Valley of the Kings

美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习

MEDITERRANEAN SEA EGYPT Cairo Valley of the Kings Luxor (Thebes) Memphis Nile River H RED SEA Table of Contents Treasure Beyond Imagining.

孟菲斯·尼罗河 H·RED SEA 意想之外的内容宝库列表

4 Valley of Kings.

四地入金刚谷.

5 The Afterlife.

5"来生".

6 Tomb Construction.

6"墓"建筑.

10 Modern Times.

10"现代时报".

14 Tomorrow’s Treasure.

14"明日之宝".

15 Glossary.

15 词汇。

16 Howard Carter (left) found King Tutankhamen’s small four-chamber tomb.

16 霍华德·卡特(左)发现了图坦卡门国王的小四合院墓.

It was packed with priceless objects.

里面装有无价物品

Treasure Beyond Imagining In November 1922, a British archaeologist named Howard Carter discovered the tomb of King Tutankhamen (toot-an-KAH-muhn).

1922年11月,一位名叫霍华德·卡特(英语:Howard Carter)的英国考古学家发现了图坦克汉门国王的墓穴(tot-an-KAH-muhn).

Not only was this a new discovery in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings—an area that explorers had thought was “played out”—it was the first tomb found with its royal seal intact.

这不仅是埃及国王之谷——探险家们认为是被"玩弄"的地区——的新发现,这是第一个发现并保存有王室封印的坟墓。

The tomb held more than five thousand objects, many of them solid gold.

墓内藏有五千多件文物,多为固金.

Tutankhamen’s golden funeral mask has become one of Egypt’s most famous treasures.

Tutankhamen的金色葬礼口罩也成为了埃及最出名的宝藏之一.

Tutankhamen was one of the least important pharaohs buried in the valley.

图坦卡门是埋葬于山谷中最不重要的法老之一.

His tomb was one of the smallest, with only four small chambers.

他的墓道是最小的墓道之一,只有4个小室.

Yet it held so many treasures that experts are still listing them almost a century after Carter’s discovery.

然而,它拥有如此多的宝藏,以至于专家在卡特被发现近一个世纪后仍然在列出它们.

Valley of Kings The Valley of the Kings houses the tombs of almost every pharaoh of Egypt’s golden age, a period known as the New Kingdom.

国王之谷 国王之谷是埃及黄金时代几乎每个法老的坟墓所在,这个时期被称为"新王国".

The New Kingdom took place during the rule of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Egyptian Dynasties.

新王国发生在第十八,十九,二十个埃及王朝统治时期.

It lasted from 1550 to 1080 bc.

从1550年持续到1080 bc.

During this time, the ancient city of Thebes (now known as Luxor) was Egypt’s capital and religious center.

在此期间,特布斯古城(现名"吕克索")是埃及的首都和宗教中心.

Thebes had many temples honoring the Egyptian empire’s pharaohs, whom Egyptians believed joined the gods after death.

Thebes有许多庙宇来纪念埃及帝国的法老们,埃及人相信他们死后加入了神.

However, a royal tomb required a remote location.

然而,一个王室坟墓需要一个偏僻的地点.

A network of steep-sided valleys across the Nile River provided the perfect location.

尼罗河一带陡峭的河谷网络提供了完美的位置。

Tombs could be carved from the limestone found there.

墓可以从那里发现的石灰岩上刻出.

The valley’s steep cliffs and single access point made it relatively easy to protect from robbers.

谷地陡峭的悬崖和单出入口使得相对容易地保护被劫匪.

Several tombs are not shown on this map.

本地图上没有显示多座墓葬.

Some are farther west.

有些在更西边。

KV 62: Tutankhamen KV 9: Ramses IV KV 57: Horemheb discovered tomb Kings’ Valley Key KV Tomb Map of the Valley of the Kings KV 17: Seti I Howard Carter removes a covering of the third, innermost coffin of Tutankhamen.

KV 62: Tutankhamen KV 9:拉美西斯四世 KV 车次 57:Horemheb发现墓穴国王 谷键 KV KV 17号国王之谷的墓图: 赛蒂·霍华德 卡特取出图坦克哈门第三所最内侧棺材的封面.

The Afterlife To the ancient Egyptians, a pharaoh’s tomb was important because it provided safe passage to the afterlife.

