Microscope
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents Barely Visible.
内容表几乎可见.
4 The First Simple Microscopes.
4 第一台简易显微镜。
5 Compound Microscopes.
5个复合显微镜。
6 Magnified Twenty to Thirty Times (20–30x).
6 Magnified 20-30 Times (20–30x). 星洲网.
7 Magnified Fifty to Two Hundred Times (50–200x).
7 放大五十至二百倍（50–200倍）。
9 Magnified Two Hundred to Fifteen Hundred Times (200–1,500x).
9 《200至1500时》(200-1,500x)。
11 Magnified One Million Times (1,000,000x).
11 百万大时代(1 000 000x)。
14 Conclusion.
14 结论。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 Barely Visible A human hair—which is about one-tenth of a millimeter (0.
16 鲜为人知 人发——大约为一毫米(0.
0039 in.)
0039 in (英语).
in width—is one of the smallest things the human eye can see.
宽度是人类眼所看到的最小的东西之一。
Imagine, though, if you could shrink yourself until that hair looked as thick as your arm.
想象一下,但是,如果你可以收缩自己,直到那头发看起来像你的手臂一样厚.
Imagine if the hair looked as fat as a tree trunk.
想象一下如果头发看起来像一棵树干一样肥.
What would you see?
你会看到什么?
The hairs on a fly’s legs would look like enormous spikes.
苍蝇腿上的头发看起来像巨大的尖刺。
The fly itself would look like a monster with gigantic eyes!
苍蝇本身会看起来像一个大眼睛的怪物!
That’s the close-up view a microscope provides, and it changes how we see the world.
这是显微镜提供的特写视图, 它改变了我们对世界的看法。
A green blowfly’s body would look very different if you could make yourself really small.
如果你能让自己变小,绿色的蝴蝶的身体会变得非常不同。
The First Simple Microscopes For thousands of years, people have been interested in taking a closer look at their world.
第一个简单的显微镜 几千年来,人们一直对仔细审视自己的世界感兴趣.
The ancient Greeks used glass globes filled with water to make objects appear larger.
古希腊人使用充满了水的玻璃球来使物体显得更大.
In the first century ce, the Romans discovered how to make things appear larger with glass that was thick in the middle and thin on the edges—the first magnifying glass.
在一世纪的ce中,罗马人发现了如何用中层厚而边缘薄的玻璃来使事物显得更大——这是第一个放大玻璃.
When people started to figure out how to make better glass lenses in Europe in the 1600s, the microscope was invented.
当人们在1600年代开始想出如何在欧洲制造出更好的玻璃镜时,显微镜被发明出.
At first, the microscope was just a sort of fancy magnifying glass.
起初,显微镜只是一种花式放大镜.
It had a single glass lens mounted above a holder for specimens.
它有一个单一的玻璃镜架在标本的持有器上方。
Most magnifying glasses only make objects appear about five to ten times (5–10x) larger in size.
多数放大镜只使物体出现大小约5到10倍(5-10x).
That was the magnifying power of the first simple microscopes.
这是第一个简单的显微镜的放大力。
This simple microscope from 1780 could be folded up in its case and carried in a pocket.
1780年的这个简单的显微镜 可以在箱子里叠起 装入口袋里
Compound Microscopes Early microscope users figured out that they could put two magnifying glasses in line with each other to get even more magnification.
复合显微镜 早期的显微镜用户发现,他们可以将两个放大镜相接相接来得到更放大.
The second lens magnified the image from the first lens, multiplying its power of magnification.
第二道镜头从第一道镜头放大了图像,使其放大的力量倍增.
With the combination of two lenses in a single microscope, the compound microscope was born.
将两个相片组合在一个单显微镜中,复合显微镜就诞生了.
The compound microscope’s total magnification is the product of the power of both of its lenses.
复合显微镜的总放大是其两相相片的功率所产.
For example, if the first lens provides ten times (10x) magnification and the second lens provides forty times (40x) magnification, the specimen will be viewed at four hundred times (400x) its actual size.
例如,如果第一镜头提供十倍(10x)放大,而第二镜头提供四十倍(40x)放大,则试样将按其实际大小的四百倍(400x)来查看.
Today, compound microscopes can magnify objects to make them appear up to fifteen hundred times (1,500x) larger than their actual size!
如今,复合显微镜可以放大物体,使其出现比实际尺寸大到1500倍(1500x)!
Magnified Twenty to Thirty Times (20–30x) One of the first early microscope users was a British scientist named Robert Hooke.
