Stonehenge
美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习
Table of Contents An Ancient Sacred Site.
古老圣地目录。
4 The Monument.
4"碑记".
6 The Landscape of Stonehenge.
6 巨石阵风景名胜区.
8 A Project for the Ages.
8"时代工程".
9 Possible Purposes of Stonehenge.
9 巨石阵的可能目的。
12 Visiting Stonehenge Today.
12 访"今日巨石阵".
14 A Wonder of the Ancient World.
14 《古代世界的奇迹》。
15 Glossary.
15 词汇。
16 An Ancient Sacred Site Giants, wizards, and space aliens have all been considered potential builders of Stonehenge.
16 古代圣地巨人、巫师和外星人都被认为是巨石阵的潜在建造者。
Once a person sees this monument made of giant stones in southern England, it’s easy to understand why.
一旦有人看到这个由英格兰南部巨石所建的纪念碑,
The size and weight of these slabs make it seem impossible for human hands to have built Stonehenge without the power of modern machinery.
这些石板的大小和重量使得人类的手似乎不可能在没有现代机械的力量下建造出巨石阵.
The monument dates from a time before any written history, which adds to its mystery.
纪念碑的历史年代为任何书面历史之前,这增加了它的神秘.
Almost nine hundred years ago, an English historian named Geoffrey of Monmouth told a story about a mythical wizard who told a king to build Stonehenge.
近九百年前,一位名叫蒙茅斯的杰弗里(英语:Geoffrey of Monmouth)的英国历史学家讲述了一个关于一位神话巫师的故事,他让一位国王来建造"巨石阵".
People have been studying Stonehenge for hundreds of years.
人们研究巨石阵已有数百年历史.
In that time, archaeologists have developed scientific theories instead of supernatural explanations.
在那个时期,考古学家已经形成了科学理论而不是超自然的解释.
They’ve excavated the site for clues about its history, creators, and possible purposes.
他们挖掘了这个网站,
Their research has revealed that the monument is about five thousand years old—much older than originally thought.
他们的研究表明,纪念碑大约有5 000年的历史——比原先想象的要长得多。
It was constructed during the Neolithic period, around 10,000 to 2500 bc.
它建于新石器时代,约10000至2500 bc.
This was a time before the people living in the area invented the wheel or knew how to make metal tools and weapons.
这时,居住在该地区的人们发明了轮子,或者知道如何制造金属工具和武器.
Archaeologists believe that the construction of Stonehenge began about 3000 bc.
考古学家认为"巨石阵"的建造工作开始于约3000 bc.
Generations of people continued working on it for more than a thousand years.
一代又一代的人继续从事这项工作一千多年。
As archaeologists continue to excavate and research, they make new and revealing discoveries.
随着考古学家不断出土并进行研究,他们做出了新的并揭示的发现.
They’re still amazed by what these ancient people built.
他们仍对这些古老的人所建的建筑感到惊讶。
An archaeologist works at an excavation at Stonehenge in 2008.
一名考古学家于2008年在巨石阵的一次出土中工作.
The Monument Stonehenge is a monument made of earth and enormous stone slabs called megaliths.
巨石阵是一座由地和巨大的石板所建的纪念碑,被称作巨石阵.
It’s not nearly as tall as the Eiffel Tower or as big as Mexico’s Pyramid of the Sun.
也不如墨西哥的太阳金字塔高。
Still, the site inspires awe in the thousands of tourists who visit each day.
然而,该网站仍然鼓舞了每天来访的上千名游客的敬畏.
Much of the mystery of Stonehenge comes from its ancient origins.
巨石阵之谜多出自其古来.
Circles inside of circles form the monument’s design.
圆圈内部的圆圈构成纪念碑的设计.
The outer ring is a ditch around an embankment of mounded soil.
外环是环绕有地丘土堤的沟道.
Within that ring is a circle of sandstone slabs called sarsen stones.
该环内有一圈被称作"沙森石"的砂岩板.
Stone lintels lie across the tops of the standing sarsen stones and once connected all of them together.
石林特尔斯倒地在站立的沙森石上方,并一度将所有石地连接在一起.
Inside the ring of sarsen stones is another group of standing sarsen stones, set in a horseshoe shape.
沙森石环内有另一组站立的沙森石,被设置为马蹄形.
These are trilithons, square arches formed of two standing stones and a lintel placed across them.