来生 对于古埃及人来说,一个法老的坟墓很重要,因为它提供了通往来生的安全通道.

A tomb protected the physical body, which ancient Egyptians believed could return to life after burial.

一个墓穴保护了身体,古埃及人认为这具尸体在被埋葬后可以活活.

After death, the body of the person who had died went through a seventy-day mummification process to keep it from breaking down.

死后,死者的尸体经过了70天的木乃伊化过程来防止被打碎.

Priests removed and mummified internal organs and placed them inside a stone box.

教士们取出并木乃伊化出内部器官,并把它们放入一个石盒.

Next, the mummified body was placed inside nested coffins that were, in turn, placed inside a stone sarcophagus.

接下来,木乃伊被放入了被嵌入的棺材,而棺材又被放入了石棺中.

Carved from solid stone, the sarcophagus could weigh up to 9 metric tons (10 T).

由固体石刻出,石棺可重达9公吨(10吨).

Egyptians believed the tomb also protected the pharaoh’s spirit as it traveled through the underworld.

埃及人相信该墓在穿行于冥界时也保护了法老的精神.

Priests placed protective amulets, which they believed had powers, inside the mummy’s wrappings.

牧师们在木乃伊的包裹中放置了他们认为有威力的防护服。

Ra’s many names and prayers are often inscribed with images and hieroglyphs in the entrances to royal tombs.

拉的许多名字和祈祷经常被刻入皇家墓道入口处的图像和象形文字.

Spells and prayers covered the tomb’s walls and ceilings—and often the sarcophagus—in long columns of hieroglyphs and images.

墓墙和天花板被拼写和祈祷所覆盖,而且常常是石棺所覆盖的长柱象形文字和图像。

Some were intended to restore the body to life.

有些是打算让尸体复活的

Others were supposed to frighten away demons.

其他人应该吓跑恶魔

Hieroglyphs also provided information the soul might need for its journey to the afterlife.

平面文字还提供了灵魂去往来世可能需要的信息.

Ancient Egyptians believed the king’s soul had to travel through the underworld with the Sun god, Ra.

古埃及人相信国王的灵魂必须和太阳神拉一起穿越冥界.

Writings on tomb walls described the Sun god’s travels through the underworld and warned what dangers the soul would face.

在墓墙上写道太阳神穿越冥界,

They also told how to overcome challenges such as demon-guarded gates and questions in the Hall of Judgment.

他们还告诉我们如何克服挑战,如在审判厅设置被恶魔保护的大门和问题。

Royal tombs held everything a king might need in the afterlife.

皇家墓穴保存着国王在来世可能需要的一切

Storerooms were filled with wooden models of equipment, such as boats and chariots.

仓库里装有木制设备模型,如船只和战车等.

They held personal items, such as makeup, clothing, and board games, and everyday items, such as furniture and lamps.

他们持有个人物品,如化妆品、服装和棋盘游戏,以及家具和灯具等日常物品。

The tombs held treasure to enjoy—expensive gems, golden jewelry, and artwork.

这些墓穴收藏有珍贵的珍品——昂贵的宝石、金色珠宝和艺术品。

They even held things to eat and drink.

他们甚至拿着东西吃喝.

Since the pharaohs would need servants in the afterlife, the tombs also contained hundreds of carved figures called shabtis (SHAB-teez), or “answerers.”

由于法老在来世需要仆从,墓穴中还刻有数百个被刻出的数字,称为shabtis (SHAB-teez)或“回答者”。 “

Each shabti was carved with a spell to bring it to life to serve its master.

每个shabti被刻上咒语,以活活地为主人服务.

King Tutankhamen was buried with 413 shabti figures.

图坦卡门国王被葬有413名沙布提活佛.

These wooden or stone statuettes provide valuable information about ancient Egyptian beliefs.

这些木雕或石雕提供古埃及信仰的宝贵信息.

Tomb Layouts Early tombs (right) included one or more turns to the left.

墓葬布局 早期的墓葬(右)包括一出或多出左转.

Later tombs (left) had no turns.

后来的坟墓(左)没有转弯.

Experts think this was to help prevent workers from accidentally running into other, older tombs.

专家认为这样做是为了防止工人意外地跑入其他更古老的坟墓.

