Taiga

美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习

Table of Contents A Carpet of Green.

目录 A 绿地毯。

4 The Taiga Biome.

4"大加活计".

5 Climate and Soil.

5 气候和土壤。

7 Taiga Plants.

7台加工厂.

10 Taiga Animals.

10台加动物.

12 People in the Taiga.

十二人入大迦叶.

14 Where Conifers Rule.

14 Conifers统治的地方。

15 Glossary.

15 词汇。

16 A Carpet of Green If you look down on Earth from a satellite high above the North Pole, you’ll see the Arctic Ocean.

16 绿色地毯 如果你从北极上空的卫星俯视地球, 你会看到北冰洋。

The first ring of land surrounding the North Pole is the treeless tundra region.

环北极第一环地是无树苔原地区.

Beyond the tundra lies a wider ring of deep green that is mostly empty of roads and cities.

苔原外有一圈更宽的深绿地,大部分是空地和城市.

This region is home to an amazing number of trees as well as some of Earth’s hardiest animals.

这片区域有数量惊人的树木以及地球上最硬的动物。

It remains nearly untouched by modern life.

它仍然几乎不受现代生活的影响。

This region is the taiga.

这个地区是泰加.

This forested biome is mostly uninhabited.

这种被森林覆盖的生物群落大多无人居住.

W W Sources disagree on the meaning of the Russian word taiga.

W源对俄语"taiga"一词的含义有分歧.

Some say it means “forest-covered mountain,” while others believe it means “swampy, moist forest” or “coniferous forests.”

有人说它的意思是 " 被森林覆盖的山地 " ,而其他人则认为它的意思是 " 沼泽、湿润的森林 " 或 " 肥沃的森林 " 。 “

In North America, the taiga is often referred to as the boreal forest.

在北美,泰加人常被称作"北方森林".

Boreal, which means “northern,” comes from Boreas, the Greek god of the north wind.

Borale,意为"北方",出自希腊北风之神Boreas.

The Taiga Biome Different types of environments cover Earth’s surface.

Taiga生物群落 不同类型的环境覆盖地表.

These regions and the communities of plants and animals that live there are called biomes.

这些地区以及生活在那里的动植物群落被称作生物群落.

Deserts, grasslands, rainforests, and oceans are examples of biomes.

沙漠,草地,雨林,和海洋是生物群落的例子.

So is the taiga.

泰加也一样。

Many factors play a part in creating Earth’s biomes.

许多因素在创造地球生物群落中起一定作用.

Two important ones are latitude—how far a location is from the equator—and elevation, or height above sea level.

有两个重要方面是纬度——一个位置离赤道有多远——和高地,或海平面上高地。

Both help determine how warm or cool a place is.

两者都帮助确定一个地方有多温暖或酷.

Climate, land, and water are also important building blocks of biomes, as are plants and animals.

气候、土地和水也是生物群落的重要基石,动植物也是如此。

The taiga is located in cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

泰加地处北半球寒冷地区.

This biome’s main plants are conifers—trees that produce seeds in cones instead of flowers.

这种生物的主要植物是针叶树,用锥子而不是花来生出种子。

Winter in the taiga can last for the majority of the year.

泰加的冬季可以持续一年的大部分时间.

The taiga—Earth’s largest land biome—occurs in a wide band across northern regions of North America, Europe, and Asia.

Taiga-Earth最大的地表生物群落分布在北美、欧洲和亚洲北部地区。

In North America, much of Canada and Alaska are taiga.

在北美,加拿大和阿拉斯加大部分地区为泰加.

In Europe, the taiga occurs in small patches in the Highlands of Scotland.

在欧洲,泰加会发生在苏格兰高地的小地段.

It then stretches from Norway, Sweden, and Finland all across Russia to the Pacific Ocean.

然后从挪威,瑞典,芬兰等俄罗斯全境延伸至太平洋.

It also extends into parts of China and Mongolia.

它也延伸到了中国和蒙古的部分地区.

About one-sixth of Earth’s land is taiga.

地球约六分之一的地是泰加.

To the north is the tundra, where almost no trees grow.

向北是苔原,几乎没有树木生长.

The border between the two biomes is known as the tree line.

这两个生物群落之间的边界被称作"树线".

Just south of the taiga, some parts of the world have temperate forests, while others have grasslands.

就在泰加河以南,世界一些地区有温带森林,而另一些地区有草地.

The Russian taiga measures about 5,800 kilometers (3,600 mi.)

俄罗斯泰加地道测量了约5800公里(3600米.

from east to west.

从东而西.

Climate and Soil The climate in the taiga is typically cold, although it varies from place to place.

气候和土壤 泰加地區的气候一般为寒冷,虽然各地气候不同.

