Ships of Discovery

美音、自然拼读、分级阅读与词汇复习

Introduction People often settle along rivers, lakes, and seas where they can find fresh water, nutrient-rich soil, and bountiful fishing.

导言 人们经常沿着河流、湖泊和海洋定居,在那里可以找到淡水、富营养的土壤和丰收的捕鱼。

Long ago, people who lived near large bodies of water were curious about what might lie beyond the horizon.

很久以前,生活在大水体附近的人们对地平线以外的事物感到好奇。

They also wondered if traveling over water might be easier than traveling over land.

他们还想知道在水上旅行是否比在陆地上旅行容易。

These thoughts led someone to build the first simple boat.

这些想法导致有人建造了第一艘简单的船.

As boats and ships became larger and faster, people were able to travel farther from home.

随着船只和船只变得越来越大,人们能够离家更远地旅行。

Advances in technology led to new types of boats that were safer, faster, more comfortable, and carried more cargo.

技术进步导致新型船只更安全、更快、更舒适并运载了更多的货物。

Over time, people found that boats were useful tools for conducting trade or warfare with their neighbors.

随着时间的推移,人们发现船只是同邻居进行贸易或战争的有用工具.

Let’s examine how boats were used to explore the world and how they have changed over time.

让我们看看船只是如何用来探索世界的,

Early Years The oldest record of sea travel comes from Egypt.

早年 关于出海旅行的最古老的记录来自埃及.

People may have been sailing the seas even earlier, but the Egyptians were the first to leave us records of their journeys.

人们可能更早开始出海航行,但埃及人最早留下了他们的出行记录.

More than 6,000 years ago, the Egyptians took to the water and carved images of themselves in stone to record the event.

6000多年前,埃及人取出水来并用石头雕刻自己的形象来记录事件.

Originally, they built primitive boats by carving out the trunks of trees.

最初,他们建造了原始的船 挖出树干。

But the Egyptians were not the only people to make boats from trees.

但埃及人并非是唯一从树上造船的人.

Many other cultures that looked for ways to cross the water also N carved boats from trees.

其他许多寻找过水方法的文化,

Far away, in America, native people were also building dugout canoes by hollowing out tree trunks.

在遥远的美国, 当地人也在建造挖出的小舟, 挖出树干。

These boats were sturdy, but they couldn’t carry much.

这些船很坚固,

Over time, people wanted to transport larger cargoes over waterways.

随着时间推移,人们希望通过水道运输更大的货物.

It became necessary to construct boats that could carry many people for long voyages as well as food, animals, and other items to trade.

有必要建造船只,运送许多人进行长途航行,以及运送食物、动物和其他贸易物品。

Canoes carved from a single oak tree and steered with a pole were good enough for crossing a lake or going down a river.

从一棵橡树上划出并用一根杆子向上行驶的木舟,足以穿越一湖或下河.

However, they didn’t work well for transporting bulky objects.

不过,

Imagine trying to row a narrow canoe across a wide lake with six sheep crammed around you!

想象一下,试图划出一条狭长的独木舟 穿过一个宽阔的湖, 周围挤满了六只羊!

Humans have always wanted to perfect their inventions.

人类一直想完善他们的发明.

So it was natural that people searched for methods to build bigger, faster, and safer boats.

所以人们自然会寻找方法 建造更大,更快,更安全的船。

People realized that they needed better boats to explore places far from their homeland.

人们意识到他们需要更好的船去探索远离祖国的地方.

The next evolution in boat building was the use of wooden beams to make a frame.

接下来的造船进化是用木梁来做相框.

The frame was then covered with wooden planks or bark from trees.

后被木板或树皮所覆盖.

Some cultures even used animal skins stretched over the frame to create a hull (the outer shell of a boat).

一些文化甚至会用动物皮被伸到框架上来制造出船体(船外壳).

These boats were bigger than earlier designs but were also more streamlined and able to hold more cargo.

这些船只比早先的设计要大,但也更加精简,能够运载更多的货物。

People also developed paddles and oars to move in deep water, where poles could not reach the bottom.

人们还开发出桨和桨来在深水中行走,在那里杆子无法到达底部.