B A C D E later tomb design Common Tomb Chambers A entrance B passage of Ra C hall of hindering (contains deep well) D chariot hall (contains sets of pillars; no chariots have ever been found here) E burial chamber B A C D E Tomb Construction Most tombs in the Valley of the Kings have similar layouts.

B A C D E 后来的墓道设计 通俗墓道 A出入口 B出入口 拉 C会堂道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道 E墓葬室 B A C D E 墓葬建筑 国王谷中的大多数墓葬布局相似.

An entryway leads into a hall the Egyptians called the “passage of Ra,” which is decorated with images of the Sun god’s forms.

埃及人称为"Ra出行道",

In many tombs, one room has a deep well cut into its floor.

在许多墓室中,一室地上有一口深井.

Some experts think this pit may have been intended to slow down tomb robbers or for protection in case of flooding.

一些专家认为这个坑可能是为了让盗墓者减速或者在被洪水淹没时提供保护.

The tombs all ended in the burial room, which often had attached storerooms filled with supplies.

墓葬都以墓室为结束地,墓室常有附着的储藏室被填满了用品.

Although they are similar, no two tombs in the Valley of the Kings are identical.

虽然两者相近,但"相克""相克""相克""相克""相克""相克""相克""相克""相克""相克"相克"相克"相克"相克"相克"相克"相克"相克"相克.

Each was constructed and decorated according to the tastes of the current ruler—up to a point.

每个都根据当前尺子的口味来构建和装饰,直到一分。

Even though tomb builders began while the king was still living, tombs took years to complete.

尽管在国王还活下来的时候开始建造墓道,但墓道需要数年才能完成.

Once a king died, the tomb builders had only seventy days to finish their work.

国王死后,墓道建造者只有七十天时间来完成工作.

That’s when the mummification of the dead pharaoh would be complete and burial had to take place.

死法老的木乃伊化将完成,

If a tomb wasn’t finished, workers might cut corners to get it ready in time, leaving paintings or rooms half-finished.

如果坟墓没有完工, 工人可能会割开角来及时准备,

Sometimes, the king was simply buried in a different tomb than the one he had been building.

有时,国王被简单地埋葬在与他所建造的坟墓不同的坟墓中.

Experts think that only two of the corridors in Ramses IX’s tomb had been finished before he died.

专家认为,拉美西斯一世的墓穴中只有两道走廊在他死前已经完工.

The rest were done after his death—and the workmanship looks as if it was done in a hurry.

其余的都是在他死后完成的,而工匠看来是匆忙完成的。

The appearance and layout of the tombs in the valley changed over time.

谷地的墓葬外观和布局随时间而变化.

Tombs built during the early part of the New Kingdom tended to be smaller than later tombs.

新王国早期所建墓葬往往比后期更小.

Unlike later, straighter tombs, early tombs were usually built with one or two ninety-degree turns.

与后期不同的是更平直的墓道,早期的墓道通常以一至两个90度的弯道来建造.

Experts suspect this change may have occurred because the Valley of the Kings was becoming crowded.

专家怀疑这一变化可能是因为国王之谷变得拥挤.

A tomb built in a straight line was less likely to run into neighboring tombs.

一条直线上建起的坟墓不太可能会撞到相邻的坟墓.

Tomb locations changed over time as well.

随着时间的推移,墓葬地点也发生了变化。

Older tombs were usually at the bottoms of cliffs.

更古老的墓穴通常位于悬崖下方.

Rainstorms would send water and earth down to cover the tomb’s entrance.

暴雨会把水和地送入坟墓入口。

Later rulers usually positioned tomb entrances on lower-lying slopes.

后来的统治者通常将墓道出入口定位于地势较低的坡地上.

Much of what we know about the Valley of the Kings comes from writings left behind in Dier al-Medina, a village near the valley where workers lived.

我们对"国王之谷"的了解大多出自在工人所居住的山谷附近的Dier al-Medina所留下的文字.

Experts think tomb construction started almost as soon as a new king began his rule.

专家认为,从新国王开始统治起,几乎就已经开始了墓葬建设.

Selecting the tomb’s location was an important first step.

选择该墓的位置是一个重要的第一步。

It was performed by high court officials and senior workmen.

这是由高等法院官员和高级工人进行的。

If they didn’t make the right decision, they would have to stop work and choose a new location.

若他们没有做出正确的决定,

More than once, the first choice was abandoned after workers had already begun cutting the tomb.