Because of the taiga’s location far north of the equator, sunlight strikes the land at a low angle.

由于泰加地处赤道以北,阳光以低角度袭击了陆地.

As a result, this region receives less heat energy than places nearer the equator.

因此,该地区获得的热能比赤道附近的地区要少.

Snow cover also contributes to the cold by reflecting sunlight instead of absorbing it.

雪盖也通过反射出阳光而不是吸收阳光来助长寒冷.

A third factor is the taiga’s long winter nights, which allow more heat to escape into Earth’s atmosphere.

第三个因素是Taiga的长冬之夜,它使更多的热能逃入地球大气层。

Winters in the taiga are long, cold, and windy.

泰加地冬相去长相去来来去去去来去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去去

Temperatures are usually below −10°C (14°F) in January, the coldest month.

气温通常在一月-10°C(14°F)以下,为最冷的月份.

In eastern Siberia, winter temperatures have dropped as low as −50°C (−58°F).

西伯利亚东部的冬季气温已降至-50°C(-58°F).

Accumulated snow generally lasts all winter—five months or more in the southern taiga and up to eight months in the northern taiga.

积雪一般会持续到整个冬季 -- -- 在南部泰加有5个月或更长时间,在北部泰加有8个月。

Glaciers and Land Bridges Much of the taiga was covered with glaciers during the last ice age, which ended just under twelve thousand years ago.

冰川和地桥 在上个冰河时代 泰加河大部分被冰川覆盖 距今不到一万二千年

With so much of Earth’s water frozen, sea levels remained lower.

由于地球有这么多的水被冻结,海平面仍然较低。

As a result, many of today’s islands, such as the British Isles, were connected to the mainland above water.

因此,今天的许多岛屿,例如英属岛屿,都与水上大陆相接.

A land bridge between the far eastern part of Russia and parts of Alaska and Canada allowed many animal species to move to North America.

俄罗斯远东与阿拉斯加和加拿大部分地区之间的一座陆地桥梁使得许多动物物种可以迁移到北美.

July, the warmest month, ranges between 15 and 20°C (59–68°F) and may even reach 25°C (77°F) during the hottest time of the day.

7月是最温暖的一月,介于15至20°C(59-68°F)之间,甚至可能在最热时段达到25°C(77°F).

Frequent thunderstorms with lightning and low rainfall can cause forest fires during warmer months.

频繁有闪电和低降雨的雷暴会在更温暖的月份中引起森林火灾.

Fires can be useful because they remove old and sick trees and make room for new ones to grow.

火可以有用,因为火能取出老生病的树木,为新树生长提供空间.

Annual precipitation in the taiga is highest in eastern North America and northern Europe, which have many lakes, streams, and wetlands.

泰加河的年降水量最高的是北美东部和北欧,这些地区有许多湖泊,溪流和湿地.

These areas may receive over 100 centimeters (39 in.)

这些区域可能会得到超过100公分(39英寸.

of precipitation each year.

每年的降水量。

Skies are deep purple during a foggy thunderstorm in the Canadian taiga.

天空是深紫色的 在雾中雷暴 在加拿大泰加。

Soils in the taiga are generally cold, shallow, rocky, and nutrient poor.

泰加的土壤一般为冷,浅,多岩石,营养贫乏.

This limits the types of plants that can grow in many places.

这限制了许多地方能生长的植物种类.

In warmer areas of the taiga, soils contain more nutrients because organic matter breaks down more quickly.

在 taiga更温暖的地区,土壤含有更多的养分,因为有机物分解得更快.

In many parts of Canada, glaciers have scraped the land, leaving the soil too thin for mature forests to grow.

在加拿大多地,冰川刮倒了土地,使土壤过薄,成熟的森林无法生长.

Permafrost—permanently frozen ground— or else solid rock lies just below the surface soil in many areas.

常冻地-永久冻土-或在许多地区地表地表地表下有固体岩石。

Neither one allows soil to drain well.

两者都不允许土壤流失。

For this reason, the taiga has many shallow bogs.

出于这个原因,泰加有众多浅沼.

Climate change is creating more bogs as the permafrost melts.

随着永久冻土的融化,气候变化正在产生更多的沼泽地。

Spruce and tamarack trees, along with mosses and other plants, grow in boggy areas.

斯普鲁斯和塔马克树与苔藓等植物一起生长于生猪地区.

Permafrost in the Taiga Areas of the taiga with below-freezing average annual temperatures may contain permafrost.

泰加河(Taiga)的泰加地区常冻地,年平均气温低于冰冻地,可能含有常冻地.

Many species of trees are unable to grow in these areas, but some, including tamarack and black spruce, can still thrive if the layer of surface soil above the frozen ground is deep enough.