这些是三立通,由两块站立的石块所形成的正方形拱门,并布置在它们相间.
They range between 6.
范围在 6. 国家
7 meters (22 ft.)
7米(22英尺)长.
and 9 meters (29.
和9米(29.
5 ft.)
5平方公尺) f.
tall.
高个子。
Smaller boulders made of bluestones, a type of coarse rock called dolerite, also lie within the sarsen circle.
由蓝石所制成的更小的巨石,一种叫多勒岩的粗糙岩石也存在于沙森圆形.
The largest bluestone weighs about 2,994 kilograms (6,600 lb.)
最大的蓝石重约2,994公斤(6,600磅).
Stonehenge was not the only monument of its kind.
巨石阵并不是唯一的这种纪念碑.
Archaeologists have discovered individual stones and other monuments nearby.
考古学家在附近发现了个别石块等遗迹.
• The outer ring creates a circle about 110 meters (360 ft.)
• 支助 外环形成一圈约110米(360英尺).
in diameter—about the length of a football field.
直径——大约足球场的长度。
than 5 meters (16.
超过5米(16.
4 ft.)
4英尺长)
tall.
高个子。
The largest sarsen stone weighs about 36,000 kilograms (79,366 lb.)
最大的沙森石重约36000公斤(79,366磅).
thirty at one time.
三十一时.
Stone, are also part of the monument but lie outside of the Sarsen Circle.
斯通也属于纪念碑的一部分,但位于萨尔森环形山外.
ATLANTIC OCEAN NORTH SEA IRELAND NORTHERN IRELAND SCOTLAND ENGLAND WALES Dublin London Edinburgh Glasgow Belfast H H H United Kingdom The Landscape of Stonehenge Stonehenge is located on Salisbury Plain, an area of hills and grassy flatlands in southern England.
大西洋、北海、爱尔兰北部、英国群岛 联合王国 巨石阵地貌地貌位于萨利斯伯里平原上,是英格兰南部丘陵和草地平地的地貌.
Evidence suggests people have been living in this area for more than ten thousand years.
有证据表明,人们在这个地区生活了一万多年。
Back then, trees covered the area and animals roamed freely.
当时,树木覆盖了该地区,动物们自由游荡.
People were hunter- gatherers, hunting game such as deer and gathering roots and nuts.
人们是猎人采集者,狩猎游戏如鹿和采集根和坚果.
Experts speculate these Neolithic people may have considered the area sacred because of its wealth of food.
专家推测这些新石器时代的人可能因其丰富的食物而认为该地区是神圣的.
A Project for the Ages Gradually, beginning around 7500 to 4600 bc, the culture shifted from hunting and gathering to farming.
从7500到4600 bc左右的 " 古代 " 项目,文化从狩猎和采集转向了耕作。
Agriculture made it possible to produce more food more reliably.
农业使生产更多的粮食更加可靠。
With enough food, people could spend less time working the fields.
如果有足够的食物,人们可以花更少的时间在田地工作.
This left more time to work together on projects like Stonehenge.
这为巨石阵等项目的合作留下了更多的时间.
Experts consider the transport of the giant stones of Stonehenge to be one of the great engineering feats of Stone Age people.
专家认为"巨石"巨石的运输是"石器时代"人伟大的工程成就之一.
They believe the giant sarsen stones came from about 32 to 48 kilometers (20–30 mi.)
他们相信巨型沙森石从32至48公里(20-30 mi.
away.
离开。
How did the builders transport these enormous stone slabs in a time before wheels or wagons?
建造者是如何在轮子或马车之前 运送这些巨大的石板的?
Teams of researchers have conducted experiments to evaluate different theories.
研究人员团队进行了实验来评价不同的理论.
They proved it was possible to transport the giant stones to the Stonehenge site using human skills and strength.
他们证明可以使用人类的技能和力量将巨石运至巨石阵地.
In May 2016, researchers loaded huge stones onto wooden sledges that were pulled along wooden rails greased with animal fat.
2016年5月,研究人员将巨大的石头装入了木板上,这些木板被沿着被动物脂肪所打磨的木栏杆拉出.
For a long time, the bluestones presented an even greater mystery than the sarsen stones.
在很长一段时间里,蓝石呈现出比沙森石更大的神秘.
No source for them has been found anywhere near Stonehenge.