The Egyptians were the first to cover a wooden frame with long, flat pieces of wood to create a hull.

埃及人首先用长而平整的木头来覆盖木框来制造出一个船体.

Some of their boats measured as long as 21.3 meters (70 ft).

他们的一些船只测得长达21.3米(70英尺).

The Egyptians were also first to use sails.

埃及人也先用起帆来.

Sails eliminated or reduced the need for people to row the boats.

帆船消除了或减少了人们划船的需要.

Some boats used both rowers and sails.

有些船只既用划船也用帆.

Soon, the Greeks and other peoples around the Mediterranean Sea were building large boats powered by sails.

不久,地中海周边的希腊人和其他民族正在建造由帆船提供动力的大型船只.

About 3,000 years ago, sailing ships were built with two masts, each one carrying a sail.

约前3000年建造出有两根桅杆的帆船,每根桅杆都搭起一帆.

The addition of a second mast made ships much easier to steer and also made them much faster.

增设了第二桅杆使舰只能更方便地行驶,也使航速更快.

Five hundred years later, the Greeks had developed a ship with four sails.

五百年后,希腊人已经开发出一艘有四道帆船.

This ship was safe enough to leave the Mediterranean Sea and travel down the west African coast.

这艘船足够安全,可以离开地中海并沿着西非海岸出行.

Some of the fastest ships at the time were built for battle.

一些当时最快的舰只被建造用于战斗.

They had as many as three levels of rowers on each side.

他们每边有多达三级划船手.

Arranging the rowers above each other on separate tiers provided a lot of power in a small amount of space.

将相上划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划道划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地划地

Greek ships with three tiers of rowers were called triremes.

希腊有三级划船的船被称作"三相".

These larger ships allowed people to travel to and explore distant places.

这些更大型的舰只使得人们可以前往并探索遥远的地方.

During this period, exploration and trade moved beyond the Mediterranean Sea.

在此期间,勘探和贸易已经超越了地中海.

The Polynesians In the South Pacific, groups of Pacific Island peoples were building boats that could sail in the open ocean.

南太平洋的波利尼西亚人,一群太平洋岛屿人正在建造可以在公海上航行的船只。

Over 3,500 years ago, these people were traveling east, well beyond the islands where they lived.

3500多年前,这些人正在向东行走,远远超出了他们居住的岛屿.

They also explored areas off the Asian mainland.

他们还探索了亚洲大陆以外的地区.

More than a thousand years ago, these people made journeys of thousands of miles in open boats.

一千多年前,这些人在开阔的船上行了数千英里之多.

These Polynesian sailors built a boat that was an early version of the modern catamaran.

这些波利尼西亚水手建造了一条船,这是现代克塔马兰的早期版本.

They took two canoes and connected them using large wooden poles.

他们取走两只独木舟并用大木杆将它们连接起来.

A deck was then built to span the poles.

之后又建造了一座甲板来横跨柱子.

These boats usually measured about 15 to 18 meters (50-60 ft) long.

这些船只通常测得约15至18米(50至60英尺)长.

The central deck held masts for sails and had enough space for several people and their supplies for a lengthy voyage.

中央甲板为起帆架起桅杆并有足够的空间供几个人及其补给进行长途航行.

These early boats provided a safe means of travel from one island to another.

这些早期船只提供了从一个岛屿到另一个岛屿的安全出行手段。

The Polynesians settled many new islands they discovered.

波利尼西亚人定居了许多他们发现的新岛屿.

By the beginning of the year 1000, they lived on nearly every island they could find in the Pacific Ocean.

到1000年初,它们生活在几乎每一个在太平洋能发现的岛屿上.

Their new homes included Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island.

他们的新家园包括夏威夷,新西兰和复活节岛.

The Polynesians were accomplished sailors.

波利尼西亚人就是水手

They became so familiar with the ocean that they could determine their location by the size and shape of the waves.

他们对海洋变得非常熟悉,可以根据波浪的大小和形状来决定它们的位置.

They also knew how to navigate using the stars.

他们也知道如何利用星星导航

They could easily travel great distances by going from island to island.

他们可以轻松地从一个岛到另一个岛去旅行。

The Polynesians grew to accept sea travel as a way of life.