许多树种无法在这些地区生长,但有些树种,包括tamarack和黑芽等,如果冻地上地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地

Permafrost is common in northern Canada and the Asian portion of Russia.

常绿冻在加拿大北部和俄罗斯的亚洲地区很常见.

It tends to occur in areas that receive less sunlight, such as the north side of mountain slopes.

常发生于日照较少的地区,如山坡北侧.

Taiga Plants Plants in the taiga must survive a short growing season as well as cold temperatures, permafrost, and nutrient- poor soil.

台贺植物 泰加的植物必须活过短暂的生长季节以及寒冷的温度、永久冻土和贫瘠的养分。

As a result, fewer species grow there than in biomes at lower latitudes.

因此,在那里生长的物种少于低纬度地区的生物群落。

The main plants are conifers, including pine, fir, and spruce.

主要植物为圆锥花科植物,包括松,花生和花生.

Many of these trees are evergreens, which keep their leaves year-round.

这些树中有许多是常绿的,这些常绿的常绿的常绿阔叶林。

But tamarack, another common conifer, is deciduous, dropping its leaves in winter.

但塔马克是另一个常见的针叶树,它的叶子在冬季会下降.

Some flower-bearing deciduous trees, such as poplar and birch, also grow in the taiga, although they’re less widespread.

一些有花的倒花树,如活花树和生花树等,也生长在泰加,尽管它们并不普遍。

Much of the ground cover is mosses, lichens, and mushrooms, which have shallow roots.

地表多为苔藓,地衣和蘑菇等有浅根.

They don’t require much sunlight or water, and they can bear the cold.

他们不需要多少阳光或水,

Some grasses, ferns, and other low plants also grow in the taiga.

一些花草,花叶等低矮的植物也生长于 ta(taiga).

Scotch pine is one of the most common trees found in the taiga.

苏格兰松是Taiga中发现的最常见的树木之一.

Calypso orchids grow in damp areas of the taiga during summer.

卡利普索兰花于夏季生长于泰加河的潮湿地段.

Plants have several important adaptations for surviving in the taiga.

植物在泰加有几种重要的适应来生存.

Keeping their leaves all year helps evergreen trees conserve energy and nutrients.

全年保持叶子有助于常绿树节能和养分.

Growing new leaves in spring would require more sunlight and soil nutrients, both of which are in short supply.

春季生长出新叶需要更多的阳光和土壤养分,两者都短缺.

Many cone-bearing trees in the taiga, such as pines, have needlelike leaves with a waxy coating.

塔伊加多株圆锥形树,如松树等有针状花叶并有蜡质涂料.

This leaf design allows trees to conserve water, which may be scarce due to low rainfall or because it’s frozen.

这种叶子设计可以让树木保存出水源,由于降雨量少或冻死,水源可能稀缺.

Needles also protect trees from freezing since they don’t contain much sap.

也保护树木不受冰冻,

Dark-green leaves increase heat absorption and help trees take in the Sun’s energy for use in photosynthesis.

暗绿叶会增加热能吸收,

Many trees are cone shaped, with branches that shed snow quickly so the snow’s weight doesn’t break them.

许多树是圆锥形的,树枝会迅速放出雪来使雪的重量不会断裂.

Scotch pine needles conserve water (top).

苏格兰松针能节水(上部).

A Norway spruce withstands heavy snowfall (bottom).

挪威一芽可抵御大雪(下层)。

Taiga Animals The cold climate and restricted types of plants limit the kinds of animals that can live in the taiga.

泰加动物 寒冷的气候和被限制的植物种类限制了能活于泰加的动物种类.

Animals there are hardy and well adapted to the challenging conditions.

那里的动物很坚硬,适应了挑战性的条件。

Mammals tend to grow thick fur for insulation, and larger species often have long legs and large feet to navigate in deep snow.

哺乳动物往往会为绝缘而长出厚厚的皮毛,较大的物种往往有长腿和大脚来在深雪中航行.

The biome’s large herbivores include deer, elk, moose, and caribou (also known as reindeer).

生物体的大型食草动物包括鹿、麋鹿、麋鹿和驯鹿(也叫驯鹿)。

Predators include black and grizzly bears, wolves, wolverines, lynxes, and weasel-like martens, as well as Siberian tigers in eastern Russia.

捕食者有黑熊和灰熊,狼,狼,林克士等,还有类似黄鼠狼的马腾等,还有俄罗斯东部的西伯利亚虎.

Squirrels, snowshoe hares, and lemmings are among the smaller mammals.

松鼠,雪蹄兔,和狐猴属于较小的哺乳动物.

Birds of prey, including eagles, hawks, and owls, hunt them from trees.

猎物的鸟类,包括鹰,鹰,和猫头鹰,从树上猎取.

Enormous numbers of insects breed in bogs, lakes, and ponds in the summer.