放大20至30倍(20-30x) 最早的早期显微镜用户之一是英国科学家罗伯特·胡克.
Hooke improved the early compound microscopes, which could only magnify objects about twenty to thirty times (20–30x) their actual size.
胡克改进了早期的复合显微镜,它只能放大大约20到30倍于其实际尺寸的物体.
He was also one of the first people to take detailed notes on what he saw through a microscope.
他也是最早通过显微镜详细记录所见所闻的人之一.
Hooke published his observations in 1665 in a book called Micrographia.
胡克于1665年将他的观察发表在一本名为"Micrographia"的书上.
It was the first book on microscope use written by a scientist.
它是由一位科学家所写的关于显微镜使用的第一本书.
In Micrographia, Hooke included drawings of close-up views of a louse and a flea.
在"Micrographia"中,胡克包括了特写取的"狼"和"跳蚤"的特写观点.
He drew the compound eyes of a fly in greater detail than anyone had ever seen before.
他把苍蝇的复合眼睛画得比以前任何人都详细。
He sketched the individual hairs that cover a fly’s body, the delicate antennae, and the complicated mouthparts.
他描绘了覆盖苍蝇身体的个别发型,微妙的天线和复杂的口部.
Robert Hooke’s detailed drawing of a flea appeared in his 1665 book.
罗伯特·胡克对一头跳蚤的详细画作出现在他1665年的书中.
Hooke also sketched sections of plants and seeds.
胡克还勾画出植物和种子的部分.
When he examined a thin section of cork under a microscope, he discovered that it was made up of hundreds of tiny chambers.
当他在显微镜下检查了薄薄的一段软骨后,他发现由上百个细小的室室所组成.
He described those tiny chambers as “cells.”
他把这些小房间描述为“细胞”。 “
They reminded him of the small rooms, called cells, used by monks in a monastery.
他们提醒他修道院僧侣使用的叫"牢房"的小房间.
Eventually, the term cell became used to describe the tiny building blocks of all living things.
最终,细胞一词被用来描述所有活物的细小的构件.
Today, examining thin slices of plants lets us see how seeds are formed.
今天,检查植物的薄片 让我们看看种子是如何形成的。
It reveals how cells make up the veins and tissues of plant leaves.
它揭示出细胞是如何构成植物叶子的血管和组织.
It shows the cells that allow water and nutrients to move in plant stems, which helps us understand how plants live and grow.
它显示了允许水和营养物质在植物茎中移动的细胞, 这帮助我们了解植物是如何生存和生长的。
This magnified view of a thin slice of cork shows that it is made up of many tiny “cells.”
这种对一薄片软骨的放大视图表明,它由许多细小的“细胞”所组成。 “
Magnified Fifty to Two Hundred Times (50–200x) Historians believe that Hooke’s Micrographia inspired another early microscope user, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (LEY-vun-hook).
放大50至200倍(50-200倍) 历史学家认为,胡克的"微图"启发了另一位早期显微镜用户Antonie van Leeuwenhoek(LEY-vun-hook).
Van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch cloth merchant, not a trained scientist.
范·李尤文霍克是一位荷兰布商,不是受过训练的科学家.
However, he used magnifying glasses to examine the different types of fabric he bought and sold.
然而,他使用放大镜来检查他所买卖的不同种类的织物.
When he saw Hooke’s drawings of the microscopic world, Van Leeuwenhoek started making lenses of his own.
Van Leeuwenhoek开始自己制作镜头。
Van Leeuwenhoek discovered a way to create better lenses.
范·李尤文霍克发现了一种创造出更好的镜头的方法.
As a result, he was able to make microscopes that magnified objects to more than two hundred times (200x) their real size.
因此他能够制造出显微镜来将物体放大到200倍(200x)以上的实际尺寸.
He assembled more than five hundred microscopes in the late 1600s and early 1700s.
他在1600年代末和1700年代初组装了超过500个显微镜.
Using these stronger microscopes, Van Leeuwenhoek discovered red blood cells.
利用这些更强的显微镜,范·李尤文霍克发现了红血球.
He also discovered tiny life forms called microorganisms living in lake water and in the scrapings from someone’s teeth.
他还发现了一些细小的生命形式,称为微生物,生活在湖水和从某人牙齿上刮去的碎片中。
Before Van Leeuwenhoek’s time, no one knew that microorganisms—living things too small to see with the naked eye—even existed.