波利尼西亚人逐渐接受海上旅行作为一种生活方式.

N The Vikings More than 1,300 years ago, another group of people in another part of the world began to build larger boats.

无 1300多年前,世界另一地的另一群人开始建造更大的船只.

These people were the Vikings.

这些人是维京人

They lived in the northern part of Europe.

他们居住在欧洲北部.

The Vikings were well known as warriors and conquerors.

维京人被誉为"战士"和"征服者".

The Vikings were used to traveling over water.

维京人习惯了在水上行走.

By the year 700, they were sailing boats that were superior to any others on the ocean.

到了700年,他们航行的船只比其他海洋船只都优越。

The boats they built, called knarrs (kuh- NARS), were used primarily for trading.

他们建造的叫作knarrs(kuh-NARS)的船只主要用于贸易.

These boats were up to 16.5 meters (54 ft) long and 4.5 meters (15 ft) wide.

这些船只可长达16.5米(54英尺)长和4.5米(15英尺)宽.

Because they were flat bottomed, the knarr boats could carry heavy loads, and they were wide enough to carry large amounts of cargo.

由于船底平平,克纳尔船可以承载重载,宽到可以承载大量货物.

They were also very stable and could travel safely across the open ocean.

它们也非常稳定,可以安全地穿越公海。

At that time, most sailors did not like to lose sight of the coast, but the Vikings were fearless.

当时,大多数水手都不喜欢忽视海岸,但维京人却无所畏惧.

They used a wooden dial called a sun compass to navigate.

他们用一个叫太阳指南针的木拨来导航.

Viking explorers were willing to travel into the unknown to claim new lands and seek adventure.

维京探险家们愿意走入未知之地,要求得到新地并寻求冒险.

They were also the first Europeans to visit North America.

他们也是第一批访问北美的欧洲人.

The Vikings also built warships known as longships.

维京人还建造了被称作"长舰"的军舰.

Longships looked the same in the front and in the back.

长相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相

Because of the design of their longships, Viking attackers could easily change direction.

由于其长舰的设计,维京攻击者可以轻松地改变方向.

Longships were able to travel as fast as 15 knots.

长舰能跑得快到15节

(A knot is a way to measure speed on water.

(一结是测量水上速度的一种方法.

One knot is a little faster than one mile per hour.)

1节比每小时快一英里。 )

Some of the larger longships carried as many as 200 warriors.

一些较大的长相舰载着多达200名战士.

The combination of large, speedy, easy-to-handle ships and a fierce fighting spirit made the Vikings tough to defeat.

由大型,快速,易于操作的舰只和激烈的战斗精神所混合而成,使维京人难以被打败.

The Vikings ruled the ocean for nearly three centuries.

维京人统治了海洋近三个世纪.

Age of Discovery Until the 1400s, most sea explorers remained close to their home waters.

发现时代到1400年代,大多数出海探险家仍然与家乡水域相近.

But with the coming of the Age of Discovery, things changed dramatically.

但随着"发现"时代的到来,事情发生了巨大的变化.

Every European sailing nation wanted to find new lands.

每个欧洲航海国都想找到新的地盘

The race was on, and the Americas were the prize.

比赛开始了,美洲是大奖

Shipbuilders searched for ways to build faster and safer ships.

造船商寻找建造更快更安全船只的方法.

In the 1400s and 1500s, Christopher Columbus and other explorers used small, swift, sturdy ships known as caravels.

在1400年代和1500年代,克里斯多夫·哥伦布等探险家使用被称作"卡拉维尔"(caravels)的小而快而坚固的船只.

These ships had three masts to carry sails.

这些舰只有三根桅杆来起帆.

This design made the ships faster and easier to steer.

这种设计使得舰只的航向更快更方便.

Caravels had square sails on the front and the middle main masts and a triangular-shaped sail on the rear mast.

卡拉维尔斯在前部和中层主桅有方形起帆,后桅有三角形起帆.

The Santa Maria was the largest of Columbus’s ships at 27.4 meters (90 ft) long and 9.1 meters (30 ft) wide.

圣玛利亚号是哥伦布舰只中最大的一艘,长27.4米(90英尺),宽9.1米(30英尺).