大量昆虫在沼泽地,湖泊中繁殖,夏季有池塘.

Waterfowl and many other kinds of birds migrate to the taiga to take advantage of this plentiful food source and raise their young.

水禽和许多其他种类的鸟类会迁徙到泰加来利用这种丰盛的食物来源来抚养幼鸟.

These birds migrate south to warmer regions during the long, cold winters.

这些鸟类在漫长而寒冷的冬季向南迁徙到更温暖的地区.

Woodpeckers, ravens, loons, and chickadees are year-round residents.

啄木鸟、乌鸦、野猪和野猪是全年的居民。

The taiga is a challenging biome for reptiles and amphibians, which can’t regulate their body temperature internally.

Taiga是爬行动物和两栖动物的有挑战性的生物群落,

In spring and summer, some parts of the taiga are warm enough for these animals.

在春季和夏季,泰加的有些地段已经足够温暖地适合这些动物.

They cope with the cold by hibernating in winter, either on land or, in the case of turtles and some frogs, at the bottom of lakes and ponds.

它们通过冬眠来应对寒冷,或者在陆地上,或者在龟和一些青蛙的情况下,在湖泊和池塘的底部.

Frozen Frogs Wood frogs survive the taiga’s cold with the help of an unusual adaptation: their blood and body tissues freeze while they hibernate.

冻蛙 木蛙通过不寻常的适应活过泰加的寒冷:它们的血液和身体组织在冬眠时会结冰.

In this frozen state, their breathing and heartbeat stop, blood ceases to flow, and ice crystals form under their skin.

在这种被冻结的状态下,他们的呼吸和心跳停止了,血液停止了流动,而冰晶形成于皮肤下.

Special proteins and sugars protect their cells from damage.

特殊的蛋白质和糖能保护细胞免受损伤.

These frogs can tolerate more than half of their body freezing.

这些青蛙能忍受一半以上的身体被冻.

People in the Taiga People have lived in the taiga for thousands of years.

泰加人中的人在泰加生活了上千年.

More than six hundred traditional communities live there today.

今天,有600多个传统社区生活在那里。

Their livelihoods include reindeer herding, fishing, hunting, and crafts.

他们的生计包括驯鹿放牧、捕鱼、狩猎和手工艺。

Many of these people are working to preserve both the forests and their traditional way of life.

其中许多人正在努力保护森林及其传统生活方式。

Because the taiga is forested, trees are a key natural resource, and logging is widespread.

由于泰加是林地,树木是关键的自然资源,而伐木活动也十分普遍.

Mining, oil and gas exploration, and road construction are other industrial activities in this biome.

采矿、石油和天然气勘探以及道路建设是这一生物群落中的其他工业活动。

People also travel to the taiga to enjoy boating, fishing, hiking, skiing, snowmobiling, dogsledding, and relaxing in cozy cabins.

人们还到泰加去享受划船,钓鱼,徒步旅行,滑雪,起雪,被狗绑住,在舒适的小屋中放松.

Most of the taiga is fairly unpopulated.

大部分的泰加人相当无人居住.

The two largest cities are Toronto, Canada, and Moscow, Russia.

两个最大的城市是加拿大多伦多和俄罗斯莫斯科.

This woman is a tribal elder of the Cree First Nation of Waswanipi in Quebec.

这个女人是魁北克瓦斯瓦尼皮的克里人原住民部落长者.

Her tribe is one of the most active native groups working to protect the taiga in Canada.

她的部落是加拿大最活跃的原住民群体之一,致力于保护泰加人.

Where Conifers Rule The taiga stretches nearly 13 million square kilometers (about 5 million sq.

柯尼法斯统治的地方 泰加绵延了近1300万平方千米(约500万平方公克.

mi.)

(中文(简体) ).

across Earth’s northern lands.

横跨地球北部土地。

Conifers reign supreme in this cold region.

科尼法斯统治着这个寒冷的地区

Siberia, in Russia, includes vast areas of taiga.

西伯利亚,在俄罗斯,包括了广阔的泰加地区.

Russian playwright Anton Chekhov traveled to the Siberian taiga on horseback in the late 1800s.

俄罗斯剧作家安东·切克霍夫于1800年代后期骑马前往西伯利亚泰加.

He was so struck by the endless expanse of green conifers that he wondered if he’ d ever get out.

他对无尽的绿锥子感到惊讶,

Although it’s certainly possible to leave the taiga, those fortunate enough to experience this land won’t soon forget it.

但那些有幸体验这片土地的人不会很快忘记。

One of the world’s largest taiga areas lies in Russia.

世界上最大的泰加地区之一位于俄罗斯.

Glossary adaptations (n.)

词汇调整(不详)

(n.)

(无)

(n.)

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