在Van Leeuwenhoek的时代之前,没有人知道微生物——活得太小,无法用肉眼看到——甚至存在。
Microscopes revealed that microorganisms live everywhere.
显微镜显示微生物到处活.
Today, if you use a microscope in the classroom, it probably magnifies objects about the same amount as Van Leeuwenhoek’s early microscopes.
今天,如果你在教室里使用显微镜,它可能会放大与范·李尤文霍克早期显微镜相同的物体。
Although two hundred times (200x) magnification might not seem like a lot, it’s enough to reveal details invisible to the naked eye.
虽然200倍(200x)放大可能看起来并不多,
Even something as simple as sand is seen in a new light under a microscope.
即使是像沙子一样简单的东西,也会在显微镜下的新光中被看到.
Without magnification, sand looks ordinary and plain.
没有放大,沙子看起来很平坦和平坦.
Under magnification, it’s clear that sand from the ocean’s edge contains microscopic shells, shell fragments, coral, and volcanic rock.
在放大下,海洋边缘的沙子显然含有微粒壳、外壳碎片、珊瑚和火山岩。
Plain beach sand is really made up of many tiny, colorful items.
平地的沙滩 是由许多细小而多彩的物品组成的
Looking through a microscope can reveal the tiny living things in pond water.
通过显微镜可以发现池塘水中的细小活物.
Magnified Two Hundred to Fifteen Hundred Times (200–1,500x) Early compound microscopes had some problems because the lenses often created distortions in the image.
放大200至1500倍(200-1,500x) 早期的复合显微镜有一些问题,因为镜头常常在图像中产生扭曲.
It was extremely difficult to tell what was the actual image and what was an artificial effect caused by the way light passed through the lenses.
极难分辨出什么是真实的图像,什么是光通过镜头的方式造成的人为效应.
In the early 1800s, a British scientist named Joseph Jackson Lister invented a new type of lens that solved the distortion problem.
1800年代初,一位叫约瑟夫·杰克逊·利斯特(Joseph Jackson Lister)的英国科学家发明出一种新型镜头,解决了扭曲问题.
His work made microscopes more powerful and reliable.
他的作品使显微镜更强大更可靠.
As a result, microscopes allowed new discoveries in multiple fields of science and medicine.
因此,显微镜在科学和医学的多领域允许了新的发现.
In the mid-1800s, French biologist Louis Pasteur (pass-TUR) discovered that microorganisms in the air could contaminate beer or milk, causing it to spoil.
18世纪中叶,法国生物学家路易·巴斯德(英语:Louis Pasteur (pass-TUR))发现空气中的微生物会污染啤酒或牛奶,导致其被破坏.
Around the same time, the improved microscope allowed physicians to see microorganisms in the bodies of sick people.
大约在同一时间,经过改进的显微镜允许医生在病人的身体中看到微生物.
For the first time, scientists made the connection between microorganisms and disease.
科学家首次将微生物与疾病联系起来.
This discovery revolutionized the practice of medicine.
这一发现使医学的实践发生了革命.
Early microscopes could stretch images the same way they get stretched by a funhouse mirror.
早期的显微镜可以拉伸图像的方式 和它们被玩家的镜子拉伸的方式一样
The early compound microscope also led to the discovery that no two snowflakes are alike.
早期的复合显微镜也导致发现没有两种雪花相似.
American photographer Wilson Alwyn Bentley was known as “Snowflake” Bentley for his work with snowflakes.
美国摄影师威尔逊·阿尔温·本特利(Wilson Alwyn Bentley)以"雪花"(Snowflake)而出名于他与雪花有关的作品.
He paired a camera with his microscope in the late 1800s and early 1900s to take photographs of more than five thousand individual snowflakes.
他于1800年代末和1900年代初将相机与他的显微镜配对,拍摄了5000多张个人雪花的照片.
He showed that snowflakes are mirror images of themselves in six different directions.
他展示了雪花是自己在六个不同方向的镜像.
Compound microscopes also allowed scientists to discover that salt, sugar, and some other substances form very specific crystal structures.
化合物显微镜也使得科学家们发现盐,糖等一些物质形成了非常具体的晶体结构.
Salt is made up of only two types of regularly spaced atoms.
盐由只有两类有固定间隔的原子所组成.
As a result, it forms regularly shaped cubic crystals.
因此,它定期地形成立方晶体.
Sugar, or sucrose, is made up of two different, simpler types of sugar.