在巨石阵附近没有找到他们的任何来源。
Researchers eventually discovered where they came from—a quarry in Wales more than 241 kilometers (150 mi.)
研究人员最终发现了他们来自的地方——威尔士的一个采石场超过241公里(150米.
away.
离开。
Lifting the standing stones must have presented a unique challenge.
抬起站立的石头必定是一个独特的挑战。
One method may have been to dig a pit under the base of each standing stone.
一种方法可能是在每个站立石的基底下挖出一个坑.
Then wedges could have been used to raise the top end until the bottom dropped into the pit.
之后楔形花被可以用来将上端抬高至下端倒入坑中.
Men might have used ropes to pull it carefully into a standing position.
男人可能用绳子 把它小心地拉入站立位置
Placing the lintels was perhaps the biggest challenge.
设置林特尔可能是最大的挑战。
One possibility is that the builders constructed ramps of dirt and wood leading from the ground to the tops of the standing stones.
一种可能性是,建造者建造了从地上通向站立石顶部的土和木的坡道.
Teams of workers could have used ropes to slide the lintel up the ramp and into place to form the arch.
工人队伍本可以用绳子把林特尔滑上坡道并进入位置来形成拱门.
The builders of Stonehenge might have built wood platforms beneath stones as they were pulled into place.
巨石阵的建造者在被拉入地盘时,可能在石头下方建造了木质平台.
Who were these master builders who developed such amazing engineering techniques?
这些建筑大师是谁 开发了如此惊人的工程技术?
They didn’t use writing and left behind few examples of art.
他们没有使用写作,
Little is known about the languages they spoke or the religions they practiced.
他们对所讲的语言或所信奉的宗教所知甚少。
Everything we know about them has been pieced together from evidence discovered by archaeologists.
我们所知道的关于他们的一切 都从考古学家发现的证据中拼凑出来
Chemical tests performed on human skeletons buried near the site offer some clues.
对埋在遗址附近的人骨架进行的化学试验提供了一些线索.
Some of the people who built Stonehenge seem to have migrated there from Wales and other lands.
部分建造巨石阵的人似乎从威尔士等地迁移到那里.
By testing the teeth of one skeleton, archaeologists learned that the man had traveled from mainland Europe— some 1,126 kilometers (700 mi.)
通过测试一具骨架的牙齿,考古学家得知此人从欧洲大陆出行——约1,126公里(700米.
in ancient times.
在古老的时代。
Scientists think a skeleton found in a burial near Stonehenge was probably an archer because he was found with stone wrist guards commonly used by archers.
科学家们认为,在斯通亨克附近的一个墓葬中发现的一具骨架很可能是弓箭手,因为他被发现时有弓箭手常用的石腕卫.
Possible Purposes of Stonehenge People have been investigating Stonehenge for clues about its purpose for hundreds of years.
巨石阵的可能目的 数百年来人们一直在调查"巨石阵" 寻找有关其目的的线索.
It was built more than a mile from any human settlement and does not seem to have had any practical use as a shelter or marketplace.
它的建造距离任何人类住区都相距一多英里,似乎没有任何实际用途作为避难所或市场。
These details have led archaeologists to believe Stonehenge was a kind of religious temple.
这些细节使得考古学家相信"巨石阵"是一类宗教寺庙.
They also believe its religious and ceremonial purposes changed during its long history.
他们还认为,在其悠久的历史中,其宗教和礼仪目的发生了变化。
Archaeologists think Stonehenge began as a burial site.
考古学家认为"巨石阵"开始作为埋葬地.
They have excavated the remains of as many as 240 people near the monument.
他们在纪念碑附近挖掘出多达240人的遗骸.
Many of the bodies were cremated, and some were buried with tools and jewelry.
许多尸体被火化,有些尸体被用工具和珠宝埋葬.
Stonehenge probably served as a ritual site, too.
巨石阵可能是祭祀场所
Villagers may have paraded to it for special events such as the crowning of rulers or special days for honoring dead ancestors.
村民们可能为了诸如统治者加冕等特别活动或为纪念死去的祖先而举行游行.
These arrowheads were found in a burial near Stonehenge.
这些箭头是在巨石阵附近的一个墓葬中发现的.
Another popular theory about Stonehenge is that it was built with astronomy in mind.
另一种流行理论 关于 巨石阵是用天文学来建造的
The giant stones are placed so that the sun shines through some of them at certain times of year.