不止一次,第一个选择在工人已经开始切割坟墓后被放弃了.

The tombs had to be cut directly into the limestone bedrock.

墓穴必须被直接切入石灰岩基岩.

Work crews first dug rough passages using copper or bronze chisels, wooden mallets, and hand axes with stone blades.

工人首先用青铜或青铜管子、木制花圈和有石片的手斧挖出粗糙的通道。

Then they painted a line on the tomb’s ceiling to use as a reference point for measurements as workers continued to build the walls, ceiling, and floor.

之后,他们在墓穴的天花板上画出一条线来作为测量的参照点,因为工人们继续建造墙壁,天花板和地上.

Once work had progressed far enough, specialists began to add decorations.

一旦工程进展足够快,专家开始增加装饰.

Plasterers covered surfaces with white plaster.

平板机用白石膏覆盖表面.

Scribes sketched hieroglyphs and figures, and a supervisor followed, making corrections.

Scribes勾画出象形文字和数字,一名主管随行,进行更正。

After corrections were made, artists would finalize the artwork, painting blocks of color and filling in the details.

更正后,艺术家们将最后确定艺术品、彩色画块并填写细节。

Sometimes, workers carved away portions of a scene to make certain things stand out.

有时,工人刻出 一部分的场景 让某些事情突出。

Carving away the background left a kind of art, called a raised relief.

刻出背景留下了一种艺术,叫做升起的解脱.

Artists carved details into the raised figures before painting the finished scene.

艺术家在描绘完成的场景之前,将细节刻入了提升的数字.

Markings show first sketches and corrections in Horemheb’s unfinished tomb.

标记显示Horemheb未完成的墓穴中最早的草图和校正.

Visitors to the Valley of the Kings are encouraged to plan ahead and choose which tombs they will tour.

鼓励前往国王之谷的游客提前规划,选择将参观的坟墓.

Modern Times The United Nations named the Valley of the Kings one of the first World Heritage sites in 1979.

联合国于1979年将国王之谷命名为首批世界遗产地之一。

Over a million people visit the tombs each year.

每年有超过一百万人参观这些坟墓.

Eighteen tombs are open to the public on a rotating schedule.

18个墓葬按轮回时间表向公众开放.

With the exception of Tutankhamen’s tomb, visitors can see any three of the open tombs with their entry ticket.

除图坦克哈门墓外,参观者凭入场券可以看到任何三个开口墓.

Seeing Tutankhamen’s tomb requires buying an additional ticket.

参观图坦卡门的坟墓需要额外购票。

The treasures originally found in Tutankhamen’s tomb are now kept in the Cairo museum.

图坦卡门墓中最初发现的宝物现保存在开罗博物馆.

Unfortunately, the constant crowds have caused rapid temperature and humidity changes inside the tombs.

不幸的是,常有的人群在墓穴内部造成了快速的温度和湿度变化.

Mold now grows on some of the tomb walls.

现今出土于一些墓墙上.

People who accidentally touch the walls sometimes damage the ancient paint and carvings.

意外地触摸墙壁的人有时会损坏出古老的颜料和雕刻.

The rotating schedule of open tombs gives the tombs occasional breaks from visitors and provides time for important repairs.

开放式墓室的轮回时间表使墓室偶尔有访客休息,并有时间进行重要维修.

Tutankhamen’s golden funeral mask has toured the museums of the world and is now kept with all of his tomb’s treasures in the Cairo museum.

Tutankhamen的金色葬礼口罩已遍及世界博物馆,

Tomorrow’s Treasure Today, the Valley of the Kings holds sixty-three known tombs, but more than one New Kingdom tomb remains undiscovered.

明日"宝地"今起相克相克相克相克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克

The tombs of Ramses VIII and Thutmose II, as well as several queens and princes of the Eighteenth Dynasty, have yet to be discovered.

拉美西斯八世和图特摩斯二世的墓葬,以及第十八王朝的多位王后和王子,尚未被发掘.

These rulers were most likely buried somewhere in the Valley of the Kings.

这些统治者最有可能埋葬在国王之谷的某地.

The Valley of the Kings is one of the richest archaeological sites in the world—and experts think there are more treasures to be uncovered.

国王之谷是世界上最丰富的考古遗址之一——专家们认为还有更多的珍宝有待发掘.