糖,或作苏克罗斯糖,由两种不同的更简单的糖类组成.
It forms crystals that are slanted at each end and more oblong than salt crystals.
它形成晶体,每端有斜纹并比盐晶更斜长.
These photographs taken by “Snowflake” Bentley in 1902 revealed how each snowflake is a different, beautiful shape.
这些由"雪花"(Snowflake)本特利(Bentley)于1902年所拍摄的照片揭示出每个雪花的形状如何不同而美丽.
Sugar crystals form regular rectangular shapes.
糖晶会形成正矩形.
The ability to see the world’s tiny details can help people understand how things work.
了解世界细微细节的能力,
Take the cocklebur.
拿着鸡尾酒
A Swiss engineer named George de Mestral became curious about the cockleburs that stuck to his clothing and his dog’s fur.
一位名叫乔治·德·梅斯特拉尔(George de Mestral)的瑞士工程师开始对卡住他衣服和狗皮的公鸡感到好奇.
Wondering how they attached themselves so firmly, he took a closer look at the burrs under a microscope.
想知道他们是如何坚固地附着自己, 他仔细地看了一下显微镜下的灌木.
He saw that they had tiny hooks that latched onto loops in the fabric of his pants.
他看见他们有细小的钩子 缠住他裤子的织物
Inspired by nature’s hook-and-loop fastener, de Mestral worked to recreate the design using fabric.
受到自然界的"接钩接地"的启发,德·梅斯特拉尔(De Mestral)努力用织物来再造设计.
Years later, the result was Velcro.
多年后,结果为维尔克罗.
Velcro is made up of two pieces of fabric, one covered in thousands of tiny hooks and the other covered in thousands of tiny loops.
Velcro由两块布料组成,一被被上千个小钩子所覆盖,一被被上千个小圈子所覆盖.
The hooks and loops allow the two pieces of fabric to “zip” together.
钩子和回路可以使两块织物一起"齐"出.
Scientists copied the shape of natural hooks on cockleburs (left) to make the fastener Velcro (right).
科学家在公鸡座上复制了自然钩子的外形(左)来制作更紧的Velcro (右).
Magnified One Million Times (1,000,000x) Because of the way light works, there is a limit to how much magnification a compound microscope can achieve.
百万次(1 000 000x) 由于光线工作方式,复合显微镜能实现多少放大是有限度的.
During the last century, scientists developed microscopes that use different ways to illuminate samples, including ultraviolet light and beams of energy called electron particles.
在上个世纪,科学家们开发出显微镜,使用不同的方法来照亮样品,包括紫外线和能量束被称作电子粒子.
Microscopes that use electron beams to illuminate samples are called electron microscopes.
使用电子束来发光样品的显微镜称为电子显微镜.
They provide the greatest magnification of any type of microscope currently in existence.
它们为目前存在的各类显微镜提供了最大的放大.
They can magnify samples up to one million times (1,000,000x)!
它们能放大100万次(1 000 000x)的样本!
A tiny dust mite feeds on flakes of human skin.
微小的尘埃会以人类皮肤的碎片为食
Conclusion With each new degree of magnification, more detail is revealed about the tiniest structures of plants, animals, and materials.
结论 随着每个新的放大度, 揭示出更多关于植物、动物和材料最微小的结构的细节。
As a result, microscopes have allowed countless discoveries in nearly every field of science.
因此,显微镜使得几乎所有科学领域都有了无数的发现.
Microscopes make the invisible visible, allowing us to explore the world in an entirely new way.
显微镜使看不见的能见度,让我们以全新的方式探索世界.
A microscopic view of a fish scale reveals details that are impossible to see with the naked eye.
对鱼体尺度的微观观察揭示出肉眼无法看到的细节。
Stains and Dyes Many cells and other small objects are transparent, or see-through.
Stains and Dyes 许多单元格和其他小对象都是透明的,或者通过透视.
This makes them difficult to see under a microscope.
这使他们很难在显微镜下看到.
Stains and dyes have been used since the 1800s to make objects stand out more against their backgrounds.
从1800年代开始,人们就使用螺纹和染料来使物体更加突出其背景.
This makes the objects easier to see with a microscope.
这使得物体更容易用显微镜看到.
Stains reveal that healthy cells (orange) are being replaced by damaged cells (purple) in this microscopic view of a diseased human liver.
Stains显示,在这种人类肝脏病变的显微眼中,健康的细胞(橙色)被受损的细胞取而代之。