Compared to modern ocean liners and cargo ships, these ships were tiny.

相较于现代的远洋班轮和货船,这些船都很小.

They didn’t even have rooms where the crew could sleep at night.

他们甚至没有房间,

Sailors just had to lie down on the deck or in the hold.

水手们只好躺到甲板上或船舱里

But even though caravels were small, the explorer Ferdinand Magellan set out to sail five of these ships around the world with a crew of 260 sailors.

但尽管卡拉维尔很小,探险家费迪南德·麦哲伦(英语:Ferdinand Magellan)也出动了其中五艘由260名水手组成的船员环游全球.

Almost three years after they began the trip, they returned.

在他们开始出行近三年后,他们返回.

Only one of Magellan’s ships and eighteen of the crew made it around the world.

只有麦哲伦的一艘船和18名船员环游世界。

Magellan was not one of the survivors.

麦哲伦不是幸存者之一。

He was killed somewhere in the Philippine Islands.

他在菲律宾群岛某地被杀死。

The Chinese While European explorers were sailing the world, the Chinese had also taken to the sea in another part of the world.

在欧洲探险家出海出海的同时,中国人也曾在世界另一地出海出海.

By the 1400s, they were skilled sailors.

到1400年代,他们是熟练的水手.

Chinese people had long since invented the magnetic compass.

中国人民早就发明了磁性指南针。

They reinforced their rectangular sails with bamboo, which made them sturdy and easy to furl and unfurl.

他们用竹子加固了长方形的帆,使其坚固而容易被毛和被取出.

Sailors could even climb the sails like ladders!

水手们甚至可以像梯子一样爬起帆来!

From 1405 to 1443, the most famous Chinese explorer, Zheng He, traveled on seven long voyages with a fleet of sixty-two treasure ships.

从1405年到1443年,最出名的中国探险家郑贺以由62艘珍宝船组成的分舰队出行了7次长航.

The Chinese called these ships junks.

中国人称这些船为"垃圾".

Zheng He’s junks were much larger than European ships.

郑 他的垃圾比欧洲船只大得多。

His largest ship was so big that it could have held all three of Columbus’s ships on its deck.

他最大的舰只如此之大,以至于能将哥伦布的所有三艘舰只都扣留在其甲板上.

This huge ship was 121 meters (400 ft) long and 45.7 meters (150 ft) wide.

这艘巨大的舰只长121米(400英尺),宽45.7米(150英尺).

But these ships were still small compared to today’s modern ships.

但这些舰只与今天的现代舰只相比仍然很小.

In addition to the sixty-two main trading ships, more than a hundred smaller support boats were in the fleet.

除62艘主要贸易船外,舰队中还有一百多艘更小的支援艇.

The Chinese sailed all the way to Africa to trade as well as to show the might of the Chinese empire to the rest of the world.

中国人一路出海到非洲进行贸易,也向世界其他国家展示中华帝国的力量.

Zheng He even carried a giraffe home to the emperor.

郑 他甚至带着长颈鹿去皇帝家

N War with their Asian neighbors caused the Chinese to turn their attention away from exploration.

N与亚洲邻居的战争使中国人不再关注探索.

The emperor made ocean voyages illegal and had all the treasure ships destroyed.

皇帝将出海航行定为非法,并摧毁了所有的宝船.

If the Chinese had continued their explorations, we might be studying how the Chinese discovered America.

如果中国人继续探索,我们可能会研究中国人是如何发现美国的.

And North and South Americans might be speaking Chinese instead of French, English, Spanish, and Portuguese.

北美和南美人可能会说中文而不是法语、英语、西班牙语和葡萄牙语。

Later Years As sea exploration continued, the Spanish led the way.

以后的岁月 随着出海探索的继续,西班牙人率先出道.

By the 1500s, European shipbuilding had experienced vast improvements.

至1500年代,欧洲造船经历了巨大的改进.

The newest ships, called galleons, were larger, faster, and more comfortable.

最新的舰只,叫"加仑",规模较大,速度快而舒适.

It took two thousand oak trees to build one galleon.

两千棵橡树造了一加仑

These vessels were as long as 42.7 meters (140 ft), but were still small compared to Chinese ships.