巨石被放置在地上,使太阳在一年中的某些时候会照穿其中一些.
This is especially noticeable during the solstices.
这一点在苏黎世时期特别明显。
The summer solstice marks the first day of summer (about June 21), and winter solstice marks the first day of winter (about December 22).
夏至为夏日(约6月21日),冬至为冬至(约12月22日).
In a way, the monument functions like a giant clock marking the seasons.
从某种意义上来说,纪念碑的功能就像一个大钟来标记季节.
This was important information for ancient farmers as they planned the planting of crops.
这是古代农民规划种植农作物时的重要信息.
In recent years, archaeologists have speculated about another purpose for Stonehenge.
近年来,考古学家推测出"石英"的另一个目的.
They believe it might have been a large community project to unite people in the area.
他们认为,让当地人民团结起来可能是一个巨大的社区项目.
For fifteen hundred years, Stonehenge was an important center of activity.
1500年来,巨石阵是一个重要的活动中心.
That came to an end about thirty- seven hundred years ago—no one knows why.
大约三、七百年前就结束了,没有人知道为什么。
The sun shines through the stones of Stonehenge on December 21, 2014, the shortest day of the year.
2014年12月21日太阳从"巨石"的石头上闪出,是当年最短的一天.
Visiting Stonehenge Today One of the most famous prehistoric landmarks in Europe, Stonehenge attracts more than nine hundred thousand tourists each year.
今天访问巨石阵 巨石阵是欧洲最出名的史前地标之一,每年会吸引超过90万游客.
At one time, visitors could touch and climb on the giant stones, but now they are mostly off-limits.
有一次,游客可以摸取并爬上巨石,但现在他们大多是被禁入.
By 1900, many of the standing stones had fallen over, so British heritage groups decided to reconstruct the fallen stones using archaeological evidence.
到1900年,许多站立的石头已经倒塌了,因此英国遗产团体决定用考古证据来重建倒塌的石头.
Giant cranes lifted the stones.
巨鹤取出石.
Some standing stones were anchored in concrete.
一些站立的石头被埋入了混凝土.
The restorers hoped these restorations would give the public a better idea of the monument’s original appearance.
修复者希望这些修复能让公众更好地了解纪念碑的原始外观.
At Stonehenge’s visitor center, tourists can see what life was like in England forty-five hundred years ago.
在巨石阵的游客中心,游客们可以看到四十五年前英国的生活是什么样子.
Thatched-roof huts have been built using authentic materials and techniques.
使用真实的材料和技术建造了屋顶小屋。
Volunteers show visitors ancient crafts and skills, such as rope weaving, pottery making, and stone knapping—the process of chipping flint to make stone tools.
志愿者展示了游客的古老手艺和技能,如绳子编织、陶器制作和石活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活
Visitors go inside reconstructed Neolithic huts like those in which the builders of Stonehenge might have lived.
参观者进入重建的新石器小屋 就像巨石阵的建造者可能居住过的小屋
A Wonder of the Ancient World Archaeologists continue to investigate the Stonehenge site.
"古代世界考古学家之奇"继续调查"巨石阵"遗址.
They use the latest technology such as magnetometers that detect magnetic fields, laser scanners that measure potential archaeological sites precisely, and ground- penetrating radar that can detect artifacts and structures hidden underground.
它们使用最新的技术,如探测磁场的磁力计、精确测量潜在考古遗址的激光扫描仪以及能探测隐藏在地下的文物和结构的地穿透雷达。
These advances allow archaeologists to make new discoveries faster by showing them exactly where to dig.
这些进步使得考古学家能够更快地做出新的发现,通过向它们展示确切的挖掘地点.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) named Stonehenge a World Heritage Site worthy of special recognition and protection.
联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)将巨石阵命名为值得特别承认和保护的世界遗产。
Stonehenge will continue to amaze people for thousands of years to come.
巨石阵将在未来数千年中继续惊动人们。
Without a time machine, we’ll never know exactly why and how Stonehenge was built.
若没有时间机器,
However, that won’t keep visitors from being amazed at the minds, the strength, and the teamwork required to create it.
但这并不会阻止访客对创造它所需要的思想、力量和团队精神感到惊讶。
Archaeology students work at the Stonehenge site in 2008.
2008年考古学生到"巨石阵"遗址工作.