述的一个荒诞的故事.
The trader’s ship had been caught in a storm and blown far off course.
贸易商的船被撞到暴风雨中,远道而来。
While trying to find his way back home, the man had seen a coast that wasn’t on his map.
这名男子试图找到回家的路,
He didn’t know where he had been when he saw this coastline.
当他看到这条海岸线时,
But he described it clearly.
但他清楚地描述了这一点。
Leif Ericson learned everything he could from the trader.
莱夫·埃里克森从商人那里学到了一切
He bought the man’s ship.
他买了他的船。
He and a small crew sailed the same route, looking for this mysterious coast.
他和一个小船员航行了同样的航道,寻找这个神秘的海岸.
Then one day, they saw a place that looked like the land in the man’s description.
有一天,他们看到一个地方 看起来像土地的人描述。
They found vines with fruit growing there, so they called it Vinland.
他们在那里发现了有果实生长的藤蔓,所以称之为"文兰".
Today, no one knows exactly where Vinland was.
今天 没人知道Vinland在哪里
But archaeologists have discovered the remains of a small Viking outpost in Newfoundland, Canada, that was settled at about this time.
但考古学家已经发现了加拿大纽芬兰的一个小型维京前哨站的遗迹,这个前哨站大约在这个时候就已经落成.
Leif and his crew built a house and spent the winter in Vinland.
莱夫和他的船员们在文兰建造了房子并度过了冬天.
They sailed home to Greenland the next year.
他们于来年出航回了格陵兰.
But their adventure was not over.
但是他们的冒险还没有结束
During their return voyage, Leif found a wrecked trading ship and saved the crew.
在回程航行中,莱夫发现了一艘被弄残的贸易船并拯救了船员.
As a reward, he was given all the ship’s cargo.
作为奖励,他得到了所有船只的货物。
These adventures earned him the name “Leif the Lucky.”
这些历险使他得名"幸运之所". “
Leif never went on another voyage.
莱夫再也没去过一次航行
Two years later, Leif’s father had died, and Leif was running the family farm.
两年后,莱夫的父亲已经去世,莱夫正在经营家庭农场.
He had no thoughts of sailing.
他没想过航海
His younger brother, Thorvald, asked to borrow Leif’s ship.
他的弟弟, 他的弟弟, 索瓦尔德,要求借用莱夫的船.
He wanted to see for himself this land that Leif had discovered.
他想亲眼看看莱夫发现的这片地.
Thorvald and a crew of thirty explored the Vinland coast for two years.
Thorvald和30名船员在文兰海岸探索了两年.
They used Leif’s former winter house as a base.
他们把莱夫以前的冬季住宅作为基地.
Serving both old and new religions, this stone was used as a mold to make both metal Christian crosses and the Hammer of Thor symbol (the center shape).
这颗石头既服务于新旧宗教,也用作模具来制作金属基督教十字架和托尔之锤符号(中心形状).
Thor was a powerful Viking god.
托尔是一个强大的维京神.
Their explorations in Vinland brought both discovery and sadness.
他们在文兰的探索带来了发现和悲伤.
Their arrival frightened members of the native tribes, who had never seen Europeans.
他们的到来使从未见过欧洲人的土著部落成员感到恐惧。
Small fights broke out.
小规模战斗爆发.
Then, men from Thorvald’s crew killed several native fishermen without reason.
索瓦尔德的船员无故杀害了几名本地渔民。
Striking back a few days later, angry native men attacked a group of Vikings.
几天后 愤怒的当地人袭击了一群维京人
The surprised Vikings fought hard but were chased away.
令人惊讶的维京人奋起战斗,但被赶走.
Thorvald was wounded by an arrow.
Thorvald被一箭所伤.
He died of his wound, and his body was buried in Vinland.
他因伤而死,遗体被安葬于文兰.
He became the first European known to have died and been buried in North America.
他成为已知最早已经去世并被安葬于北美的欧洲人.
His crew sailed home to Greenland, but other explorers sailed to Vinland over the next three years.
他的船员出海回了格陵兰,但其他探险家在接下来的三年中出海去到文兰.
After those journeys, it seemed that exploring this new land was not worth the trouble it caused.
这些旅程过后,探索这片新地似乎不值得它造成的麻烦.
For about 275 years, the Vikings swept across Europe in wave after wave.
大约275年,维京人一波又一地横扫了欧洲.
They were hungry to fight and greedy for riches.
他们渴望为财富而斗争和贪婪。
They built trade stations along European rivers all the way to the Mediterranean Sea.
他们沿着欧洲河流建立了通向地中海的贸易站.
Viking explorers and raiders even traveled to the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.
维京探险家和突袭者甚至前往中东,非洲和亚洲.
The Vikings were skilled people.
维京人很能干
They could do many things well.
他们可以做很多好事
They were great warriors, sailors, and explorers.
他们是伟大的战士,水手和探险家。
Their conquests left lasting marks on world history.
他们的征服给世界历史留下了持久的印记。
They will always be remembered for their bravery and strength in battle as well as for their many explorations.
人们将永远铭记他们在战斗中的勇敢和力量以及许多探索。
Wagons, furniture, horses, and foods were some of the items known to have been buried with their Viking owners.
瓦贡斯,家具,马匹,和食物是已知与他们的维京地主一起被埋葬的一些物品.