这些舰只长达42.7米(140英尺),但与中国舰只相比仍然很小.

Many of them had nice, comfortable living quarters, at least for the officers.

他们中许多人有舒适舒适的住所,至少对警官来说是这样。

Galleons served as both trading vessels and warships.

加莱昂斯同时担任贸易船只和军舰.

Because of their great size, these warships could carry many cannons on board, making them dangerous in battle.

由于这些战舰的体型很大,可以携带多门舰上大炮,使它们在战斗中变得危险.

In the late 1700s, Captain James Cook began some of the greatest explorations of his time.

1700年代末,詹姆斯·库克船长开始了他时代的一些最伟大的探索.

In his first ship, the Endeavour, Cook sailed around the world.

在他的第一艘"奋进号"中,库克环游世界.

His ship was only 32 meters (105 ft) in length.

他的舰只长度只有32米(105英尺).

It also had a shallow hold, sitting only 4.3 meters (14 ft) deep when fully loaded.

它也有一个浅的起落架,满载时只坐入了4.3米(14英尺)深.

Cook was interested in knowledge and science and brought three scientists with him when he traveled.

库克对知识和科学很感兴趣,旅行时带去的有三名科学家.

He also took many artists to document their discoveries.

他还带上许多艺术家来记录他们的发现.

Cook observed the stars as he sailed, and whenever he came to a new land, he learned about its plants and animals.

库克在出航时观察了星相,每当他来到新地上,他都了解了它的动植物.

His work broadened the European understanding of the world.

他的作品拓宽了欧洲对世界的理解.

Cook was a great sailor and an intelligent explorer.

库克是一位伟大的水手和聪明的探险家.

He also kept his crew healthy by making them eat foods such as limes and cabbages.

他还通过让船员吃出石灰和白菜等食物来保持健康.

Until Cook’s time, up to one-half of the crew on a long voyage would die of scurvy or other diseases.

在库克之前,在长途航行中,多达一半的船员会死于脏病或其他疾病.

Cook knew his success as an explorer depended on keeping his crew in good health.

库克知道他作为探险家的成功取决于他的船员保持良好的健康.

Soon, all British sailors knew that they needed to eat vitamin C to survive.

很快,所有英国水手都知道他们需要吃维他命C来生存.

Sadly, although Cook tried to remain friendly everywhere he went, he was killed in a fight in Hawaii in 1779.

可悲的是,虽然库克无论到哪里都试图保持友好,但他于1779年在夏威夷的一场战斗中被杀死.

Conclusion By the middle of the 1800s, sailors had explored and mapped most of the world’s coastlines.

结论 到1800年代中期,水手已经探索并绘制出世界大部分海岸线.

As people settled farther from their homelands, larger ships were needed to move people and supplies over great distances.

随着人们离家园更远地定居,需要更大型的船只来远地运送人员和物资。

Very fast ships called clipper ships carried people across oceans in a matter of days.

非常快的船叫做"剪刀船" 在几天内载人过海

Some of these ships had as many as thirty-five sails and could travel even in very light winds.

其中一些舰只有多达35只起帆,甚至可以在很轻的风中出行.

By the 1870s, however, the steam engine largely replaced wind power.

然而到1870年代,蒸汽机车基本取代了风能.

The industrial revolution swung into full gear, and machines became more significant to everyone.

工业革命卷入了满载的齿轮,而机器对每个人来说都变得更加重要.

Bigger and faster ships than had ever been imagined suddenly became possible.

比想象中的大而快的舰艇突然成为可能.

Today, steam is outdated and ships run on different types of fuel.

今天,蒸汽已经过时,而船舶运行在不同类型的燃料上.

Some submarines and aircraft carriers even run on nuclear power!

一些潜艇和航空母舰甚至运行在核电上!

Giant cruise ships carry thousands of people at a time like floating cities.

巨型邮轮一次载着上千人,就像漂浮的城市.

When we look at some of the ships used by early explorers to sail across oceans, we have to admire their courage.

当我们看一看早期探险家用来出海航行的一些船只,我们必须钦佩他们的勇气.

Explorers and their ships of discovery helped create the world we live in.

探索者及其发现之船 帮助创造了我们生活的世界